Death In Rome Research Articles

Impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on total and cause-specific mortality in Rome (Italy) in 2020

to estimate the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on total and cause-specific mortality in people residing and dead in the Municipality of Rome (Italy) in 2020, and to describe the causes of death of subjects with SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by molecular test. descriptive analysis of total and cause-specific mortality in 2020 in Rome and comparison with a reference period (2015-2018 for total mortality and 2018 for cause-specific mortality); descriptive analysis of cause-specific mortality in the cohort of SARS-CoV-2 infected subjects. 27,471 deaths registered in the Lazio mortality-cause Registry, relating to people residing and died in the municipality of Rome in 2020, 2,374 of which died from COVID-19.MAIN OUCOME MEASURES: all-cause mortality by month, gender, age group and place of death, cause-specific mortality (ICD-10 codes). in the municipality of Rome in 2020, an excess of mortality from all causes equal to +10% was observed, with a greater increase in the months of October-December (+27%, +56%, and +26%, respectively) in people aged 50+, with the greatest contribution from the oldest age groups (80+) who died in the nursing homes or at home. Lower mortality was observed in the age groups 0-29 years (-30%) and 40-49 years (-13%). In 2020, COVID-19 represents the fourth cause of death in Rome after malignant tumours, diseases of the circulatory system, and respiratory diseases. Excess mortality was observed from stroke and pneumonia (both in men and women), from respiratory diseases (in men), from diabetes, mental disorders, dementia and Parkinson's disease (in women). On the contrary, mortality is lower for all cancers, for diseases of the blood and haematopoietic organs and for the causes of the circulatory system. The follow-up analysis of SARS-CoV-2 positive subjects residing in Rome shows that a share of deaths (about 20%) reports other causes of death such as cardiovascular diseases, malignant tumours, and diseases of the respiratory system on the certificate collected by the Italian National Statistics Institute. the 2020 mortality study highlighted excesses for acute and chronic pathologies, indicative of possible delays in the diagnosis or treatment of conditions indirectly caused by the pandemic, but also a share of misclassification of the cause of death that is recognized as COVID-19 death.

A Benedictine Education, John Henry Newman: The Mission of St. Benedict & the Benedictine Schools ed. by Christopher Fisher

Reviewed by: A Benedictine Education, John Henry Newman: The Mission of St. Benedict & the Benedictine Schoolsed. by Christopher Fisher Mary Katherine Tillman A Benedictine Education, John Henry Newman: The Mission of St. Benedict & the Benedictine SchoolsEDITED BY CHRISTOPHER FISHER, INTERPRETIVE ESSAY BY ABBOT THOMAS FRERKING, OSB Cluny Mediaedition, 2020. 260 pages. Paper: $22.95. ISBN: 9781952826191. Thanks to this new and attractive Cluny Media paperback, Newman's all-but-unknown Benedictine Essays, "The Mission of Saint Benedict" and "The Benedictine Schools," are again seeing the light of day. 1This welcome republication of Newman's Essaysis followed by Benedictine Abbot Thomas Frerking's extraordinary narrative of monastic ascendancy within Christian salvation history. Christopher Fisher composed the preface and is also the volume's editor. Additionally, Fisher is the Executive Director of the Portsmouth Institute for Faith and Culture, which offers an encounter with monastic humanism according to the charism of St. Benedict. In her introduction, "The Benedictine Charism as Poetry," Margarita A. Mooney, the founder of the Scala Foundation and advocate for integral humanism, praises Benedictine education as nurturing "the creative intuition that is the engine and fruit of poetic knowledge" (xviii). Rather immediately after Newman became a Catholic in 1845, in the small Maryvale community where he and his convert companions were contemplating their vocational future, there was talk of joining a religious congregation. Among those under consideration were the Dominicans, with a divinity school in England, and the Jesuits, whom Newman especially admired because of the Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius, which he had practiced as an Anglican. Accordingly, when Newman was in Rome for studies and ordination as a Catholic priest (1847), he spent a good deal of time exploring the histories and charisms of the various religious communities, and even visited some of their houses. Gradually the Oratorian prospect prevailed. Fr. Placid Murray, OSB significantly observed: It would seem then that what Newman got hold of around Christmas 1846 and the following weeks in Rome, was the ideaof the Oratory, rather than any practical existing model of an Oratory which could have been transplanted from Italy to a mid-nineteenth-century English town. 2 [End Page 157] A year after his ordination, Newman brought St. Philip's Congregation of the Oratory to England. In honor of the Birmingham Oratory's first anniversary, he delivered two sermons preached three days apart, both on "The Mission of St. Philip Neri," the sixteenth-century founder of the Oratorians. 3The first sermon described St. Philip's times: "the state of things in Florence and in Rome" where he was born, raised, and educated. 4 In the second sermon, Newman spoke of St. Philip's formation of mind and the strong influences that stayed his course until his death in Rome at the age of eighty. Here Newman introduced the structuring theme he would adopt and develop more fully in the "Benedictine Essays." St. Philip grew, Newman says, into "the breadth of view of St. Dominic, the poetry of St. Benedict, the wisdom of St. Ignatius." 5And again, St. Philip "learned from Benedict what to be, and from Dominic what to do…. From Ignatius he learned how he was to do it." 6Newman saw "the cast and fashion" of St. Philip's interior life to be "Benedictine." 7 Written eight years after these sermons, the "Benedictine Essays" are structured thematically in the same way—that is, with the three saintly patriarchs—as they were in Newman's 1850 two-part sermon. However, instead of bringing to bear their threefold influence upon the successive stages of St. Philip's education, as in the sermons, the three patriarchs now represented the historic scope of Catholic education as a whole, according to Newman's view of the distinct missions of the three religious orders the patriarchs founded, the Benedictines, Dominicans, and Jesuits. The two "Benedictine Essays" originally appeared in the journal, The Atlantis: A Register of Literature and Science, which Newman, as founding president of the Catholic University of Ireland, instituted in 1858 specifically for publication of the fruits of his faculty's research. 8Appearing twice yearly in 1858 and 1859, and in 1862 and...

The Old Cemetery for Foreigners in Rome with a new Inventory of its burials

From at least 1716 until formal closure of the Cemetery in 1822, non-Catholic foreigners dying in Rome were usually buried adjacent to the Pyramid of Gaius Cestius in Testaccio. Some 80 stone monuments in the Old Cemetery were systematically recorded in the 1980s. To these can now be added a similar number of burials known from travel accounts and archival sources. This new, combined Inventory of 157 entries provides notes on the life and death in Rome for each individual. Its information modifies current perceptions that the Old Cemetery burials reflect mainly an élite, male population of Grand Tourists and aristocrats. Women are better represented, as are a wide range of professions, crafts, and domestic roles. A reassessment of the Cemetery’s layout leads to conclusions about its original extent, the first appearance of stone memorials in the 1760s, and the deliberate planning of graves in a burial-ground usually considered as lacking any organizing principle.

L’evento morte e la teoria del potere: incunaboli ovidiani per lo sviluppo di un’ideologia coerente circa la vita ultraterrena dell’imperatore romano

This research focuses on the cultural interrelations arouse by the rites of the emperor’s death in Rome. It rebuilds and analyzes, starting from the inventive concerning the theme contained in the Ovidian’s works, the loci, the description formulas, and the cultural codes. It refers in particular to the literature, that concerns the death of the Roman emperor, which is analyzed from the point of view of rhetoric. In this way, we show a fiction or, if you prefer, a dubious reality, which hides a forcing. And so, it introduces a witness, which confirms the veracity of deification.

Rome's revolution: death of the republic and birth of the empire

Acknowledgements Preface The Historian's Problem Death of a Dictator The Crisis of the Republic Caesar and Pompey Mutina: The Last Battle of the Republic A Victory Lost: The Defeat of the Senate The Revolution Begins Death in Rome The Revolution Complete: From Philippi to Perusia The Triumviral Wars Antony and Cleopatra: Love and its Enemies The Invention of Augustus The Augustan Republic Anarchy and Power The Imperial Order The Conquest of the World Buying Rome: Empire, Money, and Power in the Augustan Regime Death of an Emperor Epilogue: Tiberius the Emperor Bibliography Index

Carmen VII of Sidonius and a Hitherto Unknown Gothic Civil War

In late spring of 455, the Gallic aristocrat Eparchius Avitus was sent to the Visigothic royal court at Toulouse by the new emperor Petronius Maximus on a mission of uncertain purpose. It has always been assumed that Avitus went to Toulouse to patch up the peace between the Goths and the empire. Most of what we know of this mission, however, comes from a panegyric delivered at Rome, by Avitus’ young son-in-law, Sidonius Apollinaris, on 1 January 456 on the occasion of Avitus’ assumption of the consulate. Sidonius’ audience had to be convinced that Avitus was neither a Gallic usurper nor the puppet of a barbarian ruler, for Avitus had become emperor with the backing of the Gothic king Theoderic II after news arrived at Toulouse of Maximus’ death in Rome. This study argues that the panegyric does not, in fact, document a conflict between the Goths and the empire in the months preceding Avitus’ election, but rather a civil war between the Gothic royal brothers Theoderic and Frederic.

Peter's death in Rome? Back to front and upside down

Contrary to periodic challenges from a viewpoint of historical scepticism or relativism, Jerome's late fourth-century description of Simon Peter may be said to represent a critical and consensual account of the Apostle's demise in Rome as this was reflected in early Christian memory of the first two centuries, both in the East and in the West. Three centuries earlier, the much-debated passage in 1 Clement 5 represents (for all its ambiguities) an integral strand of such living memory – citing the founding apostles' death for their faith according to local Roman tradition while discreetly airbrushing the specific circumstances of their demise. It is significant, finally, that local memory of Peter's martyrdom remained confined to Rome and was never subject to competing claims elsewhere.

Joseph Severn: The Letters and Memoirs by Joseph Severn, Grant F. Scott

2I4 Reviews written in theUnited States, itgives most of its attention to theCaribbean. From the British perspective the eighteenth century was as much concerned with India, and, asWilliam Dalrymple has recently shown (WhiteMughals: Love and Betrayal inEighteenth-Century India (London: HarperCollins, 2002)), there the concept of a shared domesticity between white and black on foreign soil was more likely than in a context where relationships were grievously distorted by slavery.The theme of the book, however, isconcerned not somuch with what happens abroad aswith its impact back inBritain. The dilemma for those at home was tobalance the the desirability of money from abroad with the debauched values of thosewho obtained it.As Harrow points out, writers, and especially women writers, repeatedly negotiate thisproblem of desire and risk. This has been an area of lively discussion inAusten scholarship since Edward W. Said compelled critics' attention toSir Thomas Bertram's estates in Antigua (Culture and Imperialism (London: Chatto & Windus, I993)). Harrow assumes thevalidity of current discussion on thiswithout demur, and adds to it in interesting ways. She stresses the 'dark' qualities ofHenry andMary Crawford, as against the 'fair' colour ing of theBertram girls, as subliminally suggesting a colonial origin for their lapsed moral values, and she suggests that Fanny Price's physical weakness is to be seen as validating her as a proper representative of English bourgeois domesticity, since so much writing on theCaribbean noted the convenient view that thewomen of other nations could do physical work, just as lower-class women inEngland could. This is refreshing, since ithas been commoner to look forpsychological explanations of Fanny's weakness, rather than ones based on policing racial and class boundaries. This book has an interesting theme andmakes some good points. Itnever, however, explains itschoice of texts, leading one to speculate whether those chosen are typical or unique in theirperceptions-the former, I suppose. Its sense of thedomestic isex tremely limited,meaning little more than 'maintainingthe virtue of thewhite woman'. Throughout the writer should have lookedmore incisively at her often rambling chap ters, to ensure that the ideas she is tracing come across with the clarity theydeserve. NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY CLAIRE LAMONT Joseph Severn: The Letters and Memoirs. Ed. by GRANT F. SCOTT. Aldershot and Burlington: Ashgate. 2005. xxxv+7I6 pp. ?45. ISBN 978-o-7I90-7I58-4. Like Charles Brown and J. H. Reynolds, Joseph Severn has come to be known as 'the friend ofKeats'. Unlike Brown and Reynolds, Severn has the distinction of having been buried next toKeats in theEnglish Cemetery inRome, with a gravestone that visually echoes thatof thepoet.While modern biographies and editions of the letters of both Brown and Reynolds have been published, however, this is the firstscholarly collection of the letters and memoirs of Severn (extracts fromSevern's letters and memoirs were printed inaccurately inWilliam Sharp's i892 Life and Letters, and later in two somewhat novelistic biographies by Sheila Birkenhead: Against Oblivion: The Life of Joseph Severn (London: Cassell, 1943); Illustrious Friends: The Story of Joseph Severn and his Son Arthur (London: Hamish Hamilton, I965)). That Severn was known at all in theVictorian period was a result of Shelley's effusive comments in thePreface toAdonais on his apparently self-sacrificingjourney to Italywith Keats in the autumn of i820, and of the cult of death that surrounded Keats's memory after thepublication of the firstbiography of the poet in I848. The nature of Keats's growing fame in the second half of the nineteenth century was determined in large part by themanner of his early death in Rome, and it is al most exclusively through Severn-through his letters, inparticular-that the factsof MLR, I02.1, 2007 2I5 Keats's final days and weeks gradually emerged. Severn became known as the only friend ofKeats thatwas prepared to travelwith him and nurse him as he died. And as the century progressed, Severn increasingly became 'a kind of livingmonument to his friend', as Grant F Scott puts it (p. 57)-in his care forKeats's grave, inhis repeated return in his paintings toKeatsian subjects, and in his sheer presence in Rome, the citywhere he devotedly nursed Keats in his last illness. But Severn was also a reasonably successful painter in his...

Dating an Early Dominican Missal

The Bergendal Collection of mediaeval manuscripts took its inspiration and inception in the nineteen-seventies at the Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies in Toronto. Its guiding light from the beginning was the late Father Leonard E. Boyle, O.P., who taught at the Institute from 1961 to 1984. The author was a student of Father Boyle, and profited from his love for and extraordinary expertise in all things mediaeval, especially in the manuscript sciences of palaeography and diplomatics. In 1984 the present Holy Father Pope John Paul II appointed Father Boyle as Prefect of the Vatican Library. The catalogue of the Bergendal Collection was published just before Father Boyle’s death in Rome in 1999. The Collection that he inspired and that grew under his direction is the largest to be found in private hands in the Americas. That many of its manuscripts originated in the mediaeval Order of Friars Preachers is no coincidence, since Father Boyle was himself a priest of the Dominican Order. There is no similar private collection in Canada nor in the United States of America. There are three or possibly four larger private collections in Europe.

Clare and the Ghost of Keats

John Clare was fascinated by both literary success and by individual authors, notably John and Robert Bloomfield, whom he considered unjustly neglected. He values Keats's poems for their abstract beauties, cherishes their choice phrases and linguistic turns; but, in letters to their mutual publisher, John Taylor, he describes in obscure phrases which, in his autobiography and correspondence of 1821, he reapplies to his own life. My account of the mediated, self-reflexive and misrepresented relationship between the poets, and the importance of in Clare's developing sense of his own cultural position, centres on two composite texts: To the of John Keats and Fate of Genius. Early in 1821, Clare exchanged regular letters with Taylor while writing his life story for the preface to the second collection. Whatever the subject--Clare's drunkenness and mental wanderings, his frustrating writer's block or, frequently, the detail of proofs and revisions for his forthcoming second volume--the letters convey a constant, unstated anxiety. They are constructed over the ghostly frame of speculation about in the uncertain weeks before March 18, when Taylor received confirmation of Keats's death in Rome on February 23. He told Clare eight days later. Coincidentally, John Scott, the editor of the London Magazine, was killed on February 16, in a duel with John Christie, acting for John Lockhart, the editor of Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine. The loss was both personal and commercial, the culmination of Scott's indignation against Blackwood's, a coincidence that contributed to the myth of Keats's having been killed by reviews in the Scottish press. A third violent occurrence underscored the relevance of contemporary literary animosity to Clare's own writing career. On February 24, he wrote to Taylor, Is poor Scott gone--Drakard the Editor of the 'Stamford News' has been severly beaten this week in a rather cowardly way by a person coming in with the excuse of buying a book who while D. turnd to look [for] it cudgeld him with a stick & rid off the stranger had a footman with him & is some one no doubt that the Paper has provokingly abused but who it is or for what cause he has beaten him I know (Letters, 159-60). John Drakard, who supplied Clare with paper and books, had run a circulating library in Stamford (the market town five miles from Clare's home) and in 1830 engaged Clare as a regular contributor to his second newspaper, the Stamford Champion, having employed John Scott as editor of his first, the Stamford News (By Himself, 57; Natural History, 190, 230; Letters, 490; Newton and Smith, 292). Clare's letter to Taylor, on or around March 8, demonstrates both the force of the connection and intensity of his response: G[ilchrist] tells me of Scott's death but I know all about it & about it & am as sorry for it as he can be tho I knew nothing more of the man then by his actions which tells me he had more honesty and honour then his enemey Lockhardt is a d--d knave & a coward & my insignificant self woud tell him so to his teeth--but Mr G tells me to stick to a Cudgel when I quarrel (Letters, 163-64). Octavius Gilchrist--co-founder with Drakard of the Stamford News was involved in his own controversy with the Revd William Bowles, a dispute over Pope that drew in Byron, and Clare (Barton). Taylor's report of March 9 presumably crossed in the post: O. Gilchrist came up to attend poor Scott's Funeral which took place this Day. We heard yesterday of Keats; he was still alive, though very weak--but calmer than he had been. It was not considered that he would last many Days longer. Probably at the Time Scott he also died (Blunden, 88). Taylor's final announcement of Keats's death in a letter to Clare on March 26, is appended with an invitation to produce some Lines to his Memory and a warning that the pressures of the literary marketplace are ubiquitous: One of the very few Poets of the Day is gone--let another beware of Stamford. …

Sacred Memory or Relics: Should Holocaust Documents Be Altered?

When Wolfgang Koeppen's holocaust survivor novel Jakob Littners Aufzeichnungen aus einem Erdloch (“Jakob Littner's Notes from a Hole in the Ground”) was published in 1992, it received broad attention. Wolfgang Koeppen was of considerable interest to a reading public who knew his novels Pidgeons on the Grass ( Tauben im Gras , 1951), The Hothouse ( Das Treibhaus , 1953), and Death in Rome ( Der Tod in Rom , 1954). Personally, when I read Jakob Littners Aufzeichnungen I found it so captivating that I decided to explore the possibility of its being published in the United States. The publication rights from Suhrkamp, Koeppen's German publisher, were easy to obtain since German books are underrepresented in the United States and academics often serve as facilitators for German books. Holocaust books are usually well received in the United States, so I had hoped for a successful publication; however, when Suhrkamp refused to give permission for an explanatory foreword about Littner's and Koeppen's lives, the project could go no further.

Death in Rome

The room indeed looks tomb-like, she thinks, but naturally does not say. There are no windows, only skylights covered by blinds, raised electrically. Proudly the bell hop shows them how-pushing a button that makes a mournful whirring sound. Pale striped silk covers the walls, and a sad blue carpet the floor. The ceiling slopes so that she cannot stand to her full height in parts of the room. A tall, angular woman, Ada does not like cramped spaces; they make her feel breathless. She feels even taller beside her small Italian friend. Laura had warned her on the phone it might be difficult to find a room in Rome because of the coming Jubilee. I must have called a hundred places-there was just nothing else, Laura apologizes in her soft, liquescent language, blinking gray, short-sighted eyes. Absolutely fine, Ada replies in rusty Italian and hunts for money in her voluminous black bag. She can never find anything in the confusion of notes for her work. Her gaze falls on one, One way is to invent a kind of neutralizing middle voice that is neither abstractly and impersonally cold nor directly emotional and dramatic, but one that lies in that gray limbo.... When had she written that and why? Laura gives the bellhop a generous tip and thanks him with a smile that shows small, almost good teeth. He smiles back and says something Ada does not understand as he shuts the door quietly behind him. Ada hears the click and thinks of her West Side apartment in New York with its large, half-empty white rooms, high ceilings, bookcases, and long windows. She surveys the two narrow beds set side by side with their shiny pink counterpanes and contemplates sharing a room with someone as though she were a child again. But she says, Bathroom's great, as cheerfully as possible, peeping warily into the dimness of the windowless room.

From a Death in Venice to a Death in Rome: On Wolfgang Koeppen's Critical Ironization of Thomas Mann

(1993). From a Death in Venice to a Death in Rome: On Wolfgang Koeppen's Critical Ironization of Thomas Mann. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 68, No. 3, pp. 98-107.

Antonio Pacchioni (1665-1726): early studies of the dura mater.

The clustering of arachnoid villi along the sagittal sinus forms what is known as "Pacchioni granulations." These structures were first described in 1705 by Antonio Pacchioni, an Italian scientist. Pacchioni was born in Reggio Emilia, Italy, in 1665, and there he received his degree in medicine. Later he moved to Rome where he built a successful career dedicated to medical practice, research, and teaching. He became a friend of some of the leading scientists of his age: Lancisi, Malpighi, and Morgagni, among others. He devoted himself to elucidating the structure and function of dura mater, and in his studies often used the new technique of maceration of anatomical specimens in various fluids. Among Pacchioni's written works, the Dissertatio Epistolaris de Glandulis Conglobatis Durae Meningis Humanae (1705) deserves the greatest consideration as it contains the first description of arachnoid granulations. He compared dura to cardiac muscle and attributed to its "glandulae" (glands) the faculty of secreting lymph for lubrication of the sliding movements between meninges and brain during contractions. Three centuries after Pacchioni's death in Rome in 1726, the fine structure of arachnoid villi has not been fully elucidated; moreover, many questions related to mechanisms underlying cerebrospinal fluid absorption remain unanswered.

Santayana's Poetics of Belief

Among the great masters in this century of the philosophic vocation James, Whitehead, Dewey, Husserl, Wittgenstein, Heidegger there is perhaps none whose legacy is today so indifferently valued as is George Santayana's. Nor does the inappreciation that generally marks the prevailing view of his work represent a development that has only just gradually come to pass in the years since his death in Rome in the early autumn of 1952: on the contrary, throughout his entire career, though he was always far from being ignored, he constantly faced an intellectual community, particularly in the United States, that reserved sympathies for him that were very imperfect indeed. The intense masculinity (as, I believe, Santayana himself somewhere phrases it) of his own Harvard mentor, William James, was slightly offended by a certain mandarinism and moribund Latinity it descried in the young Santayana, offended procedure of linguistic sanitation, and thus to them Santayana's manifest

Planetary Latitudes, the Theorica Gerardi, and Regiomontanus

I N 1475, A YEAR before his untimely death in Rome, Regiomontanus published an interesting work, his Disputationem Ioannis de Monteregio contra Cremonensis in planetarum theoricam deliramenta.' The treatise is in the form of a dialogue between two friends who meet in Rome during August 28-30, 1464, to await the election of Pope Paul II, and who while away the time in a dissection of the errors in the thirteenth-century Theorica planetarum,2 often assigned by medieval copyists to Gerard of Cremona. The astronomically sophisticated member of this duo, Vienna, represents Regiomontanus himself; is his relatively uninformed friend, eager for instruction. Zinner has suggested that the of the dialogue was Regiomontanus' friend and associate, Martin Ilkush,3 master at Cracow and later astronomer at the court of Mathias, king of Hungary and Bohemia, but in 1464 astrologer to Cardinal Barbo; his presence in Rome at the period of the dialogue is thus likely. As he explains in the preface to the Disputatio,4 Regiomontanus was moved

Death in Rome

Death in Rome

Mrs. Arthur Strong, C.B.E

MANY visitors to Rome, as well as colleagues and friends in Great Britain, will miss the wide learning, generous disposal of it, and impressive presence of the former assistant director of the British School of Archæology in Rome, Mrs. Arthur Strong, whose death in Rome on September 16 has been reported. Eugénie Sellers was brought up in France, and obtained honours in the Classical Tripos at Cambridge, from Girton College. In the intervals of travel in Germany, Italy and Greece, she gave university extension lectures on Greek sculpture, and conducted classes in the British Museum. In 1892 she published an excellent translation of Schuchhardt's “Schlie-mann's Excavations” brought up to date by an epilogue from Walter Leaf. Coming under the influence of Furtwängler, she translated also his “Meisterwerke der griechischen Plastik” (1895), a more ambitious and difficult task ; and with her friend, Miss Jex Blake, she published a translation and useful commentary on Pliny's chapters on ancient art (1896). Her marriage in 1897 to the orientalist, S. Arthur Strong, librarian of the House of Lords, gave her access to the great British sculpture galleries, and on his early death in 1904 she succeeded him as librarian of Chatsworth and made valuable use of the collections there, especially the gems and the archaeological drawings. During these years her tastes and judgment were maturing in a revision of current opinions about the relation of Roman art to Greek. As before, she found congenial utterance first in her translation of Wickhoff's “Roman Art” (1900) but later in her own “Roman Sculpture from Augustus to Constantine” (1908), the main positions in which she restated and illustrated in her chapters on “Roman Art” in the “Cambridge Ancient History”.