Death-inducing Signaling Complex Research Articles

NLRP10 maintains epidermal homeostasis by promoting keratinocyte survival and P63-dependent differentiation and barrier function

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by disrupted epidermal barrier function and aberrant immune responses. Despite recent developments in new therapeutics for AD, there is still a large unmet medical need for disease management due to the complex and multifactorial nature of AD. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified NLRP10 as a susceptible gene for AD but the physiological role of NLRP10 in skin homeostasis and AD remains unknown. Here we show that NLRP10 is downregulated in AD skin samples. Using an air-lift human skin equivalent culture, we demonstrate that NLRP10 promotes keratinocyte survival and is required for epidermal differentiation and barrier function. Mechanistically, NLRP10 limits cell death by preventing the recruitment of caspase-8 to the death inducing signaling complex (DISC) and by inhibiting its subsequent activation. NLRP10 also stabilizes p63, the master regulator of keratinocyte differentiation, to drive proper keratinocyte differentiation and to reinforce the barrier function. Our findings underscore NLRP10 as a key player in atopic dermatitis pathogenesis, highlighting NLRP10 as a potential target for therapeutic intervention to restore skin barrier function and homeostasis in AD.

Targeting caspase-8/c-FLIPL heterodimer in complex II promotes DL-mediated cell death.

Death receptor (DR) networks are controlled by the assembly of the Death-Inducing Signaling Complex (DISC) and complex II. The family of small molecules FLIPins (FLIP interactors) were developed to target the caspase-8/c-FLIPL heterodimer. FLIPin compounds were shown to promote apoptosis and caspase-8 activation at the DISC upon stimulation with death ligands (DLs) such as CD95L and TRAIL. To further investigate the role of FLIPin compounds in the DL-mediated cell death response, we analyzed their effects in combination with DLs and SMAC mimetics treatment. FLIPins were found to enhance cell viability loss and cell death induced by DL and SMAC mimetics in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), colon and pancreatic cancer cells. FLIPins enhanced both DL/BV6-induced apoptosis and DL/BV6/zVAD-fmk-induced necroptosis via an increase in complex II formation. Our results indicate that targeting the caspase-8/c-FLIPL heterodimer plays a prominent role in enhancing cell death induced by co-stimulation of DL/SMAC mimetics and opens new therapeutic strategies for targeting DR networks.

Multiple mechanisms contribute to acquired TRAIL resistance in multiple myeloma

Multiple Myeloma (MM) prognosis has recently improved thanks to the incorporation of new therapies to the clinic. Nonetheless, it is still a non-curable malignancy. Targeting cancer cells with agents inducing cell death has been an appealing alternative investigated over the years, as is the case of TRAIL, an agonist of DR4 and DR5 death receptors. This pathway, involved in apoptosis triggering, has demonstrated efficacy on MM cells. In this research, we have investigated the sensitivity of a panel of MM cells to this agent and generated TRAIL-resistant models by continuous culture of sensitive cells with this peptide. Using genomic and biochemical approaches, the mechanisms underlying resistance were investigated. In TRAIL-resistant cells, a strong reduction in cell-surface receptor levels was detected and impaired the apoptotic machinery to respond to the treatment, enabling cells to efficiently form the Death Inducing Signalling Complex. In addition, an upregulation of the inhibitory protein c-FLIP was detected. Even though the manipulation of these proteins was able to modify cellular responses to TRAIL, it was not complete, pointing to other mechanisms involved in TRAIL resistance.

Targeting type I DED interactions at the DED filament serves as a sensitive switch for cell fate decisions.

Activation of procaspase-8 in the death effector domain (DED) filaments of the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) is a key step in apoptosis. In this study, a rationally designed cell-penetrating peptide, DEDid, was engineered to mimic the h2b helical region of procaspase-8-DED2 containing a highly conservative FL motif. Furthermore, mutations were introduced into the DEDid binding site of the procaspase-8 type I interface. Additionally, our data suggest that DEDid targets other type I DED interactions such as those of FADD. Both approaches of blocking type I DED interactions inhibited CD95L-induced DISC assembly, caspase activation and apoptosis. We showed that inhibition of procaspase-8 type I interactions by mutations not only diminished procaspase-8 recruitment to the DISC but also destabilizedthe FADD core of DED filaments. Taken together, this study offers insights to develop strategies to target DED proteins, which may be considered in diseases associated with cell death and inflammation.

Glutamine-mediated epigenetic regulation of cFLIP underlies resistance to TRAIL in pancreatic cancer

Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a promising anticancer agent because it kills cancer cells while sparing normal cells. However, many cancers, including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), exhibit intrinsic or acquired resistance to TRAIL, and the molecular mechanisms underlying TRAIL resistance in cancers, particularly in PDAC, remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that glutamine (Gln) endows PDAC cells with resistance to TRAIL through KDM4C-mediated epigenetic regulation of cFLIP. Inhibition of glutaminolysis significantly reduced the cFLIP level, leading to TRAIL-mediated formation of death-inducing signaling complexes. Overexpression of cFLIP dramatically rescued PDAC cells from TRAIL/Gln deprivation-induced apoptosis. Alpha-Ketoglutarate (aKG) supplementation significantly reversed the decrease in the cFLIP level induced by glutaminolysis inhibition and rescued PDAC cells from TRAIL/Gln deprivation-induced apoptosis. Knockdown of glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2, which facilitates the conversion of oxaloacetate and glutamate into aspartate and aKG, decreased aKG production and the cFLIP level and activated TRAIL-induced apoptosis. AKG-mediated epigenetic regulation was necessary for maintaining a high level of cFLIP. Glutaminolysis inhibition increased the abundance of H3K9me3 in the cFLIP promoter, indicating that Gln-derived aKG production is important for Jumonji-domain histone demethylase (JHDM)-mediated cFLIP regulation. The JHDM KDM4C regulated cFLIP expression by binding to its promoter, and KDM4C knockdown sensitized PDAC cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. The present findings suggest that Gln-derived aKG production is required for KDM4C-mediated epigenetic regulation of cFLIP, which leads to resistance to TRAIL.

Indicaxanthin prevents eryptosis induced by cigarette smoke extract by interfering with active Fas-mediated signaling.

A physiological mechanism of programmed cell death called eryptosis occurs in aged or damaged red blood cells (RBCs). Dysregulated eryptosis contributes to abnormal microcirculation and prothrombotic risk. Cigarette smoke extract (CSE) induces a p38 MAPK-initiated, Fas-mediated eryptosis, activating the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC). Indicaxanthin (Ind) from cactus pear fruits, is a bioavailable dietary phytochemical in humans and it is able to incorporate into RBCs enhancing their defense against numerous stimuli. This in vitro work shows that Ind, at concentrations that mimic plasma concentrations after a fruit meal, protects erythrocytes from CSE-induced eryptosis. CSE from commercial cigarettes was prepared in aqueous solution using an impinger air sampler and nicotine content was determined. RBCs were treated with CSE for 3 h in the absence or presence of increasing concentrations of Ind (from 1 to 5 μM). Cytofluorimetric measurements indicated that Ind reduced CSE-induced phosphatidylserine externalization and ceramide formation in a concentration-dependent manner. Confocal microscopy visualization and coimmunoprecipitation experiments revealed that Ind prevented both CSE-triggered Fas aggregation and FasL/FADD/caspase 8 recruitment in the membrane, indicating inhibition of DISC assembly. Ind inhibited the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, caspase-8/caspase-3 cleavage, and caspase-3 activity induced by CSE. Finally, Ind reduced CSE-induced ATP depletion and restored aminophospholipid translocase activity impaired by CSE treatment. In conclusion, Ind concentrations comparable to nutritionally relevant plasma concentrations, can prevent Fas-mediated RBC death signaling induced by CSE, which suggests that dietary intake of cactus pear fruits may limit the deleterious effects of cigarette smoking.

Abstract 346: Trop-2 induces apoptosis via transcriptional activation of TRAIL, FAS-FASL, CD40-TNFRSF5

Abstract Trop-2 is a transmembrane signal transducer that activates cancer growth and metastatic diffusion (1). However, this does not occur in all tumor types, as Trop-2 is associated to better disease outcome in some cancers, e.g. breast and lung tumors. A prototypic pattern of Trop-2 expression in normal multistratified epithelia, e.g. epidermis, esophagus, is that of preferential expression in non-proliferating, terminally differentiated cells. The corresponding expression gradient parallels that of induction of programmed cell death, e.g. in the corneum layer of skin keratinocytes. This led us to explore Trop-2 function as a trigger of apoptosis. We thus assessed NS-0 myeloma Trop-2 transfectants for apoptosis induction by dynamic cell morphometry and quantification of membrane blebbing and cell fragmentation. This was shown to be preceded by phosphatidyl-serine membrane exposure, and was followed by nuclear pyknosis and karyorrhexis. DNA fragmentation was shown by TUNEL and DNA laddering, and was accompanied by a dramatic increase of apoptotic death of Trop-2-expressing cells. Transcriptomic analysis at early time points of apoptosis induction indicated overexpression of TRAIL, FAS/FASL and CD40/TNFRSF5 transmembrane death receptors. This paralleled upregulation of downstream death-inducing signaling complex components and of executioner Caspases 8 and 3, suggesting Trop-2 as a trigger of extrinsic apoptosis pathways. Apoptosis induction translated into diminished tumor growth in vivo, which was shown to be proportional to Trop-2 expression levels. However, apoptosis induction was found to parallel stimulation of NS-0 cell growth and of defence mechanisms from apoptosis, as increased levels of inhibitory transcription factors, Rb-binding protein, survivin, Myd-118. These findings suggest a previously unappreciated balance between stimulation of cell growth and triggering of cell death by Trop-2, and may pave the way for selective anticancer therapy approaches in Trop-2-expressing cancers.(1) Trerotola M. et al., Neoplasia 23: 415-428 (2021). Citation Format: Saverio Alberti, Emanuela Guerra, Antonino Moschella, Martina Ceci, Ludovica Pantalone, Roberta Di Pietro, Marco Trerotola. Trop-2 induces apoptosis via transcriptional activation of TRAIL, FAS-FASL, CD40-TNFRSF5 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 346.

The E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch regulates death receptor and cholesterol trafficking to affect TRAIL-mediated apoptosis

The activation of apoptosis signalling by TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) through receptor binding is a fundamental mechanism of cell death induction and is often perturbed in cancer cells to enhance their cell survival and treatment resistance. Ubiquitination plays an important role in the regulation of TRAIL-mediated apoptosis, and here we investigate the role of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch in TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in oesophageal cancer cells. Knockdown of Itch expression results in resistance to TRAIL-induced apoptosis, caspase-8 activation, Bid cleavage and also promotes cisplatin resistance. Whilst the assembly of the death-inducing signalling complex (DISC) at the plasma membrane is not perturbed relative to the control, TRAIL-R2 is mis-localised in the Itch-knockdown cells. Further, we observe significant changes to mitochondrial morphology alongside an increased cholesterol content. Mitochondrial cholesterol is recognised as an important anti-apoptotic agent in cancer. Cells treated with a drug that increases mitochondrial cholesterol levels, U18666A, shows a protection from TRAIL-induced apoptosis, reduced caspase-8 activation, Bid cleavage and cisplatin resistance. We demonstrate that Itch knockdown cells are less sensitive to a Bcl-2 inhibitor, show impaired activation of Bax, cytochrome c release and an enhanced stability of the cholesterol transfer protein STARD1. We identify a novel protein complex composed of Itch, the mitochondrial protein VDAC2 and STARD1. We propose a mechanism where Itch regulates the stability of STARD1. An increase in STARD1 expression enhances cholesterol import to mitochondria, which inhibits Bax activation and cytochrome c release. Many cancer types display high mitochondrial cholesterol levels, and oesophageal adenocarcinoma tumours show a correlation between chemotherapy resistance and STARD1 expression which is supported by our findings. This establishes an important role for Itch in regulation of extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis, mitochondrial cholesterol levels and provides insight to mechanisms that contribute to TRAIL, Bcl-2 inhibitor and cisplatin resistance in cancer cells.

Exploring the potential mechanism of Taohong Siwu decoction in the treatment of avascular necrosis of the femoral head based on network pharmacology and molecular docking.

Based on network pharmacology and molecular docking, this study seeks to investigate the mechanism of Taohong Siwu decoction (THSWD) in the treatment of avascular necrosis of the femoral head (AVNFH). The Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology database was used in this investigation to obtain the active ingredients and related targets for each pharmaceutical constituent in THSWD. To find disease-related targets, the terms "avascular necrosis of the femoral head," "necrosis of the femoral head," "steroid-induced necrosis of the femoral head," "osteonecrosis," and "avascular necrosis of the bone" were searched in the databases DisGeNET, GeneCards, Comparative Toxicogenomics Database, and MalaCards. Following the identification of the overlap targets of THSWD and AVNFH, enrichment analysis using gene ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, Reactome, and WikiPathways was conducted. The "THSWD-drug-active compound-intersection gene-hub gene-AVNFH" network and protein-protein interaction network were built using Cytoscape 3.9.1 and string, and CytoHubba was used to screen hub genes. The binding activities of hub gene targets and key components were confirmed by molecular docking. 152 prospective therapeutic gene targets were found in the bioinformatics study of ONFH treated with THSWD, including 38 major gene targets and 10 hub gene targets. The enrichment analysis of 38 key therapeutic targets showed that the biological process of gene ontology analysis mainly involved cytokine-mediated signaling pathway, angiogenesis, cellular response to reactive oxygen species, death-inducing signaling complex. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes signaling pathway mainly involves TNF signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling pathway, and the Recactome pathway mainly involves Signaling by Interleukins, Apoptosis, and Intrinsic Pathway for Apoptosis. WikiPathways signaling pathway mainly involves TNF-related weak inducer of apoptosis signaling pathway, IL-18 signaling pathway. According to the findings of enrichment analysis, THSWD cured AVNFH by regulating angiogenesis, cellular hypoxia, inflammation, senescence, apoptosis, cytokines, and cellular proliferation through the aforementioned targets and signaling pathways. The primary component of THSWD exhibits a strong binding force with the key protein of AVNFH. This study sheds new light on the biological mechanism of THSWD in treating AVNFH by revealing the multi-component, multi-target, and multi-pathway features and molecular docking mechanism of THSWD.

Abstract 18340: Several De-Regulated Chemokine Pathways Characterize Long COVID Syndrome

Introduction: The diagnosis of the Long COVID multi-organ syndrome is impeded by lack of circulating biomarkers. Hypothesis: We hypothesized, that post-COVID syndrome is associated with circulating protein de-regulation, enabling diagnosis of long COVID syndrome. Methods: Consecutive patients (70% female, 55±8y) with long COVID syndrome (n=70, 64.3% female, 49±6y) and non-diseased, non-vaccinated healthy controls (n=23, 70% female, 55±8y) of the Vienna POSTCOV Registry (EC 1008/2021) were included, and blood samples were collected. Proteomics was performed by using the Olink proteomics technology (Olink Proteomics, Uppsala, Sweden), by using cardiovascular, Immunologic, inflammation and neurologic protein (3x96 protein) panels. Protein-protein interaction network were built by selecting the significantly dysregulated proteins from the 4 panels, and were classified into functional groups. Results: Multiplex protein panel revealed 34 significantly de-regulated proteins as compared to controls. Gene ontology categorized the 29 upregulated proteins into several pathways with significant (false discovery rate <0.05) functional enrichment in biological processes (eg. death-inducing signaling complex assembly or positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway), and in molecular function (catalytic activity). Downregulated proteins were in association with chemokine-mediated signaling pathway and chemokine activity (Figure). KEGG pathway analyses revealed upregulated apoptosis, TNF- and NF-κB signaling pathways, but unchanged ACE2 receptors in patients with long COVID syndrome. Conclusions: Several de-regulated chemokine pathways characterize long COVID syndrome and may serve as a combined biomarker panel for long COVOD diagnosis and target drug prediction.

Fn14 and TNFR2 as regulators of cytotoxic TNFR1 signaling.

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor 1 (TNFR1), TNFR2 and fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14 (Fn14) belong to the TNF receptor superfamily (TNFRSF). From a structural point of view, TNFR1 is a prototypic death domain (DD)-containing receptor. In contrast to other prominent death receptors, such as CD95/Fas and the two TRAIL death receptors DR4 and DR5, however, liganded TNFR1 does not instruct the formation of a plasma membrane-associated death inducing signaling complex converting procaspase-8 into highly active mature heterotetrameric caspase-8 molecules. Instead, liganded TNFR1 recruits the DD-containing cytoplasmic signaling proteins TRADD and RIPK1 and empowers these proteins to trigger cell death signaling by cytosolic complexes after their release from the TNFR1 signaling complex. The activity and quality (apoptosis versus necroptosis) of TNF-induced cell death signaling is controlled by caspase-8, the caspase-8 regulatory FLIP proteins, TRAF2, RIPK1 and the RIPK1-ubiquitinating E3 ligases cIAP1 and cIAP2. TNFR2 and Fn14 efficiently recruit TRAF2 along with the TRAF2 binding partners cIAP1 and cIAP2 and can thereby limit the availability of these molecules for other TRAF2/cIAP1/2-utilizing proteins including TNFR1. Accordingly, at the cellular level engagement of TNFR2 or Fn14 inhibits TNFR1-induced RIPK1-mediated effects reaching from activation of the classical NFκB pathway to induction of apoptosis and necroptosis. In this review, we summarize the effects of TNFR2- and Fn14-mediated depletion of TRAF2 and the cIAP1/2 on TNFR1 signaling at the molecular level and discuss the consequences this has in vivo.

ER stress elicits non-canonical CASP8 (caspase 8) activation on autophagosomal membranes to induce apoptosis

ABSTRACT The VPS37A gene encodes a subunit of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-I complex that is frequently lost in a wide variety of human solid cancers. We have previously demonstrated the role of VPS37A in directing the ESCRT membrane scission machinery to seal the phagophore for autophagosome completion. Here, we report that VPS37A-deficient cells exhibit an accumulation of the apoptotic initiator CASP8 (caspase 8) on the phagophore and are primed to undergo rapid apoptosis through the intracellular death-inducing signaling complex (iDISC)-mediated CASP8 activation upon exposure to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Using CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing and comparative transcriptome analysis, we identified the ATF4-mediated stress response pathway as a crucial mediator to elicit iDISC-mediated apoptosis following the inhibition of autophagosome closure. Notably, ATF4-mediated iDISC activation occurred independently of the death receptor TNFRSF10B/DR5 upregulation but required the pro-apoptotic transcriptional factor DDIT3/CHOP to enhance the mitochondrial amplification pathway for full-activation of CASP8 in VPS37A-deficient cells stimulated with ER stress inducers. Our analysis also revealed the upregulation of NFKB/NF-kB signaling as a potential mechanism responsible for restraining iDISC activation and promoting cell survival upon VPS37A depletion. These findings have important implications for the future development of new strategies to treat human cancers, especially those with VPS37A loss. Abbreviations: ATG: autophagy related; BMS: BMS-345541; CASP: caspase; CHMP: charged multivesicular body protein; DKO: double knockout; Dox: doxycycline; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ESCRT: endosomal sorting complex required for transport; gRNA: guide RNA; GSEA: gene set enrichment analysis; GSK157: GSK2656157; iDISC: intracellular death-inducing signaling complex; IKK: inhibitor of NFKB kinase; IPA: ingenuity pathway analysis; KO: knockout; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; NFKB/NF-kB: nuclear factor kappa B; OZ: 5Z-7-oxozeaenol; RNA-seq: RNA sequencing; UPR: unfolded protein response; TFT: transcription factor target; THG: thapsigargin; TUN: tunicamycin; VPS: vacuolar protein sorting.

The autophagic protein FYCO1 controls TNFRSF10/TRAIL receptor induced apoptosis and is inactivated by CASP8 (caspase 8)

ABSTRACT Apoptosis is a tightly controlled cell death program executed by proteases, the so-called caspases. It plays an important role in tissue homeostasis and is often dysregulated in cancer. Here, we identified FYCO1, a protein that promotes microtubule plus end-directed transport of autophagic and endosomal vesicles as a molecular interaction partner of activated CASP8 (caspase 8). The absence of FYCO1 sensitized cells to basal and TNFSF10/TRAIL-induced apoptosis by receptor accumulation and stabilization of the Death Inducing Signaling Complex (DISC). Loss of FYCO1 resulted in impaired transport of TNFRSF10B/TRAIL-R2/DR5 (TNF receptor superfamily member 10b) to the lysosomes in TNFSF10/TRAIL-stimulated cells. More in detail, we show that FYCO1 interacted via its C-terminal GOLD domain with the CCZ1-MON1A complex, which is necessary for RAB7A activation and for the fusion of autophagosomal/endosomal vesicles with lysosomes. We demonstrated that FYCO1 is a novel and specific CASP8 substrate. The cleavage at aspartate 1306 resulted in the release of the C-terminal GOLD domain, inactivating FYCO1 function, and allowing for the progression of apoptosis. Furthermore, the lack of FYCO1 resulted in a stronger and prolonged formation of the TNFRSF1A/TNF-R1 signaling complex. Thus, FYCO1 limits the ligand-induced and steady-state signaling of TNFR-superfamily members, providing a control mechanism that fine-tunes both apoptotic and inflammatory answers. Abbreviations: AP: affinity purification; CHX: cycloheximide; co-IP: co-immunoprecipitation; CRISPR: clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats; DISC: death-inducing signaling complex; DR: death receptors; doxy: doxycycline; GEF: guanine nucleotide exchange factor; ind: inducible; KD: knockdown; KO: knockout; MS: mass spectrometry; shRNA: short hairpin RNA; siRNA: small interfering RNA; TIP: two-step co-immunoprecipitation; WB: western blot.

Mechanoinhibition of endocytosis sensitizes cancer cells to Fas-induced apoptosis.

Fas (CD95/APO-1) is a transmembrane death receptor that transduces apoptotic signals upon binding to its ligand and assembling into a death-inducing signaling complex (DISC). Intracellular trafficking of Fas receptors, including recycling from endosomes to the plasma membrane, plays a vital role in ligand-induced assembly of DISC. Although Fas is highly expressed in tumor cells, insufficient expression of these receptors on the cell surface makes cancer cells insensitive to the Fas-induced apoptosis. Here we show that inhibition of endocytosis increases the formation of Fas microaggregates on the plasma membrane and sensitizes cancer cells to Fas-induced apoptosis. We have identified a clinically used vasodilator, Fasudil, that slows down endocytosis by increasing plasma membrane tension. Fasudil enhanced apoptosis in cancerous cells when combined with exogenous soluble Fas ligand (FasL), whereas the synergistic effect was substantially weaker in nonmalignant cells. Additionally, the FasL and Fasudil combination prevented glioblastoma cell growth in embryonic stem cell-derived brain organoids and induced tumor regression in a xenograft U87 tumor model in nude mice. Our results demonstrate that FasL treatment has strong potential as an apoptosis-directed cancer therapy when the formation of Fas microaggregates is augmented by slowing down endocytosis dynamics.

Hepatocyte growth factor-mediated apoptosis mechanisms of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in normal and cirrhotic livers

Intrahepatic stem/progenitor cells and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells (CD8+ T cells) in the cirrhotic liver undergo apoptosis, which potentially facilitates progression to cancer. Here, we report that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) signaling plays an important role in promoting normal and damaged liver CD8+ T cell Fas-mediated apoptosis through its only receptor, c-Met. In addition to binding with HGF, c-Met also binds to Fas to form a complex. Using a diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced liver fibrosis/cirrhosis mouse model, immunostaining, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining, we found that HGF secretion was significantly higher at 10 weeks post-DEN, the liver cirrhotic phase (LCP), than at 3 weeks post-DEN, the liver fibrotic phase (LFP). Correspondingly, differences in CD8+ T cell proliferation and apoptosis were noted between the two phases. Interestingly, staining and TUNEL assays revealed lower smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)+ cell apoptosis, a marker for hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), in the LFP group than in the LCP group, which suggested a beneficial correlation among HGF, CD8+ T cells and HSCs in improving the fibrotic load during damaged liver repair. In cultures, when met different concentrations of recombinant HGF (rHGF), phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated naive mouse splenic CD8+ T cells (pn-msCD8+ T cells) responded differently; as increases in rHGF increased were associated with decreases in the clonal numbers of pn-msCD8+ T cells, and when the rHGF dose was greater than 200 ng/mL, the clonal numbers significantly decreased. In the presence of 400 ng/mL rHGF, the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) can be directly activated in both nsCD8+ T cells and healthy human peripheral blood CD8+ T cells (hp-CD8+ T cells), as indicated by recruitment of FADD and caspase-8 because DISC forms via the recruitment of FADD and caspase-8, among others. These findings suggest that Fas-mediated apoptosis, may also indicate a regulatory role of HGF signaling in hepatic homeostasis.

A Mixture of Dietary Plant Sterols at Nutritional Relevant Serum Concentration Inhibits Extrinsic Pathway of Eryptosis Induced by Cigarette Smoke Extract.

Cell death program of red blood cells (RBCs), called eryptosis, is characterized by activation of caspases and scrambling of membrane phospholipids with externalization of phosphatidylserine (PS). Excessive eryptosis confers a procoagulant phenotype and is implicated in impairment of microcirculation and increased prothrombotic risk. It has recently been reported that cigarette smokers have high levels of circulating eryptotic erythrocytes, and a possible contribution of eryptosis to the vaso-occlusive complications associated to cigarette smoke has been postulated. In this study, we demonstrate how a mixture of plant sterols (MPtS) consisting of β-sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol, at serum concentration reached after ingestion of a drink enriched with plant sterols, inhibits eryptosis induced by cigarette smoke extract (CSE). Isolated RBCs were exposed for 4 h to CSE (10-20% v/v). When RBCs were co-treated with CSE in the presence of 22 µM MPtS, a significant reduction of the measured hallmarks of apoptotic death like assembly of the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC), PS outsourced, ceramide production, cleaved forms of caspase 8/caspase 3, and phosphorylated p38 MAPK, was evident. The new beneficial properties of plant sterols on CSE-induced eryptosis presented in this work open new perspectives to prevent the negative physio-pathological events caused by the eryptotic red blood cells circulating in smokers.

SARS-CoV-2 induces "cytokine storm" hyperinflammatory responses in RA patients through pyroptosis.

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a pandemic disease that threatens worldwide public health, and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common autoimmune disease. COVID-19 and RA are each strong risk factors for the other, but their molecular mechanisms are unclear. This study aims to investigate the biomarkers between COVID-19 and RA from the mechanism of pyroptosis and find effective disease-targeting drugs. We obtained the common gene shared by COVID-19, RA (GSE55235), and pyroptosis using bioinformatics analysis and then did the principal component analysis(PCA). The Co-genes were evaluated by Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and ClueGO for functional enrichment, the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was built by STRING, and the k-means machine learning algorithm was employed for cluster analysis. Modular analysis utilizing Cytoscape to identify hub genes, functional enrichment analysis with Metascape and GeneMANIA, and NetworkAnalyst for gene-drug prediction. Network pharmacology analysis was performed to identify target drug-related genes intersecting with COVID-19, RA, and pyroptosis to acquire Co-hub genes and construct transcription factor (TF)-hub genes and miRNA-hub genes networks by NetworkAnalyst. The Co-hub genes were validated using GSE55457 and GSE93272 to acquire the Key gene, and their efficacy was assessed using receiver operating curves (ROC); SPEED2 was then used to determine the upstream pathway. Immune cell infiltration was analyzed using CIBERSORT and validated by the HPA database. Molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and molecular mechanics-generalized born surface area (MM-GBSA) were used to explore and validate drug-gene relationships through computer-aided drug design. COVID-19, RA, and pyroptosis-related genes were enriched in pyroptosis and pro-inflammatory pathways(the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome complex, death-inducing signaling complex, regulation of interleukin production), natural immune pathways (Network map of SARS-CoV-2 signaling pathway, activation of NLRP3 inflammasome by SARS-CoV-2) and COVID-19-and RA-related cytokine storm pathways (IL, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), TNF signaling pathway and regulation of cytokine-mediated signaling). Of these, CASP1 is the most involved pathway and is closely related to minocycline. YY1, hsa-mir-429, and hsa-mir-34a-5p play an important role in the expression of CASP1. Monocytes are high-caspase-1-expressing sentinel cells. Minocycline can generate a highly stable state for biochemical activity by docking closely with the active region of caspase-1. Caspase-1 is a common biomarker for COVID-19, RA, and pyroptosis, and it may be an important mediator of the excessive inflammatory response induced by SARS-CoV-2 in RA patients through pyroptosis. Minocycline may counteract cytokine storm inflammation in patients with COVID-19 combined with RA by inhibiting caspase-1 expression.

Cigarette Smoke Extract Induces p38 MAPK-Initiated, Fas-Mediated Eryptosis

Eryptosis is a physiological mechanism for the clearance of senescent or damaged erythrocytes by phagocytes. Excessive eryptosis is stimulated under several pathologies and associated with endothelial injury and thrombosis. Cigarette smoke (CS) is an established risk factor for vascular diseases and cigarette smokers have high-levels of eryptotic erythrocytes. This study, for the first time, investigates the mechanism by which CS damages red blood cells (RBCs). CS extract (CSE) from commercial cigarettes was prepared and standardized for nicotine content. Cytofluorimetric analysis demonstrated that treatment of human RBCs with CSE caused dose-dependent, phosphatidylserine externalization and cell shrinkage, hallmarks of apoptotic death. CSE did not affect cellular levels of Ca2+, reactive oxygen species (ROS) or glutathione (GSH). Immununoprecipitation and immunoblotting revealed the assembly of the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) and oligomerization of Fas receptor as well as cleaved caspase-8 and caspase-3 within 6 h from the treatment. At the same time-interval, CSE elicited neutral sphyngomielinase (nSMase) activity-dependent ceramide formation and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. Through specific inhibitors' nSMase, caspase-8 or p38 MAPK activities, we demonstrated that p38 MAPK activation is required for caspase-8-mediated eryptosis and that ceramide generation is initiator caspase-dependent. Finally, ex vivo analysis detected phosphorylated p38 MAPK (p-p38) and Fas-associated signaling complex in erythrocytes from cigarette smokers. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that CSE exposure induces in erythrocytes an extrinsic apoptotic pathway involving p38 MAPK-initiated DISC formation followed by activation of caspase-8/caspase-3 via ceramide formation.

140 (PB020) - Inhibition of Fas Receptor Endocytosis Sensitizes Cancer Cells to Fas-induced Apoptosis

Fas (CD95/APO-1) is a transmembrane death receptor that transduces apoptotic signals upon binding to its ligand and assembling into a death-inducing signaling complex (DISC). Intracellular trafficking of Fas receptors, including recycling from endosomes to the plasma membrane, plays a vital role in ligand-induced assembly of DISC. Although Fas is highly expressed in tumor cells, insufficient expression of these receptors on the cell surface makes cancer cells insensitive to the Fas-induced apoptosis.

Rubiarbonol B induces RIPK1-dependent necroptosis via NOX1-derived ROS production.

The activation of receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) by death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) formation is essential for triggering the necroptotic mode of cell death under apoptosis-deficient conditions. Thus, targeting the induction of necroptosis by modulating RIPK1 activity could be an effective strategy to bypass apoptosis resistance in certain types of cancer. In this study, we screened a series of arborinane triterpenoids purified from Rubia philippinesis and identified rubiarbonol B (Ru-B) as a potent caspase-8 activator that induces DISC-mediated apoptosis in multiple types of cancer cells. However, in RIPK3-expressing human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells, the pharmacological or genetic inhibition of caspase-8 shifted the mode of cell death by Ru-B from apoptosis to necroptosis though upregulation of RIPK1 phosphorylation. Conversely, Ru-B-induced cell death was almost completely abrogated by RIPK1 deficiency. The enhanced RIPK1 phosphorylation and necroptosis triggered by Ru-B treatment occurred independently of tumor necrosis factor receptor signaling and was mediated by the production of reactive oxygen species via NADPH oxidase 1 in CRC cells. Thus, we propose Ru-B as a novel anticancer agent that activates RIPK1-dependent cell death via ROS production, and suggest its potential as a novel necroptosis-targeting compound in apoptosis-resistant CRC.