Deaf Lives Research Articles

Beyond Islay : A Brief Literary History of Deaf Utopia and Dystopia

Abstract: The idea of a sign language town, or a Deaf utopia, where Deaf and signing people can come together to live in a geographical or figurative homeland has long persisted in US Deaf life, letters, and literature. In the wake of the Milan Congress of 1880, Alexander Graham Bell's alarming rhetoric concerning "a deaf mute variety of the human race" and the "campaign against sign language," the idea of a homeland, and a Deaf commonwealth took on additional resonance. However, in the absence of geographical sign language towns, utopian and figurative homelands then became an important possible alternative through a communal shared space formed through language, culture, and customs. Homelands for Deaf people can extend to both physical spaces like Deaf schools and Deaf clubs or metaphorical and creative spaces, as in Deaf literature itself. Additionally, this article uses the proclaimed "first Deaf culture novel," Douglas Bullard's Islay: A Novel (1986), about a fictional Deaf republic, as a brief case study of several different overlapping cultural, social, artistic, and literary movements; written Deaf literature before and after this novel is, in some ways, markedly different, and in other ways, much the same due to the ways in which language and modality schemas are invoked in imaginative literature written in English. This study provides additional literary and cultural context for Islay as well as a brief history of Deaf creative writing in prose in relation to key mid-to-late twentieth century Deaf cultural and social movements.

Sports activities and psychophysical health of deaf and hard of hearing people

<p>The participation of deaf and hard of hearing people in sports activities contributes to the improvement of the quality of life in all its domains, and compared to people with some other types of disabilities, deaf and hard of hearing people achieve higher scores in sports activities. Practicing sports activities improves physical health, mental state, degree of independence and social relationships. Sports activities have a positive effect on building and strengthening the self-esteem of individuals. Subjective experience and individual perception have a great influence on the quality of an individual’s life, therefore, self-esteem is a very important factor that contributes to this. The aim of this paper is to review the literature from the period 2000–2021 on the impact of sports activities on the psychophysical health of deaf and hard of hearing people. The subject of interest was: to determine the role of sports activities in the quality of life of deaf and hard of hearing people, as well as how they affect their level of self-esteem. The following search engines were used for the literature search: Ebscohost, ScienceDirect, Wiley Inter Science and SpringerLink, KoBSON, Google Scholar. The results of the literature review showed that sports activities contributed to the preservation and development of the overall psychophysical health of deaf and hard of hearing people. Participation in sports activities, whether recreational or professional in nature, has proven to be a significant factor in raising the level of self-esteem, alleviating symptoms of anxiety and stress. Participation in sports activities leads to better social functioning among peers and building an inclusive society.</p>

Značaj sporta za pripadnike zajednice gluvih

Introduction. Apart from developing physical skills, a characteristic of sport is that it also helps the socialization of the persons who do it. Thus, it is a rather significant system of activities in the lives of people who are deaf or hard of hearing. Considering the fact that these persons are often marginalized by the typical population, participating in sports activities may contribute to their visibility to a great extent and thus to their inclusion in the social community. It is important to underline that an individual's deafness or being hard of hearing does not represent a limiting factor for their doing sports if the function of the center of gravity is preserved. Objective. The aim of this work was to provide a systematic insight into the possibilities of the deaf to participate in sports activities through the analysis of the available literature, as well as to indicate the importance that sports can have in their lives. Methods. The descriptive method, analysis, synthesis, and content evaluation were used. Results. Sports are an important component in the lives of many deaf and hard-of-hearing people. Deaf and hard-of-hearing persons may do sports as part of organized activities, independently, for recreational purposes, but also professionally. Professional deaf and hard-of-hearing athletes have the possibility of taking part in specialized competitions which are intended for persons with disabilities or only for deaf and hard-of-hearing persons, as well as in competitions in which predominantly typical athletes participate. Conclusion. In order to achieve the inclusion of the deaf, it is important to use the potential of sports activities as equally accessible to deaf people and members of the typical population.

Investigating the Sexual Quality of Life of Deaf and Hard-ofHearing Married Women: A Cross-sectional Study

Background and Objective: Hearing impairment is a vital health issue and harms people’s lives. This study aimed to examine the sexual quality of life (QoL) of deaf and hard-of-hearing married women living in Mazandaran Province, Sari City, Iran. Materials & Method: The present cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 132 deaf and hard-of-hearing women referred to the Deaf Center in Mazandaran Province, Sari City, Iran, in 2021. Sampling was done using the convenience method among all married women with hearing impairment referred to that center from July to November 2021. Information was collected with demographic form and Simonds’ sexual quality of life questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed with t test and analysis of variance. The significance level was considered 0.05 in all tests. Results: The Mean age of the participants in this study was 36.45±7.17 years, and their Mean score of the quality of sexual life was 16.67±83.86. In this study, a significant relationship was observed between the sexual QoL of the participants and their participation in the reproductive health virtual groups. No significant relationship was observed with other variables, such as education, wife’s education, husband’s hearing status, participant’s hearing status, use of hearing aids, number of pregnancies, type of delivery, and history of abortion. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, appropriate methods should be used, including peer-based training and sign language interpreters in sexual health issues.

Writing the Hearing Line: Telling Family Stories of Deafness

ABSTRACT The history of the deaf has been regarded as ‘A history of misunderstandings’ [de Saint-Loup, A. 1996. “A History of Misunderstandings: The History of the Deaf.” Diogenes 44 (175): 1–25]. Literary writing about deaf lives is so rare that scholars discuss the ‘invisibility’ of deafness in the cultural imaginary (McDonald, D. 2011. “HEARSAY: How Stories About Deafness and Deaf People are Told.” PhD diss., Griffith University). In response to this dearth of literature, this paper considers the unique potential of creative nonfiction writing to offer new epistemological understandings of ‘the hearing line’—‘the invisible boundary between the deaf and the hearing’ (Krentz, C. 2007. “Writing Deafness: The Hearing Line in Nineteenth Century Literature.” USA: University of North Carolina Press, 2). I discuss the process of writing a memoir, titled ‘A Sense of You’, which explores my relationship with my Deaf grandparents. By engaging with family history and stories, this work provides a window to interactions across the hearing line. I argue for the value of literary representations that disrupt existing understandings of both deafness and hearing, utilising family history and creative nonfictionto animate lived experience. Through engagement with Deaf Studies philosophy, this paper troubles medical understandings of deafness.

Dummy Hoy: Re-debating His Credentials for Nomination to the Hall of Fame

As a Deaf person looking up to Dummy Hoy as a professional sports inspiration, his exclusion from the baseball hall of fame had puzzled me for so long that I decided to investigate this mystery. By doing this, I had to put aside any personal bias, which is natural since deaf people, like many other minority groups, tend to overreach in ensuring the recognition of their own. I determined that I would argue his inclusion to the hall of fame based on his contributions to the game and compare his statistical achievements to these who played during Hoy’s time. A major factor that inspired me in becoming an advocate for his inclusion occurred in 2002 at Deaf Way 2, when there was a History through Deaf Eyes display at the Smithsonian Museum that showed different parts of deaf life such as the evolution of hearing devices, deaf schools, and deaf people through print and photo. The display made me realize that it was one of those moments where deaf history was shown through the “deaf eyes” and by citing historical information using the correct lens; I hope I would be able to justify his admission.

Agatha Tiegel Hanson: Our Places in the Sun by Katherine Jankowski

Reviewed by: Agatha Tiegel Hanson: Our Places in the Sun by Katherine Jankowski Arlene B. Kelly (bio) Jankowski, Katherine. 2020. Agatha Tiegel Hanson: Our Places in the Sun. KLGoss. (438 pages. $29.09–$32.41, paperback, ISBN 978-1734953-63-3; ebook, ISBN 978-1734953-61-9). In 2007, I wrote an essay lamenting that when looking though my personal library, I found so few books written by culturally Deaf women (Kelly 2007, 259). Most books about Deaf lives were/ are written by white hearing men. Needless to say, this biographical sketch of a famed Deaf woman compiled and penned by an equally brilliant and culturally Deaf female writer is definitely a delightful addition to my personal bookshelves. This is further treasured knowing that it took several years for Jankowski to complete the book, a testament of her commitment to spotlight sexism, audism, and racism within the Deaf community at the turn of the century and beyond. This biography is very detailed in presenting the life of Agatha Tiegel Hanson (September 14, 1873–October 17, 1959) from her birth in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, through her life in Washington, DC, Minnesota, Washington, and Oregon, and to her death in Portland, Oregon. Agatha, as the first woman to earn a bachelor's degree from the National Deaf Mute College,1 deserves to be highlighted in a single 438-page entity, along with her architect husband Olof Hanson (September 10, 1862–September 8, 1933) and their three daughters Marion, Alice, and Helen. A natural-born teacher, Agatha was an advocate of using sign language in the instruction of Deaf children, a pressing issue of the time as well as today. As a seasoned rhetoric author (Jankowski 1997), Jankowski painstakingly took care in being meticulous in her execution. An estimated 90 to 95 percent of the text emerged from archival findings at the [End Page 492] Gallaudet University Archives and the Seattle Public Library. Articles either by or about Agatha were engendered from various publications such as The Buff and Blue,2 Deaf-Mutes' Journal, Silent Worker, and Gallaudet Alumni Bulletin, to name a few. Excerpts from Pittsburgh and Seattle newspapers where Agatha resided were also provided in the text. More endearing were letters from or to Agatha found in the Gallaudet University Archives' well-preserved collections of papers by Agatha Tiegel Hanson, Olof Hanson, and President Edward Miner Gallaudet. These correspondences afford a deeper insight into her persona. To further supplement the biographical sketch were email correspondences and video relay calls between Jankowski and Agatha's descendants. These communiques were extraordinary in that they breathed life into Agatha. Black-and-white photographs from the family are also included in the book, giving greater insight into Agatha's life. The centerpiece of this book is Agatha's 1893 prerequisite graduation speech,3 "The Intellect of Woman," emphasizing educational and political equity for women. The audience was mostly men, many of whom were Senators, and such who supported the funding of the National Deaf Mute College. Agatha was beyond courageous to have presented this speech, especially when coeducation was just beginning in America. Equally important and helpful was having the historical context that had an impact on Agatha's family. The biggest takeaway from this reading was how the family survived World War I. The spouses lived apart for two years during the war. Employment in Seattle was lacking at this time, so while Agatha and their daughters lived in Seattle, Olof worked in Nebraska and later in Minnesota, sending money home in various amounts. As luck would have it, Olof returned home to his family on the day before Armistice Day.4 Agatha and Olof had a fun side. Because they had a sense of community, they often hosted big parties at their home to celebrate birthdays, weddings, and visiting friends in town. A fun takeaway was that Agatha loved to serve ice cream and cake, which was always at these parties. This happens to be a favorite of this reviewer as well. As a fan of footnotes, I found the endnotes at the back of the book to be rather awkward. While this is a personal preference, I also [End Page 493] acknowledge...

Disability Justice, Race, and Education


 
 
 
 This special issue pushes for BIPOC communities and intersectional centered perspectives on disability and Deaf communities within higher education as a way to expand our understanding of disabled and Deaf communities’ lives. Keeping in mind, that race, disability and Deaf life in higher education are at the heart of this special issue, the articles provide a variety of topics and guiding questions to serve as a starting point for readers’ thinking.
 
 
 

Letter from the Editor

JCSCORE continues to be committed to individual, institutional and systemic-level change and to have a profound impact in our scholarly communities. This is the first special issue (volume 6, issue 1) published in JCSCORE that celebrates innovative formats of scholarly work and approaches including research, narrative, poetry, art, and a video-article. Lissa D. Ramirez-Stapleton and Lisette E. Torres, Guest-Editors, coordinated and led this special issue titled “Disability Justice, Race and Education.” Lissa, Lisette, and authors centered race, disability, and Deaf life in higher education to serve as a starting point to expanding the academic conversation of disabled and Deaf communities’ lives.

Emotional intelligence: Quality of life and cognitive emotion regulation of deaf and hard-of-hearing adolescents

ABSTRACT There is a growing interest in the quality of life and cognitive emotion regulation of deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) adolescents. Hence, the present study examined the effects of emotional intelligence training on quality of life and cognitive emotion regulation of DHH adolescents. The participants were 36 female DHH adolescents aged 16–20 years who were selected by a cluster random sampling method. Initially, two schools were randomly selected from DHH schools in Tehran, Iran. Subjects were selected from these schools and randomly assigned to experimental (n = 18) and control (n = 18) groups. The experimental group participated in emotional intelligence training programme for 12 sessions. The intervention was implemented for 45 min a day over six weeks. All participants completed the Youth Quality of Life Instrument–Deaf and Hard of Hearing Module (YQOL–DHH) and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ-short). Data were analysed by Multivariate Analysis of Covariance (MANCOVA). The results indicated that emotional intelligence intervention significantly influenced the quality of life and cognitive emotion regulation in DHH adolescents. The findings of this research suggest that emotional intelligence training might result in effective and positive outcomes and might play a critical role in the quality of life and emotions regulation of DHH adolescents.

A Dynamic Gesture Recognition Interface for Smart Home Control based on Croatian Sign Language

Deaf and hard-of-hearing people are facing many challenges in everyday life. Their communication is based on the use of a sign language, and the ability of the cultural/social environment to fully understand such a language defines whether or not it will be accessible for them. Technology is a key factor that has the potential to provide solutions to achieve a higher accessibility and therefore improve the quality of life of deaf and hard-of-hearing people. In this paper, we introduce a smart home automatization system specifically designed to provide real-time sign language recognition. The contribution of this paper implies several elements. Novel hierarchical architecture is presented, including resource-and-time-aware modules—a wake-up module and high-performance sign recognition module based on the Conv3D network. To achieve high-performance classification, multi-modal fusion of RGB and depth modality was used with the temporal alignment. Then, a small Croatian sign language database containing 25 different language signs for the use in smart home environment was created in collaboration with the deaf community. The system was deployed on a Nvidia Jetson TX2 embedded system with StereoLabs ZED M stereo camera for online testing. Obtained results demonstrate that the proposed practical solution is a viable approach for real-time smart home control.

Health related quality of life in adolescent cochlear implant users

Objective: Children with significant hearing loss (HL) are at risk for lower self-esteem and lower perceived quality of life (QoL). This study examined how self-reported QoL of adolescents cochlear implant (CI) users compared to that of adolescents with normal hearing, and examined if factors such as socioeconomic status (SES) and communication methodology affect QoL and speech recognition. Methods: Forty-three adolescent CI users completed a 34-item questionnaire that included questions adapted from the QoL of Deaf or Hard-of-Hearing Youth questionnaire (Seattle Quality of Life Group SEAQOL. 2010 Quality of life of deaf or hard-of-hearing youth (YQOL-DHH). Seattle, Washington) and from the Kidscreen-10 Index (The KIDSCREEN Group, Europe, 2006, the KIDSCREEN questionnaires - quality of life questionnaires for children and adolescents handbook. Lengerich: Pabst Science Publishers. All subjects received their first CI prior to the age of 5, and ranged in age from 10–17 years at the time of survey completion. Results: Adolescents with CIs demonstrated self-reported QoL scores similar to children with normal hearing. Lower SES and communication mode appear to influence speech recognition, and also appear to impact self-reported QoL in different ways. Conclusions: Examination of communication outcomes, along with other factors that influence QoL, such as SES, will help clinicians identify children at risk for low QoL. Such identification will help generate appropriate referrals to enhance QoL in adolescent CI users.

Corpo e expressividade como marcas constitutivas da diferença ou do ethos surdo

O artigo objetiva apresentar a experiência de vida surda como acontecimento ético e estético. O ethos surdo se constitui pelas diferenças e é efeito das marcas de uma expressividade que se estende aos corpos. Os estudos numa perspectiva cultural da surdez, da qual somos parceiros, agenciam-na por seus marcadores linguísticos e culturais. Nossa mirada abrange as particularidades linguísticas, de uma língua de modalidade gesto-visual, mas amplia a perspectiva ao dar ênfase aos restos-acontecimentos que são efeitos das sensações surdas, das performances corporais, dos gestos e da expressividade do pensamento surdo que se produz nesse acontecimento único que funda a experiência do ser surdo. Para tais argumentações pautamo-nos da perspectiva ontológica, de uma ontologia da deficiência como espaço da falta, de uma plasticidade destrutiva, que constitui os corpos surdos e os fazem singulares pelo acidente. São de experiências únicas de corpos produzidos nesta expressividade enigmática e única que traçamos nossas problematizações de modo a afirmar a surdez em sua potencialidade afirmativa de um acontecimento singular que se materializa em corpos vivos, em línguas/corpos.

O paciente surdo e suas vivências no sistema de saúde: uma interface com a enfermagem

Nos meios acadêmicos, a comunicação é um dos instrumentos básicos da enfermagem, porém, ao nos depararcom um paciente surdo, sem que tenhamos a capacitação necessária, o atendimento efetivo fi ca impossibilitado.Objetiva-se identifi car como se dá o atendimento ao paciente surdo e analisar as barreiras de comunicação doprofi ssional de saúde nestes atendimentos. A metodologia utilizada foi de estudo descritivo, de caráter exploratório,com abordagem qualitativa, no qual se realizou um levantamento bibliográfi co sobre os aspectos gerais do processode comunicação entre o profi ssional de saúde e o paciente surdo. Efetivou-se a coleta de dados através de um roteirode entrevista semiestruturado, no Instituto Nacional de Educação de Surdos, localizado no bairro de Laranjeiras /RJ- Brasil. Os dados obtidos foram avaliados a partir do método de análise temática. Dos 15 participantes da pesquisa,14 relataram situações de atendimento em saúde, nas quais, os profi ssionais não sabiam a Linguagem Brasileira deSinais, retratando sentimento de exclusão neste paciente. Conclui-se a necessidade pela busca por capacitação dosprofi ssionais de saúde no que tange à potencialização dos instrumentos utilizados nos processos de comunicaçãocom esta demanda específi ca, oportunizando equidade e universalidade de acesso aos serviços de saúde.Palavras-chave: Surdez; Barreiras de Comunicação; Linguagem de Sinais; Sistema de Saúde; Enfermagem.
 AbsTRAcTThe communication is demonstrated in the academic times, as one of the basic instruments of the nursing,however, if we face a deaf patient and we do not have the necessary qualifi cation the effective attendance staysdisabled. Objective to identify how the treatment to a deaf patient is given in the health system and analyze theprofessional’s communication barriers to the deaf patient. The used methodology was of descriptive study, withqualitative approach, in which a bibliographic survery happened on the general aspects of the communicationprocess between the health professional and the deaf patient. It was accomplished, collects it of data througha semistructured script of interview, realized in the Instituto Nacional de Educação de Surdos (INES), nestled inLaranjeiras, RJ/Brazil. Of the 15 participants of the research, 14 had told situations of attendance in health, inwhich, the professionals did not know the Brazilian Language of Signals, depicting feeling of exclusion in thispatient. It concludes that necessity for the search for health professionals’ qualifi cation in what it refers to theenhancement’s instruments used in the processes of communication with this specifi c demand, providing equityand universality of health services access.Keywords: Deafness; Communication Barriers; Signs Language; Health System; Nursing.

청각장애인의 삶과 커뮤니케이션 방식의 이해 및 사운드얼럿 디자인

청각장애인의 삶과 커뮤니케이션 방식의 이해 및 사운드얼럿 디자인

Creative biographical responses to epistemological and methodological challenges in generating a deaf life story telling instrument

ABSTRACTBiographical research on life story telling of deaf signers, a vulnerable and linguistically diverse group, is relatively young. Deaf life narratives have recently been considered as means for strengthening identity and enhancing well-being. Although cultural practices of signed storytelling enable deaf adults to generate coherent life narratives, there have been few efforts to develop biographical methods and models based on these practices. Drawing on the common ground of narrative inquiry and narrative therapy and the potential of life stories to positively change the relationship between people and their environment, this article presents a pioneering interdisciplinary biographical study on the praxis of ‘deaf life story work’ with migrants and refugees in the UK. A multilingual and multimodal instrument for deaf life story telling has been developed which employs a range of visual methods, including digital and signed storytelling, photographs, drawings, collages, visual timelines and puppets. Research into deaf life story work facilitates methodological and epistemological reflections on deaf perspectives in biographical research and culturally mediated narrative learning, and provides insight into cross-language issues. It also highlights marginalised epistemologies and the impact of validating life stories and deaf knowledge, while touching on a shared sense of generativity and reflexivity in the research space.

Quality of life of deaf and hard of hearing students in Ibadan metropolis, Nigeria.

Quality of Life encompasses an individual’s well-being and health, social participation and satisfaction with functional daily living. Disabilities such as deafness can impact on the quality of life with spatial variance to the environment. Deafness causes communicative problems with significant consequences in cognitive, social, and emotional well-being of affected individuals. However, information relating to the quality of life of deaf and hard of hearing individuals, especially students in developing countries like Nigeria, which could be used to design special health-related interventions is sparse. This study examined the quality of life of deaf and hard of hearing students in Ibadan metropolis, Nigeria. One hundred and ten deaf and hard of hearing students participated in this cross-sectional study. Participants were drawn from all four secondary schools for the Deaf in Ibadan metropolis. The 26 item Brief version of the WHO Quality of Life questionnaire was used for data collection. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics at statistical significance of p<0.05. Majority (57.8%) of the deaf and hard of hearing students had poor quality of life. Attending the special school for the Deaf, upper socio-economic status and age (≥17years) are significantly associated with better quality of life. However, gender and age at onset of hearing loss had no significant influence on the quality of life. The Deaf community available in the special school appeared to protect against stigma and discrimination, while also promoting social interactions between deaf and hard of hearing individuals.

Conceptualizing the Place of Deaf People in Ancient Israel: Suggestions from Deaf Space

Building on the recent interest in disability studies within biblical studies, this article considers the place of the deaf in ancient Israel. Positive explorations of disability by Neil Walls, Saul Olyan, and Hector Avalos have moved away from the assumption that a deaf life in the ancient world was necessarily a squalid one. Using the insights into the complexities of deaf experience put forward by the Rev. J. H. Pettingell, a nineteenth-century clergyman who worked with what were then termed the “deaf and dumb,” this article explores the different potential scenarios for a male and a female deaf person. It then considers the potential life options for a priestly son deafened early or born deaf. The conclusion notes the possibility of communal Deaf spaces in ancient Israel and calls for an acceptance of one of the central methodological assumptions of deaf studies, that where a group of deaf people come together, a signing community is likely to come into existence.

A DEAF BODY: OPPRESSION AND RESISTANCE IN A BRAZILIAN PERSPECTIVE

&lt;p&gt;Deafness, legal rights, language, teaching and learning are topics strictly related to deaf life and wellbeing.&lt;br /&gt;This article aims to discuss the history of deafness and some teaching proposals using Brazil and a&lt;br /&gt;Brazilian Institute of Deaf Education in a study case. On that purpose we analyzed didactic and scientific&lt;br /&gt;materials and their influence on Brazilian deaf education. Thus, we focused on the deaf speech also&lt;br /&gt;approaching pathology and epistemology perspectives present in the narratives of the institute curriculum,&lt;br /&gt;questioning these representations. Historical aspects in the educational, pathological and epistemological&lt;br /&gt;approaches in Brazil are also reported including different language teaching perspectives including&lt;br /&gt;bimodalist, total communication and bilingualism. Our study observed the importance of deaf political&lt;br /&gt;movement and their struggle to guarantee the right for a good and long-awaited dreamed bilingual&lt;br /&gt;education&lt;/p&gt;

AN EVALUATION OF THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF HEARING IMPAIRED CHILDREN ATTENDING SPECIAL SCHOOLS IN THE SERBIAN EDUCATION SYSTEM

Quality of life is vague and difficult to define, since individual goals, in addition to economic, cultural, religious and educational factors, also have a dominant influence. This study is aimed to determine the differences in the responses received on the quality of life of deaf and hard-of-hearing children and to show which of the two social protections, family or boarding school, provides better conditions for the assessment of the quality of life of these children. The methods used in data processing included descriptive statistics and statistical analysis (Cronbach α, t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient). All statistical analyses were performed in the statistical program SSPS 19. The sample consisted of 61 students in special schools for deaf children who were examined using a paediatric questionnaire about quality of life (Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory TM – PedsQL, version 4.0). The results: With children who were housed in dormitories of special schools for deaf children, during their education we obtained less pronounced results ranging from 0,70 on the sub-scale of psycho-social health to 0,81 on the social scale. Conclusion: The obtained results indicate that children with hearing impairment who are housed in the dormitories of schools for the deaf during their education have a favourable opinion of the quality of their lives, irrespective of the fact that they live in a dormitory compared to children who live with their families.