Dead Metaphors Research Articles

Paul de Man’s Rigour and Marcel Proust’s Metaphors

Paul de Man’s interpretation of Proust’s metafigural argument is fundamentally correct. Both critics of this interpretation and some of de Man’s defenders have misunderstood how metaphor functions in Proust’s reminiscence of summer, which uses resemblance to evoke reconciliatory totalities. Proust’s passage contains classical metaphors—not synecdoches that merely resemble metaphors. But de Man’s attempts to justify his interpretation are unpersuasive. Indeed, they are so unpersuasive that they become allegorical: though he claims that there is an undoing of metaphor by metonymy in Proust’s text, de Man’s own text relies on metaphor. Detractors like John Guillory are wrong about Proustian metaphor, but they discern some of the genuinely aberrant features of de Man’s discourse. Allegories of Reading allegorically subverts claims made for de Man’s rigour, which is a dead metaphor susceptible to the kind of rhetorical reading he performs on Proust.

체계기능언어학의 논리적 은유와 접속어미를 대체하는 다단어 표현의 관계

Objectives The purpose of this article is to explain the relationship between Korean conjunctions and the multiword expressions they metaphorize in terms of logical metaphors. Methods Logical metaphor is one of the grammatical metaphors of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). In SFL, when clauses and clauses combine to form a complex clause, the semantic relation between the two clauses is called the logical-semantic relations, which include ‘expansion’ and ‘projection’. Among them, conjunctions are a representative form in which the meaning of expansion is realized. However, in Korean, there are also multi-word expressions that can replace these conjunctions. The relationship between conjunctions and the multiword expressions that replace them is explained in this paper as a congruent expression vs. an incongruent expression that logically metaphorizes it (metaphor type). The specific steps were as follows (1) We collected and organized all lists of conjunctions from previous studies; (2) We collected and organized expressions that replace conjunctions regardless of their name; and (3) We subcategorized them based on logical metaphors. Results The results of this study showed that there are a total of 80 metaphor types related to conjunctive meaning in Korean. These were further divided into logical metaphor types and logical idiomatic types (dead metaphors). In the former, the congruent and incongruent(metaphor) are coupled with a same meaning. However, in the latter, the semantic coupling between the congruent and metaphorical types had been lost, but the logical meaning of the conjunctive is still retained. Conclusions In this paper, we have explained the difference between congruent and incongruent(metaphorical) in terms of different lexico-grammatical realizations of the same meaning. However, we have seen that they are not strictly equivalent, and that the verbatim meaning of the non-concordant (metaphorical) expressions can be added to the shared meaning with the concordant expression.

An Analysis Of Metaphor In James Arthur Song’s Lyric

This research discusses the analysis of metaphors contained in the lyrics of James Arthur's song on his 3rd album entitled "You" in 2019. The purpose of this study is to classify the types of metaphors and see the most dominant types of metaphors. This research was conducted using a descriptive qualitative method. The data this research underline song lyrics that contain metaphors. The song lyrics are taken from James Arthur’s YouTube account and also from the Google site obtained on March 26, 2024, at 08.00 pm. The data collection instruments used were observation and documentation. Data were obtained from 12 James Arthur songs. The author found 85 data in James' song lyrics. The types of metaphors contained in James Arthur's song lyrics are active metaphor 19 data, inactive metaphor 11 data, subjective metaphor 25 data, asymmetric metaphor 10 data, dead metaphor 11 data, and mimetic metaphor 9 data. The most dominant type is subjective metaphor, which is 25 data. Therefore, subjective metaphor is found more in 12 songs of James Arthur in his 3rd album “You” in 2019. The benefits of this research for the state and nation, especially in the field of teaching is that teachers can teach using subjective metaphors, that is teaching or interacting with students by using more feelings in the teaching and learning process.

AN ANALYSIS OF METAPHOR TRANSLATION IN A NOVEL ENTITLED SITI NURBAYA BY MARAH RUSLI

Siti Nurbaya is one of the well-known works of Indonesian literature. This novel was written by Marah Rusli in 1922 and has been translated into various languages, one of which is translated into English. In literary works, especially old literary works, the use of figurative language is often found, one of which is metaphor. This research will discuss the translation of live and dead metaphors from the source language to the target language. Translating metaphor is one of the subs of literary translation. This research using qualitative method to analyze the novel and find the results of live and dead metaphor translation. The research of this live and dead metaphor using theory from Na’imah (2017). The results of this research is there are live and dead metaphors found in this novel. Even some of the translation is equivalent in meaning with the source language, but some are not equivalent. After analyzing the live and dead metaphors, researcher also analyze the metaphor translation strategies that used by translator to translate the metaphors from SL (Source Language) to TL (Target Language). The results of the translation strategies used by translator are based on Newmark's theory. This translator uses 4 of the 7 strategies proposed by Newmark. In this study the researcher also found metaphor translation strategies used by translator to translate metaphors from the source language to the target language. Based on the analysis using Newmark's theory, this translator uses 4 of the 7 strategies proposed by Newmark. They are reproducing, replacing the image, translating metaphors by simile, and translating metaphors by simile and senses.

Metaphor and Theatre

This paper aims to analyze how metaphor operates in the theatrical realm. Metaphor viewed from a linguistic point of view has a certain impact on theatre and is a consequence of looking at theatre as language. But viewed from a pragmatic point of view, beyond the linguistic aspect, as a model of thinking, metaphor becomes a cognitive tool. Between these two perspectives lies a wide range of ways in which theatrical metaphor intervenes in the scenic creation. At the same time, seen as a metaphor of life, theatre assumes, through a series of successive metaphors, a creative freedom which, however, can become anarchic and end up in what is called dead metaphor. For this reason, metaphor, from the point of view of theatre creators, must be assumed insofar as it is a conceptual tool, which has the ability to penetrate the various levels of reality in order to achieve a meaning concomitant with a sense of the scenic action. This may be the real freedom that the use of metaphor offers in theatre: the ability to achieve a meaning concomitant with a sense of the scenic action in the absence of the chain of cause and effect. Only in this way can metaphor remain an element of vitality in a living theatre.

A Cognitive Semantic Analysis of Hausa Personifications

This paper investigates the cognitive aspect of Hausa Personifications. The objective of the study is to discover the Hausa personifications found in the language expressions as a result of feature mappings from animate concepts to inanimate ones. The other objective is to come up with a cognitive semantic analysis of the Hausa personifications. The studied personifications are metaphorical and the Conceptual Metaphor Theory of Lakoff and Johnson (1980) is used as a guide frame in mapping the attributive features of the living entity to the inanimate ones. The observation technique is used in collecting the data for the study. One of the findings of the study reveals the kind of features merged between the animate and the inanimate concepts to form the Hausa personifications. Another important finding of the research indicates that the attributive features attached to animate entities are mapped upon the inanimate concepts conceptually to make the Hausa expressions personified. And finally, the study considered the analyzed Hausa personifications as similar to dead metaphors.

Кога метафорите престават да бъдат метафори

The text examines the problem of metaphors and the extent to which their meaning can be considered conventional. First, Lakoff and Johnson's theory of conceptual metaphor is examined to show that metaphors define the way we think and perceive the world. Then, by means of Grice's theory of meaning, an attempt is made to show metaphors and their meaning as having pragmatic content depending on the context. Subsequently, Marmora's formula on social conventions is applied, which will help to show metaphors as arising from common acceptance and repetition of their meaning, to conclude that when metaphors are transformed into dead metaphors, society ceases to accept their meaning as metaphorical.

The Comparison of Metaphors Translation Strategies in Subtitling of the King’s Speech Film

This research aims to compare the use of translation strategies used between humans and YouTube’s automated machine translator. This study employed the descriptive qualitative method. The writers collected data using a note-taking strategy. Based on the research findings, there are sixteen data that use metaphors. Six data use “anthropomorphic metaphor”; five data use “dead metaphor”; four data use “concrete to abstract metaphors”; and one datum uses “live metaphor”. This research shows that only three out of seven metaphor translation strategies are employed by human translators and YouTube. They use translation strategies “reproducing the same image in the TL”, “replacing the image in the SL with a standard TL image”, and “deletion”. The human translator uses “reproducing the same image in the TL” ten times, “replacing the image in the SL with a standard TL image” five times, and “deletion” once. YouTube uses “reproducing the same image in the TL” thirteen times and “replacing the image in the SL with a standard TL image” three times.
 Keywords: translation, metaphor, translation strategy, subtitle.

The Study Of Metaphor Categories And The Translation Strategies Metaphors In Twilight

This paper discusses the metaphor categories and the translation strategies that are used in Twilight (2005) novel using Newark’s (1988) theory of metaphor categories and Larson’s (1984) theory of metaphor translation strategies. The acquired data consist of verbal data from Source Language (SL) text and Target Language (TL) text from both novels. This study is a qualitative study with note-taking technique library research, and observation. The library research and observation were applied to obtain information and evidence about the metaphor categories and the translation strategies used by the translator. The data then collected and noted using the note-taking technique, and there were 264 data gathered from SL and TL text which then analyzed to determine the categories and translation strategies of the metaphors. The analysis of the data then showed that dead metaphor is the main category that are found in SL and TL text with 172 data in SL text and 136 data in TL text. The next categories found is stock metaphor with 61 data in SL and 36 data in TL text, followed by cliché metaphor with 31 data in SL and 26 data in TL. There were no original, adapted, and recent metaphor categories found from the gathered data. In terms of metaphor translation strategies, there are four strategies used by the translator to translate metaphor as follows: (1) 150 data found translated using the strategy of metaphor/simile to metaphor/simile with the same image, (2) 9 data found translated using metaphor to simile strategy, (3) 56 data found translated by using metaphor to metaphor in the receptor language strategy, and (4) 150 data found translated using the strategy of metaphor to non-figurative language. The determination of metaphor categories and the translation strategies can help both the translator and the receptor language readers in a way that the categorization of the metaphor may assist the translator consider the most appropriate strategy to translate figurative language. Moreover, using the appropriate translation strategy can contribute to the accuracy, acceptability, and readability of the translation receptor language readers.

Cell wall is a dead metaphor

It was recently suggested to end the usage of the term cell wall in microbiology (including prokaryotes and fungi) because it represented an inappropriate and potentially misleading metaphor (Casadevall and Gow, 2022). The analysis of the arguments for such a move from the viewpoint of the plant physiologist indicates that the suggestion is based on misunderstandings, first, of the early history of cell biology and its terminology; second, of the development of modern concepts of cell wall function since the late 19th century; and third, of the nature of metaphors and their role in scientific communication. We conclude that misconceptions concerning cell walls may arise due to pedagogical shortcomings in introducing students to our technical terminology rather than from the fact that part of this terminology originated from metaphors.

Why Strategic Ambiguity Is So Ambiguous

Ambiguity sits at the heart of politics whether we like it or not. In a sense, it goes further still. Ambiguity finds itself innate in human nature. We appear to seek clarity and specificity in trying to understand what we see. Yet we are equally happy to blur the edges of that understanding as we yearn for something greater than is offered us. You might call this aspect wishful thinking. Perhaps it is even woven into the very fabric of belief systems and religions too. In politics the promise of the political manifesto in its appeal to the largest audience must inevitably intimate and tease beyond the point where precision might otherwise undermine the politician’s appeal. Such cognitive dissonance—holding two conflicting ideas in our minds simultaneously—only becomes an actual dilemma if we choose to see the world divided into dichotomous readings or black-and-white opposites rather than shades of grey. Ambiguity is a rich concept. It invites curiosity and engagement where ambivalence meets only with a shrug of the shoulders. It resonates in conversation with uncertainty, metaphor, simile, allegory, perspective, and other ways of seeing that undermine certitude. Simile suggests only likeness, similarity; metaphor offers a one-for-one substitution, a surprising way of translating something complex into an unexpected way of presenting a new simplicity. Yet over time the surprise wears off and yesterday’s live metaphors become tomorrow’s dead metaphors. Some might go further to say that all language inherently lacks certainty of meaning, however clear the intent.

Figurative Language in Justin Bieber’s Song Lyrics from Purpose Album

Figurative language is way communication to convey the speaker’s through with meaningful sentences. The purpose of this study is to find the type of figurative language contained in the lyrics of Justin Bieber's song from Purpose Album. In analyzing the data qualitative and descriptive methods are used. The theory used in this research is Knickerbocker and Reninger (1963) to analyze the types of figurative language. According to him there are ten types of figurative language such as: simile, personification, metaphor, synecdoche, allusion, dead metaphor, metonymy, hyperbole, paradox, and the last is irony. From the ten types of figurative language, there are six types found in Justin Bieber's songs in Purpose Album, there are: simile, metaphor, personification, hyperbole, synecdoche, and metonymy. The most type used in this research is simile and hyperbole.

Концептуальная метафора как средство формирования межкультурной компетенции у студентов экономических специальностей

The article looks into the use of metaphors in English economic discourse and examines ways to turn conceptual metaphor analysis into a learning tool for students of business English.
 We studied coverage of the economic impact of the 2020-22 pandemic on the tourism industry and the role that the conceptual metaphor «economy is a patient» plays in English economic discourse about these events. In our research we used corpus, semantic, conceptual and contextual analysis.
 The findings show that the conceptual metaphor «economy is a patient» has been common in English economic discourse. Moreover, writers have frequently incorporated economic terminology into extended metaphors, highlighting the interplay of primary dictionary and contextual meaning in what is considered “dead metaphors”. The research proves that even trite metaphors can still have a persuasive effect on the reader creating powerful images in his/her mind’s eye. It also becomes clear that when writers use conventional metaphors, they are fully aware of their figurativeness.
 From our perspective, using conceptual metaphor analysis methods in a business English class helps to achieve a number of teaching goals: it gives students useful insights into the origins of economic terminology, makes them culturally competent, helps them develop communicative skills. Therefore, it can be a useful learning tool.
 The research contributes to the study of metaphor in modern economic discourse. The findings of the research could be used to develop ways to help students to acquire a number of important communication and professional skills.

Figurative Language Found In Harry Styles’ Song Lyrics

Figurative language is a language that conveys thoughts or feelings in different forms to obtain effects and to emphasize certain meanings. This study describes the analysis of figurative language in Harry Styles’ song lyrics. The purpose of this study was 1) to determine the type of figurative language in Harry Styles’ songs using the theory of Knickerbocker & Reninger (1963) and 2) to explain the meaning of the figurative language contained in it (Leech, 1981). The data sources were obtained from 10 Harry Styles songs that have the highest number of viewers on their YouTube channel. This research used the descriptive qualitative method to analyze data and the observation method in collecting research data. From the results of the analysis, there are ten types of figurative language in thirty-four sentences of the data. They are simile (1 sentence, 2.94%), metaphor (5 sentences, 14.70%), personification (5 sentences, 14.70%), synecdoche (1 sentence, 2.94%), metonymy (3 sentences, 8.82%, hyperbole (14 sentences, 41.18%), irony (2 sentences, 5.90%), paradox (1 sentence, 2.94%), dead metaphor (1 sentence, 2.94%), and allusion (1 sentence, 2.94%)

Figurative Language in Amy Tan's "The Joy Luck Club"

Figurative language can appear in various types and the meaning may not be determined by its components. This study aimed to identify and analyze the meaning of figurative language found in the novel The Joy Luck Club. Two theories were used in this study. The first was theory of figurative language proposed by Knickerbocker and Reninger, and the second was theory of meaning by Leech as the supporting theory. The data in this study were directly taken from The Joy Luck Club novel. Thirty-six figurative languages were found. They were collected by observation method and data analysis. The collected data were analyzed by using qualitative and descriptive method. This study applied informal method to present the analysis. The result of this study showed that there are nine types of figurative language found in song lyrics. They were allusion, simile, metaphor, irony, personification, hyperbole, dead metaphor, metonymy, and paradox. Most of the figurative language found in those novels were classified in simile. Four of seven types of meaning used in those novels to understand the figurative meaning in the novel, they were connotative meaning, conceptual meaning, affective meaning, and collocative meaning.
 Keywords: figurative language, meaning, “The Joy Luck Club” novel

Metaphors and Similes in Peter Lerangis' Novel The Curse of the King

This study aims to reveal the writing style in the novel The Curse of the King by Peter Lerangis, especially in its figurative speech namely metaphor and simile. The classification of metaphors analyzed uses Newmark's classification and the simile classification used in this study is the classification described by Fromilhague. A qualitative method was used to answer the problem of the study. The research showed that there were thirteen metaphors and fifty-two similes. The metaphor compositions found were one Dead Metaphor, two Recent Metaphors, Three Stock metaphors, seven Original Metaphors, and no Cliche Metaphors. The similes found were five Explicit Similes and forty-seven Implicit Similes. Metaphors and similes in the novel use many popular references such as the words of Donald Trump, party guest, Children of the Corn, Velcro, Ninja, props in a movie, Soprano, Pizza, Flashmob, a dancer on steroids, Looney Tunes, and ET. The combination of past history with a writing style that uses popular figures of speech becomes an interesting mix that makes the novel gain many fans in the world. The novelty of this type of research is still very broad, especially in research on new words in historical fiction such as in the work of Peter Lerangis.

Said the Hooker to the Thief

Said the Hooker to the Thief

Types of figurative language found in bon jovi song lyrics

This study aim to analysis types Figurative language and their meaning found in Bon Jovi song lyrics. In every song we can find many languages that contain figurative language because that’s the important element in the song to deliver the meaning to the listener. `The data source of this study were taken from https://w.azlyrics.com/ which consists of several lyrics that taken by the researcher. The data were collected used the observation method. Whereas the descriptive qualitative method was used to analyse the data in this study. The data were analysed base on theory of figurative language by Knickerbocker and Reninger (1963) and the meaning used the theory by Barthes (1964). The finding of the study analysis 10 types of figurative language base on the song from 2 albums of Bon jovi song lyrics such as 4 types of similes ,1 types of metaphors ,2 types of , 1 type of metonymy ,9 types of hyperboles ,2 types of irony,1 type of allusion 1 type of paradox with the percentage unfortunately, the writer didn’t dead metaphor and Synecdoche in the song lyrics. The types of figurative language contain with the denotative and connotative meaning.

Метафорические модели фразеологических сочетаний с глаголами движения в алтайском и хакасском языках (в сравнительно-сопоставительном аспекте)

In the following article, we analyse the Altai and Khakas phraseological units based on the dead metaphor of motion. They describe a person’s state within some kind of everyday situation or environment, as well as interpersonal relations and one’s intellectual and social achievements. These units contain the following verbs of motion: tüš= ~ tüs= ‘to come down; to fall’, kir= ‘to enter’, čïq= ~ sïx= ‘to come out; to raise’. These verbs form the semantics of the phraseological units and denote the formation, beginning, or end of a person’s state or action, as well as its intensity. The verb tüš= ~ tüs= is shown to be the most frequent component; it is found in most phraseological units describing a person’s state. Kir= is chiefly found in units describing interpersonal relationships, while units with čïq= ~ sïx= are very rare. In our article, we build models and analyze these units in contrast with other Turkic and non-Turkic languages. We distinguish 7 models that can be categorized into 4 types according to their structure and semantics: ‘motion – state’, ‘motion – event’, ‘motion – interpersonal relations’, and ‘motion – achievement’. Each type excluding the last one are represented by 2 antonymous models for a number of phraseological units with antonymous verbs tüš= ~ tüs= ‘to come down; to fall’, kir= ‘to enter’ (denoting the formation of one’s state or relationship, as well as the starting point of action) and čïq= ~ sïx= ‘to come out; to raise’ (denoting the termination of state or relationship. These metaphorical models of motion found in Altai and Khakas are also typical for Russian, French, and English, where phraseological units are numerous. It is possible that such basic concepts of space and their representations via metaphors of motion are similar in various linguistic world images. In Altai and Khakas, correlations of specific phraseological units are also observed.

Dead metaphors and responsibilised bodies-in-transition: the implications of medical metaphors for understanding the consumption of preventative healthcare

ABSTRACT This paper argues that metaphorical formulations around genetic categories have important implications for individuals’ experiences of their at-genetic-risk bodies vis-à-vis the market for prevention. Drawing on Jacques Derrida’s concept of usure, our findings unpack three central biomedical metaphors that shape the ways in which ‘previvor’ women with the BRCA gene mutation manage and experience their (risky) body-in-transition against the market for prevention. These are the metaphors of: the container, the omnipresent danger, and battle and journey. Our discussion unravels the processes of the de/re-stabilisation of the (risky) body-in-transition, as well as the reconfiguration of individuals’ rights and duties in the market for prevention to become a good genetic citizen. Moving beyond a discussion of ‘consumer sovereignty’, we contribute to developing a contextually nuanced understanding of the complex relations between the lived experiences of ‘losing control’ and the consumption of prevention.