Acute Myocardial Infarction Death Research Articles

Disparities in the Prevalence of Hospitalizations and In-Hospital Mortality Due to Acute Myocardial Infarction Among Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Nationwide Retrospective Study.

Background: Non-alcoholic liver disease (NAFLD) may be associated with cardiovascular diseases; however, only a few studies have analyzed this relationship. We aimed to assess the epidemiologic data and the association between NAFLD and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in the United States. Methods: The National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database 2016-2019 was queried using ICD10-CM diagnostic codes to identify hospitalizations of AMI + NAFLD. Essential demographic variables were analyzed to determine the disparities in the prevalence of AMI hospitalizations and deaths among NAFLD patients. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models determined the association between NAFLD and AMI hospitalizations and death. Results: Among the total 5450 NAFLD patients hospitalized with AMI, 5.11% (279) died. Females were less likely to be admitted and die due to AMI than males. Younger patients (<50) were less likely to be hospitalized and die than those ≥50. Compared to the white population, black patients were less likely; however, Hispanics, Asians, and Pacific Islanders were more likely to be hospitalized. Race was not found to affect hospital mortality. On multivariate analysis, NAFLD was associated with higher odds of AMI hospitalization [OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.51-1.60, p < 0.01] and death [OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.74-2.21, p < 0.01]. Conclusions: Older white males with NAFLD had a higher prevalence of AMI hospitalizations and mortality.

Emergency Department use of a high-sensitivity Point-of-Care troponin assay reduces length of stay: an implementation study preliminary report.

Point-of-care (POC) high-sensitivity troponin (hs-cTn) assays within a clinical pathway may safely reduce length of stay (LoS) for patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) with possible acute myocardial infarction (AMI). In this early-report we present the first evaluation of a POC hs-cTn in real-life care. In adult patients presenting to ED investigated for possible AMI we compared the LoS in patients assessed with a troponin in the 8-weeks before (usual-care phase) and the 8-weeks following introduction of the Siemens Atellica VTLi POC hs-cTnI for decision-making (intervention phase). The VTLi replaced the laboratory (Beckman Coulter) assay as the default hs-cTn test within the clinical pathway. This was the only change to the pathway process. The safety outcome was first event AMI or cardiac death within 30-days. There were 2376 presentations in the usual-care phase with 188 individuals with AMI and 2392 in the intervention phase with 198 AMI. In the intervention phase there was a mean (95% CI) reduction in LoS of 32 minutes (22 mins to 41 mins) compared with the usual-care phase. This represents 21.4 fewer patient-hours in the ED each day (1196 in the 8-week period). In both phases the pathway correctly identified all cases of AMI at index attendance. There were four follow-up events (2 usual-care, 2 intervention) within 30d. The deployment of a hs-cTn POC analyser into a large ED safely reduced length of stay. If translatable to other EDs this could represent an important advancement to patient care.

ZC3H13-Mediated m6A Modification Ameliorates Acute Myocardial Infarction through Preventing Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and Ferroptosis by Targeting lncRNA93358.

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a life-threatening event that is associated with RNA modification and programmed cell death (PCD). This study attempted to investigate the impacts of zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 13 (ZC3H13)-mediated N6-methyladenosine (m6A) on ferroptosis in AMI. The infarcted areas and cardiac function were evaluated, and the expression level of ZC3H13 was measured in AMI rats that were induced by isoproterenol. Meanwhile, oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) in vitro model was induced to investigate the alterations on inflammation, oxidative stress and ferroptosis. The m6A modification site of lncRNA93358 modified by ZC3H13 was predicted using bioinformatics, and the interaction between ZC3H13 and lncRNA93358 was verified using the dual-luciferase reporter assays. ZC3H13 was overexpressed and lncRNA93358 was silenced to study their regulatory role in cell death, inflammation, oxidative stress and ferroptosis in AMI. Significant decreased expression of ZC3H13 was observed in AMI rats, with impaired cardiac function, enhanced inflammation and oxidative stress. ZC3H13 targeted the modification site GGACC of lncRNA93358 and downregulated lncRNA93358. Silencing lncRNA93358 inhibited cell death, reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β, suppressed oxidative stress-related indicators (lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as downregulated ferroptosis-related acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 4 (ACSL4), prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). The effect of silencing lncRNA93358 was further enhanced by overexpression of ZC3H13. This study reveals the ZC3H13-mediated epigenetic RNA modification targeting lncRNA93358 and suggests that ZC3H13 overexpression may be a promising approach for AMI treatment.

Optimizing Prediction of In-Hospital Mortality in Elderly Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Nomogram Approach Using the Age-Adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index Score.

To study the age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index (ACCI) scale, which is a comprehensive quantification of multimorbidity coexistence, for the assessment of the risk of acute myocardial infarction death in elderly people. A total of 502 older patients with acute myocardial infarction were studied at Qilu Hospital from September 2017 to March 2022. They were categorized on the basis of ACCI into low (≤5), intermediate (6, 7), and high (≥8) risk groups. Hospitalization duration was observed, with death as the end point. least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression was used to screen variables, 10-fold cross-validation was performed to validate the screened variables, a Cox regression nomogram predicting the risk of patient death was prepared, hazard ratio with 95% CI was calculated, a nomogram calibration curve was constructed, and a receiver operating characteristic curve, decision curve analysis, and a clinical impact curve were established. From 62 potential factors in a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression, 12 were selected via 10-fold cross-validation. Retain variables with significant statistical differences in the Cox regression. A nomogram of the risk of death from acute infarction was constructed, and risk factors included ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation, atrial fibrillation, nicorandil, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, β blockers, and ACCI score, carbon dioxide combining power, and blood calcium concentration. The ACCI score effectively assesses multimorbidity in the older patients. As ACCI rises, the death risk from acute myocardial infarction grows. The study's nomogram is valid and clinically applicable.

Sex and Racial Disparities in Proportionate Mortality of Premature Myocardial Infarction in the United States: 1999 to 2020.

The incidence of premature myocardial infarction (PMI) in women (<65 years and men <55 years) is increasing. We investigated proportionate mortality trends in PMI stratified by sex, race, and ethnicity. CDC WONDER (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research) was queried to identify PMI deaths within the United States between 1999 and 2020, and trends in proportionate mortality of PMI were calculated using the Joinpoint regression analysis. We identified 3 017 826 acute myocardial infarction deaths, with 373 317 PMI deaths corresponding to proportionate mortality of 12.5% (men 12%, women 14%). On trend analysis, proportionate mortality of PMI increased from 10.5% in 1999 to 13.2% in 2020 (average annual percent change of 1.0 [0.8-1.2, P <0.01]) with a significant increase in women from 10% in 1999 to 17% in 2020 (average annual percent change of 2.4 [1.8-3.0, P <0.01]) and no significant change in men, 11% in 1999 to 10% in 2020 (average annual percent change of -0.2 [-0.7 to 0.3, P=0.4]). There was a significant increase in proportionate mortality in both Black and White populations, with no difference among American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian/Pacific Islander, or Hispanic people. American Indian/Alaska Natives had the highest PMI mortality with no significant change over time. Over the last 2 decades, there has been a significant increase in the proportionate mortality of PMI in women and the Black population, with persistently high PMI in American Indian/Alaska Natives, despite an overall downtrend in acute myocardial infarction-related mortality. Further research to determine the underlying cause of these differences in PMI mortality is required to improve the outcomes after acute myocardial infarction in these populations.

Associated demographic factors for the recurrence and prognosis of stroke patients within a multiethnic Asian population.

There is a paucity of studies investigating the outcomes among Asian stroke patients. Identifying subgroups of stroke patients at risk of poorer outcomes could identify patients who would benefit from targeted interventions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify which ischemic stroke patients at high risk of recurrent events and mortality. This cohort study adhered to STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines. We obtained data from the Singapore Stroke Registry (SSR) from 2005 to 2016 and cross referenced to the Death Registry and the Myocardial Infarction Registry. Outcome measures included recurrent stroke, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and all-cause and stroke-related deaths. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were performed to determine risk factors for recurrent stroke, AMI, and all-cause and stroke-related deaths. A total of 64,915 patients (6705 young, and 58,210 older) were included in our analysis. Older stroke patients were found to have an increased risk of recurrent stroke (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.21, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.12-1.30), AMI (HR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.54-1.95), all-cause death (HR = 2.49, 95% CI = 2.34-2.64), and stroke-related death (HR = 176, 95% CI = 1.61-1.92). Among young stroke patients, males were at increased risk for recurrent stroke (HR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.01-1.39) and AMI (HR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.08-1.83), but at reduced risk for all-cause (HR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.69-0.89) and stroke-related deaths (HR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.67-0.94). Ethnicity appeared to influence outcomes, with Malay patients at increased risk of recurrent stroke (HR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.14-1.65), AMI (HR = 2.45, 95% CI = 1.87-3.22), and all-cause (HR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.24-1.66) and stroke-related deaths (HR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.09-1.64). Indian patients were also at increased risk of AMI (HR = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.41-2.72). Similar findings were seen among the older stroke patients. This study found that older stroke patients are at risk of poorer outcomes. Within the young stroke population specifically, males were predisposed to recurrent stroke and AMI but were protected against all-cause and stroke-related deaths. Males were also at reduced risk of all-cause and stroke-related deaths in the older stroke population. In addition, Malay and Indian patients experience poorer outcomes after first stroke. Further optimization of risk factors targeting these high-priority populations are needed to achieve high-quality care.

Point-of-care high-sensitivity cardiac troponin in suspected acute myocardial infarction assessed at baseline and 2 h.

Strategies to assess patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction (AMI) using a point-of-care (POC) high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) assay may expedite emergency care. A 2-h POC hs-cTnI strategy for emergency patients with suspected AMI was derived and validated. In two international, multi-centre, prospective, observational studies of adult emergency patients (1486 derivation cohort and 1796 validation cohort) with suspected AMI, hs-cTnI (Siemens Atellica® VTLi) was measured at admission and 2 h later. Adjudicated final diagnoses utilized the hs-cTn assay in clinical use. A risk stratification algorithm was derived and validated. The primary diagnostic outcome was index AMI (Types 1 and 2). The primary safety outcome was 30-day major adverse cardiac events incorporating AMI and cardiac death. Overall, 81 (5.5%) and 88 (4.9%) patients in the derivation and validation cohorts, respectively, had AMI. The 2-h algorithm defined 66.1% as low risk with a sensitivity of 98.8% [95% confidence interval (CI) 89.3%-99.9%] and a negative predictive value of 99.9 (95% CI 99.2%-100%) for index AMI in the derivation cohort. In the validation cohort, 53.3% were low risk with a sensitivity of 98.9% (95% CI 92.4%-99.8%) and a negative predictive value of 99.9% (95% CI 99.3%-100%) for index AMI. The high-risk metrics identified 5.4% of patients with a specificity of 98.5% (95% CI 96.6%-99.4%) and a positive predictive value of 74.5% (95% CI 62.7%-83.6%) for index AMI. A 2-h algorithm using a POC hs-cTnI concentration enables safe and efficient risk assessment of patients with suspected AMI. The short turnaround time of POC testing may support significant efficiencies in the management of the large proportion of emergency patients with suspected AMI.

Impact of early death recording on international comparison of acute myocardial infarction mortality – administrative hospital data study using the example of Germany and the United States

BackgroundIn-hospital mortality from acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is widely used in international comparisons as an indicator of health system performance. Because of the high risk of early death after AMI, international comparisons may be biased by differences in the recording of early death cases in hospital inpatient data. This study examined whether differences in the recording of early deaths affect international comparisons of AMI in-hospital mortality by using the example of Germany and the United States, and explored approaches to address this issue.MethodsThe German Diagnosis-Related Groups Statistics (DRG Statistics), the U.S. National Inpatient Sample (NIS) and the U.S. Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS) were analysed from 2014 to 2019. Cases with treatment for AMI were identified in German and U.S. inpatient data. AMI deaths occurring in the emergency department (ED) without inpatient admission were extracted from NEDS data. 30-day in-hospital mortality figures were calculated according to the OECD indicator definition (unlinked data) and modified by including ED deaths, or excluding all same-day cases.ResultsGerman age-and-sex standardized 30-day in-hospital mortality was substantially higher compared to the U.S. (in 2019, 7.3% vs. 4.6%). The ratio of German vs. U.S. mortality was 1.6. After inclusion of ED deaths in U.S. data this ratio declined to 1.4. Exclusion of same-day cases in German and U.S. data led to a similar ratio.ConclusionsWhile short-duration treatments due to early death are generally recorded in German inpatient data, in U.S. inpatient data those cases are partially missing. Excluding cases with short-duration treatment from the calculation of mortality indicators could be a feasible approach to account for differences in the recording of early deaths, that might be existent in other countries as well.

External validation of a rapid algorithm using high-sensitivity troponin assay results for evaluating patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction

ObjectiveWe sought to validate the clinical performance of a rapid assessment pathway incorporating the Siemens Atellica IM high sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) assay in patients presenting to the emergency...

Derivation and Validation of Thresholds Using Synthetic Data Methods for Single-Test Screening of Emergency Department Patients with Possible Acute Myocardial Infarction Using a Point-of-Care Troponin Assay.

Single-sample (screening) rule-out of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with troponin requires derivation of a single-test screening threshold. In data sets with small event numbers, the lowest one or two concentrations of myocardial infarction (MI) patients dictate the threshold. This is not optimal. We aimed to demonstrate a process incorporating both real and synthetic data for deriving such thresholds using a novel pre-production high-precision point-of-care assay. cTnI concentrations were measured from thawed plasma using the Troponin I Next (TnI-Nx) assay (i-STAT; Abbott) in adults on arrival to the emergency department with symptoms suggestive of AMI. The primary outcome was an AMI or cardiac death within 30 days. We used internal-external validation with synthetic data production based on clinical and demographic data, plus the measured TnI-Nx concentration, to derive and validate decision thresholds for TnI-Nx. The target low-risk threshold was a sensitivity of 99% and a high-risk threshold specificity of >95%. In total, 1356 patients were included, of whom 191 (14.1%) had the primary outcome. A total of 500 synthetic data sets were constructed. The mean low-risk threshold was determined to be 5 ng/L. This categorized 38% (95% CI, 6%-68%) to low-risk with a sensitivity of 99.0% (95% CI, 98.6%-99.5%) and a negative predictive value of 99.4% (95% CI, 97.6%-99.8%). A similarly derived high-risk threshold of 25 ng/L had a specificity of 95.0% (95% CI, 94.8%-95.1%) and a positive predictive value of 74.8% (95% CI, 71.5%-78.0%). With the TnI-Nx assay, we successfully demonstrated an approach using synthetic data generation to derive low-risk thresholds for safe and effective screening.

Abstract TMP78: Disparities in Experiencing Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events Among Survivors of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage by Hematoma Location

Background: Large studies evaluating the association of hematoma location with the risk of developing major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) among survivors of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in the United States are lacking. Methods: We identified adult (&gt;=18 years) ICH survivors from the state inpatient and the state emergency department databases of Florida, New York, Maryland, Washington, and Georgia (2016 - 2019). We fit a series of multivariable Fine-Gray sub-distribution hazard models, with the competing risk of death, and report the sub-distribution hazard ratio (SHR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of the independent associations of hematoma location (lobar vs. non-lobar) with recurrent ICH (r-ICH), acute ischemic stroke (AIS), acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and MACE (any stroke, AMI, systemic embolism, or vascular death). Results: Among 10,652 ICH patients (median age [IQR]: 70 [58 - 80] years; 47.7% female; 43.2% lobar ICH), 3.3%, 3.1%, 0.5%, and 8.1%, respectively, experienced r-ICH, AIS, AMI, and MACE. Patients with lobar ICH (vs. non-lobar ICH) had a higher risk of r-ICH (SHR, CI: 1.67, 1.35 - 2.07) and MACE (1.28, 1.14 - 1.44). Blacks (vs. Whites) have a higher risk of AIS (1.64, 1.32 - 2.03) and MACE (1.42, 1.22 - 1.65). Also, privately insured patients (vs. Medicare) have a lower risk of r-ICH (0.45, 0.31 - 0.67), AIS (0.71, 0.53 - 0.95), and MACE (0.58, 0.47 - 0.71). Patients from low-income zip codes have a higher risk of AMI (1.83, 1.23 - 2.15) and MACE (1.16, 1.02 - 1.32). Patients with atrial fibrillation had a higher risk of AIS (1.47, 1.18 - 1.84) and MACE (1.26, 1.07 - 1.49). Patients with a high risk of metabolic syndrome (&gt;= 2 of the following: hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, or obesity) have a higher risk of AIS (1.37, 1.13 - 1.65), AMI (1.81, 1.19 - 2.75), and MACE (1.28, 1.13 - 1.44). Conclusions: Developing targeted secondary prevention strategies tailored to the specific sociodemographic and clinical profiles of ICH survivors is warranted.

Growth differentiation factor-15 is associated with myocardial infarction and death at 30 and 90 days in ED patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome

Abstract Background Growth differentiation factor (GDF)-15 is a novel biomarker of cardiac stress that may be an accurate predictor of mortality and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in patients with acute chest pain. However, data from US populations are lacking. Purpose Our objective was to determine whether GDF-15 is an independent predictor of index, 30-day, and 90-day day AMI and death in a U.S cohort of ED patients with possible acute coronary syndrome. Methods This study was a secondary analysis of the STOP-CP (High Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin T to Optimize Chest Pain Risk Stratification) trial, which prospectively enrolled adults (≥ 21 years) presenting to eight emergency departments in the US with suspected AMI (1/25/2017-9/6/2018). Blood sampling was performed at baseline and 3 hours later, and hs-TnT, NT-pro-BNP, and GDF-15 assays were performed at a central laboratory. The primary outcome was the composite of AMI and all-cause death at index visit, 30 days, and 90 days and secondary outcomes were AMI and death separately. Multivariable logistic regression models were fitted for the outcomes at each timepoint with the following independent variables: age, sex, number of cardiac risk factors, ECG findings, hs-TnT, and NT-pro-BNP. Odds ratios (ORs) are reported per 100 ng/L increase in GDF-15 levels. Results In 1,428 patients the median age was 58 (IQR: 49, 66) years and 25% (353/1,428) had a history of coronary artery disease. The median GDF-15 level was 1,233 pg/mL (IQR: 754, 2206) at baseline and 1,363 pg/mL (IQR: 851, 2434) at 3 hours. The composite outcome of AMI or death occurred in 12% (169) at index visit, an additional 2% (34) at 30 days, and an additional 3% (37) at 90 days. In multivariable regression models, GDF-15 was independently associated with the composite outcome of AMI or death at 30 days (OR ng/L 1.01, 95% CI 1.00-1.02) and 90 days (OR 1.01, 95% CI 1.01-1.02), but not during the index visit (OR 1.00, 95% CI 1.00-1.00). It was also associated with both AMI (OR 1.01, 95% CI 1.00-1.02) and death (OR 1.01, 95% CI 1.01-1.02) separately at 90 days, but was only associated with death (OR 1.01, 95% CI 1.01-1.02) at 30 days. Conclusion Among adult ED patients with suspected AMI, GDF-15 was independently associated with subsequent 30-day and 90-day AMI or death. These data suggest a potential role for GDF-15 in risk stratifying ED patients with regard to future cardiac events.

Analysis of the association between diurnal temperature difference and relative humidity and myocardial infarction in Shantou residents

Objective: To analyze the effect of meteorological conditions on mortality and population susceptibility of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in the Shantou area and to provide a scientific basis for the local public health system to prevent AMI. Methods: The AMI mortality data recorded in the resident cause of death surveillance database of Shantou from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2020, were collected and the distribution lag nonlinear model was used to analyze the diurnal temperature range (DTR) and relative humidity (RH) on AMI mortality and the lag effect. Results: There were 13 932 deaths due to AMI in Shantou during the study period, with a male-to-female sex ratio of 1.3∶1. There was a significant association between high diurnal temperature difference exposure and low RH exposure and AMI deaths, with both single-day lag effects appearing and reaching a maximum at lag 2 day (RR=1.019, 95%CI: 1.000-1.039; RR=1.018, 95%CI: 1.003-1.034); the cumulative lag effect was all maximal at lag 0-14 day (RR=1.199, 95%CI: 1.025-1.401; RR=1.279, 95%CI: 1.117-1.465). The elderly (≥75 years) and female populations were susceptible to high DTR exposure and low RH exposure conditions. Conclusions: There was a significant association between DTR and RH and mortality of AMI in Shantou with a significant lag in their effects. Both female and elderly populations ≥75 years old were susceptible populations under high DTR and low RH exposure conditions.

Predictors of In-Hospital Death in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction.

Factors such as age, vital signs, renal function, Killip class, cardiac arrest, elevated cardiac biomarker levels, and ST deviation predict survival in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, the existing risk assessment tools lack comprehensive consideration of catheter-related factors, and short-term prognostic predictors are unknown. This study aimed to clarify in-hospital prognostic predictors in hospitalized patients with AMI. Five hundred and thirty-six patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for AMI were divided into non-survivor (n = 36) and survivor (n = 500) groups. Coronary risk factors, laboratory findings, angiographic findings, and clinical courses were compared between the two groups. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyze in-hospital death in pre- and post-PCI phases. In the pre-PCI phase, multiple logistic regression analysis revealed several predictors of in-hospital death, including systolic blood pressure [odds ratio (OR) = 0.985, p = 0.023)], Killip class ≥2 (OR = 14.051, p <0.001), and chronic kidney disease (OR = 4.859, p = 0.040). In the post-PCI phase, multiple logistic regression analysis revealed additional predictors of in-hospital death, including Killip class ≥2 (OR = 5.982, p = 0.039), presence of lesions in the left main trunk (OR = 51.381, p = 0.044), utilization of intra-aortic balloon pumps and percutaneous cardiopulmonary support (OR = 6.141, p = 0.016), and presence of multi-vessel disease (OR = 6.323, p = 0.022). Predictors of in-hospital death in AMI extend beyond conventional risk factors to include culprit lesions, mechanical support, and multi-vessel disease that manifest post-PCI.

Exploring the Feasibility of Machine Learning to Predict Risk Stratification Within 3 Months in Chest Pain Patients with Suspected NSTE-ACS

ObjectiveWe aimed to assess the feasibility and superiority of machine learning (ML) methods to predict the risk of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACEs) in chest pain patients with NSTE-ACS. MethodsEnrolled chest pain patients were from two centers, Beijing Anzhen Emergency Chest Pain Center Beijing Bo’ai Hospital, China Rehabilitation Research Center. Five classifiers were used to develop ML models. Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F-Measure and AUC were used to assess the model performance and prediction effect compared with HEART risk scoring system. Ultimately, ML model constructed by Naïve Bayes was employed to predict the occurrence of MACEs. ResultsAccording to learning metrics, ML models constructed by different classifiers were superior over HEART (History, ECG, Age, Risk factors, & Troponin) scoring system when predicting acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and all-cause death. However, according to ROC curves and AUC, ML model constructed by different classifiers performed better than HEART scoring system only in prediction for AMI. Among the five ML algorithms, Linear support vector machine (SVC), Naïve Bayes and Logistic regression classifiers stood out with all Accuracy, Precision, Recall and F-Measure from 0.8 to 1.0 for predicting any event, AMI, revascularization and all-cause death (vs. HEART ≤ 0.78), with AUC from 0.88 to 0.98 for predicting any event, AMI and revascularization (vs. HEART ≤ 0.85). ML model developed by Naïve Bayes predicted that suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS), abnormal electrocardiogram (ECG), elevated hs-cTn I, sex and smoking were risk factors of MACEs. ConclusionCompared with HEART risk scoring system, the superiority of ML method was demonstrated when employing Linear SVC classifier, Naïve Bayes and Logistic. ML method could be a promising method to predict MACEs in chest pain patients with NSTE-ACS.

Geographic Variation in Mortality of Acute Myocardial Infarction and Association With Health Care Accessibility in Beijing, 2007 to 2018.

Background Little is known about geographic variation in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) mortality within fast-developing megacities and whether changes in health care accessibility correspond to changes in AMI mortality at the small-area level. Methods and Results We included data of 94 106 AMI deaths during 2007 to 2018 from the Beijing Cardiovascular Disease Surveillance System in this ecological study. We estimated AMI mortality for 307 townships during consecutive 3-year periods with a Bayesian spatial model. Township-level health care accessibility was measured using an enhanced 2-step floating catchment area method. Linear regression models were used to examine the association between health care accessibility and AMI mortality. During 2007 to 2018, median AMI mortality in townships declined from 86.3 (95% CI, 34.2-173.8) to 49.4 (95% CI, 30.5-73.7) per 100 000 population. The decrease in AMI mortality was larger in townships where health care accessibility increased more rapidly. Geographic inequality, defined as the ratio of the 90th to 10th percentile of mortality in townships, increased from 3.4 to 3.8. In total, 86.3% (265/307) of townships had an increase in health care accessibility. Each 10% increase in health care accessibility was associated with a -0.71% (95% CI, -1.08% to -0.33%) change in AMI mortality. Conclusions Geographic disparities in AMI mortality among Beijing townships are large and increasing. A relative increase in township-level health care accessibility is associated with a relative decrease in AMI mortality. Targeted improvement of health care accessibility in areas with high AMI mortality may help reduce AMI burden and improve its geographic inequality in megacities.

Short-term residential exposure to air pollution and risk of acute myocardial infarction deaths at home in China

Air pollution remains a major threat to cardiovascular health and most acute myocardial infarction (AMI) deaths occur at home. However, currently established knowledge on the deleterious effect of air pollution on AMI has been limited to routinely monitored air pollutants and overlooked the place of death. In this study, we examined the association between short-term residential exposure to China’s routinely monitored and unmonitored air pollutants and the risk of AMI deaths at home. A time-stratified case-crossover analysis was undertaken to associate short-term residential exposure to air pollution with 0.1 million AMI deaths at home in Jiangsu Province (China) during 2016–2019. Individual-level residential exposure to five unmonitored and monitored air pollutants including PM1 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 1 μm) and PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm), SO2 (sulfur dioxide), NO2 (nitrogen dioxide), and O3 (ozone) was estimated from satellite remote sensing and machine learning technique. We found that exposure to five air pollutants, even below the recently released stricter air quality standards of the World Health Organization (WHO), was all associated with increased odds of AMI deaths at home. The odds of AMI deaths increased by 20% (95% confidence interval: 8 to 33%), 22% (12 to 33%), 14% (2 to 27%), 13% (3 to 25%), and 7% (3 to 12%) for an interquartile range increase in PM1, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, and O3, respectively. A greater magnitude of association between NO2 or O3 and AMI deaths was observed in females and in the warm season. The greatest association between PM1 and AMI deaths was found in individuals aged ≤ 64 years. This study for the first time suggests that residential exposure to routinely monitored and unmonitored air pollutants, even below the newest WHO air quality standards, is still associated with higher odds of AMI deaths at home. Future studies are warranted to understand the biological mechanisms behind the triggering of AMI deaths by air pollution exposure, to develop intervention strategies to reduce AMI deaths triggered by air pollution exposure, and to evaluate the cost-effectiveness, accessibility, and sustainability of these intervention strategies.Graphical abstract

Cardiovascular outcomes after curative prostate cancer treatment: A population-based cohort study.

To investigate differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality after radical prostatectomy or definitive radiotherapy with or without androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). We used population-based data from the Cancer Registry of Norway, the Norwegian Patient Registry and the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry including 19 289 men ≤80 years diagnosed with non-metastatic prostate cancer during 2010-2019. Patients were treated with radical prostatectomy or definitive radiotherapy. We used competing risk models to compare morbidity from overall CVD, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), cerebral infarction, thromboembolism, and CVD-specific mortality for the overall cohort and stratified by prognostic risk groups. After a median follow-up time of 5.4 years (IQR 4.6 years), there were no differences in adjusted rates of AMI, cerebral infarction, and CVD-specific death between radical prostatectomy and definitive radiotherapy in any of the prognostic risk groups. Rates of overall CVD (0.82; 95% CI 0.76-0.89) and thromboembolism (0.30; 95% CI 0.20-0.44) were lower for definitive radiotherapy than radical prostatectomy during the first year of follow-up. After this overall CVD rates (1.19; 95% CI 1.11-1.28) were consistently higher across all risk groups in patients treated with definitive radiotherapy, but there were no differences regarding thromboembolism. During the first years after treatment, no differences were found in rates of AMI, cerebral infarction, and CVD-specific death between radiotherapy and radical prostatectomy in any of the prognostic risk groups. This suggests that ADT use in combination with radiotherapy may not increase the risks of these outcomes in a curative setting. The increased overall CVD rate for definitive radiotherapy after the first year indicates a possible relationship between definitive radiotherapy and other CVDs than AMI and cerebral infarction.

Cardiovascular outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation concomitantly treated with antiarrhythmic drugs and non-vitamin k antagonist oral anticoagulants.

Limited data compared antiarrhythmic drugs (AADs) with concomitant non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation patients, hence the aim of the study. National health insurance database were retrieved during 2012-17 for study. We excluded patients not taking AADs, bradycardia, heart block, heart failure admission, mitral stenosis, prosthetic valve, incomplete demographic data, and follow-up <3 months. Outcomes were compared in Protocol 1, dronedarone vs. non-dronedarone; Protocol 2, dronedarone vs. amiodarone; and Protocol 3, dronedarone vs. propafenone. Outcomes were acute myocardial infarction (AMI), ischaemic stroke/systemic embolism, intracranial haemorrhage (ICH), major bleeding, cardiovascular death, all-cause mortality, and major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) (including AMI, ischaemic stroke, and cardiovascular death). In Protocol 1, 2298 dronedarone users and 6984 non-dronedarone users (amiodarone = 4844; propafenone = 1914; flecainide = 75; sotalol = 61) were analysed. Dronedarone was associated with lower ICH (HR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.38-0.99, P = 0.0436), cardiovascular death (HR = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.16-0.37, P < 0.0001), all-cause mortality (HR = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.27-0.42, P < 0.0001), and MACE (HR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.45-0.70, P < 0.0001). In Protocol 2, 2231 dronedarone users and 6693 amiodarone users were analysed. Dronedarone was associated with significantly lower ICH (HR = 0.53, 95%=CI 0.33-0.84, P = 0.0078), cardiovascular death (HR = 0.20, 95% CI = 0.13-0.31, P < 0.0001), all-cause mortality (HR 0.27, 95% CI 0.22-0.34, P < 0.0001), and MACE (HR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.43-0.66, P < 0.0001), compared with amiodarone. In Protocol 3, 812 dronedarone users and 2436 propafenone users were analysed. There were no differences between two drugs for primary and secondary outcomes. The use of dronedarone with NOACs was associated with cardiovascular benefits in an Asian population, compared with non-dronedarone AADs and amiodarone.

Driving Time to the Nearest Percutaneous Coronary Intervention-Capable Hospital and the Risk of Case Fatality in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction in Beijing.

Timely arrival at a hospital capable of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is critical in treating acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We examined the association between driving time to the nearest PCI-capable hospital and case fatality among AMI patients. A total of 142,474 AMI events during 2013-2019 from the Beijing Cardiovascular Disease Surveillance System were included in this cross-sectional study. The driving time from the residential address to the nearest PCI-capable hospital was calculated. Logistic regression was used to estimate the risk of AMI death associated with driving time. In 2019, 54.5% of patients lived within a 15-min drive to a PCI-capable hospital, with a higher proportion in urban than peri-urban areas (71.2% vs. 31.8%, p < 0.001). Compared with patients who had driving times ≤15 min, the adjusted odds ratios (95% CI, p value) for AMI fatality risk associated with driving times 16-30, 31-45, and >45 min were 1.068 (95% CI 1.033-1.104, p < 0.001), 1.189 (95% CI 1.127-1.255, p < 0.001), and 1.436 (95% CI 1.334-1.544, p < 0.001), respectively. Despite the high accessibility to PCI-capable hospitals for AMI patients in Beijing, inequality between urban and peri-urban areas exists. A longer driving time is associated with an elevated AMI fatality risk. These findings may help guide the allocation of health resources.