De Traitement Research Articles

Resolution enhancement of SMOS brightness temperatures: Application to melt detection on the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets

A large part of the surface of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) and the margins of Antarctica are melting every summer, affecting their surface mass balance. Wet/dry snow status has been detected for decades using the peaks of brightness temperature at 19 GHz, and more recently at L-band (1.4 GHz) using both the SMOS and SMAP missions. SMOS owns a longer time series than SMAP with data since 2010, but the 52.5°incidence bin in the Level 3 (L3) product from Centre Aval de Traitement des Données SMOS (CATDS) that was previously used to detect melt suffers from a coarse spatial resolution. For this reason, we developed a new SMOS enhanced resolution brightness temperature (TB) product building on the radiometer version of the Scatterometter Image Reconstruction (rSIR) algorithm. We also exploited the SMOS L1C observations near 40°incidence angle instead of 52.5°as the native spatial resolution of SMOS is better at low incidence. The new product is posted on a 12.5 km polar stereographic grid and covers all the GrIS and Antarctica for 2010–2024 with twice-daily morning and afternoon acquisitions. The effective spatial resolution was evaluated to ∼30 km, a 30% enhancement compared to the SMOS L3TB at 40°and almost a 50% enhancement compared to the SMOS L3TB at 52.5°. Then, we applied a melt detection algorithm to both the enhanced resolution product at 40°and the L3TB product at 52.5°which is used in the literature. The spatial resolution enhancement results not only in the detection of smaller melt regions but also in a widespread increase in the annual number of melt days. This increase is larger than 30 days per year in the GrIS percolation area and on multiple Antarctic ice shelves. This is primarily due to the mix of dry and wet snow regions near the ice shelves grounding line, resulting in lower brightness temperature peaks in the SMOS L3TB product due to a large power spread. These findings highlight the dependence of melt detection in particular, and geophysical applications in general, on the spatial resolution of passive microwave observations. This study provides a new open dataset suitable to monitor melt at the surface and at depth on the two main ice-sheets.

An RFI-suppressed SMOS L-band multi-angular brightness temperature dataset spanning over a decade (since 2010)

The Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS) was the first mission providing L-band multi-angular brightness temperature (TB) at the global scale. However, radio frequency interferences (RFI) and aliasing effects degrade, when present SMOS TBs, and thus affect the retrieval of land parameters. To alleviate this, a refined SMOS multi-angular TB dataset was generated based on a two-step regression approach. This approach smooths the TBs and reconstructs data at the incidence angle with large TB uncertainties. Compared with Centre Aval de Traitement des Données SMOS (CATDS) TB product, this dataset shows a better relationship with the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) TB and enhanced correlation with in-situ measured soil moisture. This RFI-suppressed SMOS TB dataset, spanning more than a decade (since 2010), is expected to provide opportunities for better retrieval of land parameters and scientific applications.

Validation d’une procédure de dépistage du trouble de personnalité limite selon le Modèle alternatif pour les troubles de la personnalité du DSM-5

Objectifs La cinquième édition du Manuel diagnostique et statistique des troubles mentaux (DSM-5) inclut un Modèle alternatif pour les troubles de la personnalité (MATP), qui définit la pathologie de la personnalité en s’appuyant sur 2 principaux critères dimensionnels. Le critère A correspond à la sévérité du dysfonctionnement de la personnalité dans la sphère du soi et dans la sphère interpersonnelle, alors que le critère B propose 5 domaines pathologiques de la personnalité se déclinant en 25 facettes. Six troubles spécifiques, incluant le trouble de personnalité limite (TPL), sont définis dans le MATP sur la base des critères A et B. Il existe toutefois très peu de données à l’heure actuelle sur ces diagnostics tels qu’opérationnalisés dans le MATP. La présente étude vise à présenter des données québécoises sur cette récente opérationnalisation du TPL. Plus spécifiquement, nous présenterons d’abord une procédure, basée sur des questionnaires autorévélés couvrant les 2 critères principaux du MATP, permettant de générer le diagnostic. Puis, nous évaluerons sa validité : a) en documentant la prévalence du diagnostic dans un échantillon clinique ; b) en déterminant son degré de correspondance avec le diagnostic catégoriel « traditionnel » du TPL et avec une mesure dimensionnelle de symptomatologie associée au trouble ; c) en présentant des données de validité convergente avec des construits pertinents pour l’étude du TPL (impulsivité, agression) ; et d) en déterminant la validité incrémentielle de la procédure proposée par rapport à une approche simplifiée où seul le critère B serait considéré. Méthode Les données de 287 patients recrutés dans le cadre de la démarche d’admission au Centre de traitement le Faubourg Saint-Jean du CIUSSS-Capitale-Nationale ont été analysées. Le diagnostic de TPL selon le MATP a été généré à partir de 2 questionnaires validés, dans leur version francophone, soit le Self and Interpersonal Functioning Scale (critère A) et le Personality Inventory for DSM-5-Faceted Brief Form (critère B). Résultats Le diagnostic de TPL, tel qu’opérationnalisé par le MATP, présentait une prévalence de 39,7 % dans l’échantillon. Une correspondance modérée avec le diagnostic de TPL posé par les cliniciens selon le modèle catégoriel traditionnel du DSM-5 a été observée, de même qu’une forte corrélation avec une mesure dimensionnelle de symptomatologie limite. L’analyse du réseau nomologique a révélé des corrélations élevées et théoriquement attendues entre le trouble et des mesures d’agression et d’impulsivité. La procédure d’extraction du diagnostic, qui utilise les critères A et B, montre une validité incrémentielle dans la prédiction statistique des variables externes (symptomatologie limite, agression, impulsivité) par rapport à une procédure simplifiée n’utilisant que le critère B. Conclusions La procédure proposée pour générer le diagnostic de TPL selon la définition du MATP génère des résultats valides et pourrait permettre un dépistage du trouble selon cette conceptualisation contemporaine des pathologies de la personnalité.

Waveform Decontamination for Improving Satellite Radar Altimeter Data Over Nearshore Area: Upgraded Algorithm and Validation

One of the thorniest problems in altimetry community is retrieving accurate coastal sea surface height, especially in the last several kilometers offshore. It is confirmed in previous studies that decontaminating waveforms is beneficial to improve the quality of coastal SSHs. In this article, we proposed an upgraded strategy for waveform decontamination, including a novel realignment algorithm and gate-wise outlier detector. We validated the new strategy in four test regions using Jason-2 altimeter data. In the validation process, we compared retracked SSHs by 16 retrackers, which include retrackers provided in SGDR (Sensor Geophysical Data Record), ALES (Adaptive Leading Edge Subwaveform), and PISTACH (Prototype Innovant de Système de Traitement pour les Applications Côtières et l’Hydrologie) products. Comparison results verified that retracking the waveforms decontaminated using our new method can greatly improve the SSHs in the coastal region. The 20% threshold retracker (DW-TR20) and the ICE1 retracker (DW-ICE1) based on the decontaminated waveforms outperform other retrackers, especially in 0–4 km zone offshore. DW-TR20 and DW-ICE1 can provide robust SSHs with a consistent accuracy in 0–20 km coastal band and a high correlation (>0.9) with nearby gauge data. To conclude, the upgraded waveform decontamination strategy provides a promising solution for coastal altimetry, which makes it possible to extend reliable observations to the last several kilometers offshore.

Home composting in remote and cross-border areas of the In.Te.Se. project

<abstract> The In.Te.Se. project - Innovation Territory and Services, for waste management in scattered areas is an Interreg V-A France Italy (ALCOTRA) project, financed within the framework of European cross-border cooperation programmes, in the Alpine region between France and Italy. On the subject of the local exploitation of organic waste, it permits the experimentation of home composting in scattered and cross-border areas in the Italian territories of the Province of Cuneo (Consorzio Servizi Ecologia e Ambiente, CSEA) and in the French areas of the PACA Region (Syndicat Mixte de Traitement des Ordures Ménagères des cantons du Guillestrois et de l'Argentièrois, SMITOMGA), through the use of individual and collective, manual and electromechanical composters. During the project it is estimated that a quantity of organic waste equal to about 2% of the not sorted waste produced in 2019 has been valorised, in 3 municipalities of CSEA and 23 municipalities followed by SMITOMGA where a separate collection circuit does not exist and it is conferred with the general unsorted waste. Overall, 31.72 tons of compost are obtained. The environmental balance deriving from the cooperation of the territories also makes it possible to estimate a negative balance of CO₂ produced, with 3212.78 kgCO₂ avoided. The economic assessment of not sending the organic component for disposal produced a saving for the two communities as a whole of €10,397.56, involving only 15% of the total population in the municipalities investigated. At the same time, a comparison with a separated collection system for the organic matter, determines the saving of €27,295.73 considering the all tested area. The implementation of this good practice has the potential to achieve interesting results from an environmental, social and economic point of view and to be extended to further portions of the territory and has demonstrated the successful choice of cross-border cooperation and the diversification of applied techniques. </abstract>

Temporal Calibration of an Evaporation-Based Spatial Disaggregation Method of SMOS Soil Moisture Data

The resolution of current satellite surface soil moisture (SM) estimates is very low, of tens of kilometers, which proves to be insufficient for various agricultural and hydrological applications. Amongst the existing downscaling approaches of remotely sensed SM, DISPATCH (DISaggregation based on a Physical And Theoretical scale CHange) improves the resolution of SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) soil moisture data using soil evaporative efficiency (SEE) estimates at high resolution (HR) and a SEE(SM) model implemented at low resolution (LR). Defined as the ratio of actual to potential soil evaporation, SEE can be derived from the remotely sensed land surface temperature (LST) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). The current version of DISPATCH uses a linear SEE(SM) model. This study aims at improving the SEE(SM) model and testing different calibration strategies, to ultimately have more robust and better downscaled SM products. A nonlinear SEE(SM) model is introduced and its influence on the derived HR SM products is studied over a range of conditions. Each model, linear and nonlinear, is calibrated from remote sensing data on a daily and a multi-date basis. The approaches were tested over two mixed dry and irrigated areas in Catalonia, Spain, and over one dry area in Morocco. When using the linear model, better statistical results were generally obtained using a daily calibration (current version of DISPATCH), most notably over one Spanish site. However, the best results were systematically obtained for an annually calibrated nonlinear model, in terms of all metrics considered: correlation coefficient, slope of the linear regression, bias, unbiased root mean square error. In particular, when using the annually calibrated nonlinear SEE (SM) model, the temporal slope of the linear regression between disaggregated and in situ soil moisture increased to 1.16 and 0.75 for one Spanish site and for the Moroccan site (as opposed to 0.44 and 0.58, respectively, when using the linear model with a daily calibration). The temporal correlation coefficient increased to 0.47 and 0.54 over the Spanish sites (as opposed to 0.18 and 0.27, respectively, when using the linear model with a daily calibration). Those contrasted results indicate compensation effects between the model type and the calibration strategy. Taking into account studies that report the strong nonlinear behavior of the SEE with respect to SM, the introduction of the nonlinear SEE(SM) model in DISPATCH, combined with a multi-date calibration, is proven to perform significantly better under various conditions, leading to more robust disaggregated SM products. The SEE modeling based on the nonlinear SM model, with a multi-date calibration, could be integrated into the CATDS—Centre Aval de Traitement des Données SMOS as a future product, as well as into existing evapotranspiration models, which are based on a combination of thermal and microwave data.

Assessment with remotely sensed soil moisture products and ground-based observations over three dense network

Soil moisture (SM) is a key variable in hydrological processes, bio-ecological processes, and biogeochemical processes. Long-term observations of soil moisture over large areas are critical to research on flooding and drought monitoring, water resource management, and crop yield forecasts. In this paper, Fengyun (FY3B and FY3C) SM products, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) SM products from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2), the Land Parameter Retrieval Model (LPRM) AMSR2 L3 SM products, the Version 2 (v2) global land parameter data record (LPDR) of SM products, Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS) Centre Aval de Traitement des Donnees SMOS (CATDS) L3 SM products, the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) passive L3 SM products and the European Space Agency(ESA) Climate Change Initiative (CCI) SM products were evaluated using the ground-based observations in the Little Washita, Fort Cobb and Yanco networks. Long-time series comparison between measured and satellite products was conducted to evaluate the overall performance of FY3 series satellites SM products. Bias (mean bias), R (correlation coefficient), RMSE (root mean square error) and ubRMSE (unbiased root mean square error) were calculated to explore the agreement between satellite products and in-situ measurements. Taylor diagrams were used to compare the performance of various satellite products. The result showed that (1) FY3B, FY3C and LPRM AMSR2 ascending and descending products had an obvious overestimate with in-situ soil moisture in three networks. (2) JAXA AMSR2 ascending and descending products had considerable underestimation in three networks. (3) The validation result of SMOS ascending and descending products over the three networks was satisfactory, with a rather high correlation than other X-band products. (4) The validation result of SMAP ascending and descending products outperformed the other products over the Little Washita and Fort Cobb networks. (5) The ESA CCI product had the lowest values of RMSE and ubRMSE than the other products in the Yanco network, revealing the effectiveness of merging active and passive soil moisture products. (6)The LPDR descending SM products had better performance than the LPDR ascending SM products in the LW and FC networks.

La Néologie Terminologique by John Humbley

Reviewed by: La Néologie Terminologique by John Humbley Kathryn Klingebiel Humbley, John. La néologie terminologique. Lambert-Lucas, 2018. ISBN 978-2-35935-226-9. Pp. 472. Here is the first systematic manual of neology in terminology, winner of the 2019 Prix Émile Benveniste. Humbley's title might well have been La néonymie—as it stands, neology designates lexical innovation, and terminology the study of specialized terms and their formation, with new terms now labeled neonyms. Neologisms become neonyms when they are lexicalized with a fixed meaning in a specialized field. They undergo déterminologisation if their specificity is diluted. As indicators of language vitality, neologisms provide a window into societal tendencies, expressive needs, levels of language, prestige. Since neologisms are not found in dictionaries, the recent development of corpora and Internet availability has proven invaluable to large-scale study. Humbley traces the historique of neology and of terminology, then coordinates the two tracks by applying them to three topical sets of neonyms: the older field of sound recordings (ch. 8), and the more recent areas of economics and e-commerce (ch. 12). Considerations of language policy are handled in ch. 10, secondary neology in ch. 11. The first seven chapters review theory and published work in the field, then discuss three models. The incremental approach (ch. 5) focuses on terms resulting from existing words, whether by addition (affixation, compounding), subtraction, or other modifications such as transposition from one part of speech to another (métaphore grammaticale). Such formations, chiefly morphological in nature, occur on the paradigmatic axis. The discursive approach (ch. 6) works from the syntagmatic axis, at the level of text and speech. Old terms develop new meanings, through lexical metaphor (relation of similarity) or metonymy (relation of proximity). The cognitive hypothesis (ch. 7) attempts to explain the motivation of the creator via conceptual metaphor. Seen from the angle of onomasiology, concepts precede the process of naming. In Humbley's conclusion, the three models are relatively complementary. In fact, his manual argues throughout for a plural approach, including attention to diachrony and the intersection of the old and the new. Praise is due throughout for the clear, encyclopedic synthesis of a mass of material, including forty-four pages of bibliography. For a minimalist but surprisingly satisfying handling of neologism and its attendant concepts, see Guide de néologie terminologique (2014) <bk.admin.ch/bk/fr/home/documentation/langues/publications-en-terminologie.html>. Humbley's manual relies heavily on his own previously published work (28 pieces from 1987 to [End Page 276] 2016). To counterbalance the discussion of machine names in German (ch. 8), this reviewer would have enjoyed discussion of some French set, e.g., the range of equivalents for 'swamp cooler' (first attested 1950 in Newsweek): (i) refroidisseur [d'air] par évaporation, (ii) refroidisseur évaporatif, (iii) refroidisseur d'évaporation, (iv) refroidisseur de marais (USA), (v) échangeur de chaleur, (vi) unité de traitement d'air, (vii) évaporateur, (viii) condenseur. Analysis of such a set could cover the range of strategies, from straight syntagm to abstraction, from neologism to neonym. My only real problem with Humbley's superb manual is the absence of a subject index, insufficiently remedied by the outline-like table des matières. Readers of a work of this importance deserve no less. Kathryn Klingebiel University of Hawai'i, emerita Copyright © 2020 American Association of Teachers of French

Réduire la durée de traitement antibiotique, pour quoi faire ?

Réduire la durée de traitement antibiotique, pour quoi faire ?

Estimation of Surface Freshwater Fluxes in the Arctic Ocean Using Satellite-Derived Salinity

The temporal and spatial distribution of sea surface salinity (SSS) is not well known in the Arctic region, and only recent satellite-derived measurements and models have allowed for potential enhancement, though their accuracy remains uncertain. We use NASA’s Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) and the European Space Agency’s Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS) to investigate the variability of SSS in the Arctic from 2015 to 2017, as well as to calculate surface advective freshwater fluxes. These data sets are compared with Argo and European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Ocean Reanalysis version 4 (ORAS) to assess the ability of satellites in detecting freshwater fluxes. Salinity and surface freshwater fluxes are estimated for the Bering Strait and Barents Sea Opening (BSO). In this study, we have compared the Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s (JPL) SMAP salinity to the remote sensing system’s (RSS) SMAP salinity product, as well as the The Centre Aval de Traitement des donneees SMOS salinity product. There is disagreement between the reanalysis product and satellites on the mean and variability of surface freshwater fluxes in the BSO; however, the meridional fluxes of the satellites and reanalysis product were significantly correlated within the Bering Strait. This shows the capability of using satellites to measure surface freshwater fluxes in this pathway. However, the discrepancies between satellite-derived SSS and fluxes in other regions of the Arctic Ocean emphasizes the need to increase in situ monitoring to help validate satellites in the higher latitudes.

Evaluation of Arctic Ocean surface salinities from the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission against a regional reanalysis and in situ data

Abstract. Recently two gridded sea surface salinity (SSS) products that cover the Arctic Ocean have been derived from the European Space Agency (ESA)'s Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission: one developed by the Barcelona Expert Centre (BEC) and the other developed by the Ocean Salinity Expertise Center of the Centre Aval de Traitement des Données SMOS at IFREMER (The French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea) (CEC). The uncertainties of these two SSS products are quantified during the period of 2011–2013 against other SSS products: one data assimilative regional reanalysis; one data-driven reprocessing in the framework of the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Services (CMEMS); two climatologies – the 2013 World Ocean Atlas (WOA) and the Polar science center Hydrographic Climatology (PHC); and in situ datasets, both assimilated and independent. The CMEMS reanalysis comes from the TOPAZ4 system, which assimilates a large set of ocean and sea-ice observations using an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF). Another CMEMS product is the Multi-OBservations reprocessing (MOB), a multivariate objective analysis combining in situ data with satellite SSS. The monthly root mean squared deviations (RMSD) of both SMOS products, compared to the TOPAZ4 reanalysis, reach 1.5 psu in the Arctic summer, while in the winter months the BEC SSS is closer to TOPAZ4 with a deviation of 0.5 psu. The comparison of CEC satellite SSS against in situ data shows Atlantic Water that is too fresh in the Barents Sea, the Nordic Seas, and in the northern North Atlantic Ocean, consistent with the abnormally fresh deviations from TOPAZ4. When compared to independent in situ data in the Beaufort Sea, the BEC product shows the smallest bias (&lt; 0.1 psu) in summer and the smallest RMSD (1.8 psu). The results also show that all six SSS products share a common challenge: representing freshwater masses (&lt; 24 psu) in the central Arctic. Along the Norwegian coast and at the southwestern coast of Greenland, the BEC SSS shows smaller errors than TOPAZ4 and indicates the potential value of assimilating the satellite-derived salinity in this system.

A denoising–classification–retracking method to improve spaceborne estimates of the water level–surface–volume relation over the Urmia Lake in Iran

ABSTRACT Decreasing the volume of the Urmia Lake, as the largest inland water body in Iran, is one of the current environmental and water resource management concerns. This study obtains a reliable spaceborne water level (WL)–area–volume relationship for the Urmia Lake using terrestrial, aerial and satellite-based data. The aim of this study is to improve Urmia Lake’s WL derived from satellite altimetry and, consequently, to more accurately estimate the volume of the lake for the last decade. To this end, improved WL is obtained from the Satellite with Argos and Altika (SARAL/AltiKa) and Jason-2 altimetry missions by performing a post-processing method. The post-processing method includes a denoising, a classification and appropriate retracking algorithms. The results are validated against in situ gauge data and also compared with results from Prototype Innovant de Système de Traitement pour les Applications Côtières et l’Hydrologie (PISTACH) and Prototype on AltiKa for Coastal, Hydrology and Ice (PEACHI) products. The Denoising–Classification–Retracking (DCR) method improves the root mean square error (RMSE) of WL with respect to those of PISTACH and PEACHI by 54% and 24%, respectively. The surface area of the lake is determined from Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) images based on calculating normalized difference water index (NDWI). The results are validated against the surface area obtained from aerial photogrammetry and Cartosat high resolution image. Moreover, based on bathymetric map a Look-up table including surface area and volume of the lake at specific levels are formed. The obtained surface area is then compared with the values of the Look-up table. The normalized root mean square error between surface extent obtained from proposed method and corresponding values is about 11%. The estimated lake’s volume is compared with the level-volume curve from the bathymetric data. The result showed the RMSE of this comparison is about 0.12 km3. Our validated results show that the lake has lost 75% of its volume from late 2008 to early 2016 but continued with an increase in its volume in May 2017 twice as much as in early 2016. Our results support urgent or long-term restoration plan of Lake Urmia and highlight the important role of spaceborne sensors for hydrological applications.

Assessment of the Nutrients in the Leachate and the Groundwater Quality for Drinking and Farming around the Nkolfoulou Landfill in Yaoundé, Cameroon

This study focuses on the assessment of the nutrients in the leachate and the groundwater quality around the Nkolfoulou landfill in Yaoundé known in French as “Centre de Traitement de Déchets (CTD).” Landfilling generates leachate that can pollute groundwater. Leachate along with groundwater samples (n=1+13) was collected in January (long dry season) and May (long wet season) 2014 and explored for various parameters including pH, temperature, EC, turbidity, TDS, TA, TSS, TH, BOD5, COD, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, NH4+, NO3−, Cl−, F−, SO42−, PO43−, HCO3−, and colour using standard methods. In the leachate samples, values of TSS (700.2 and 130.2 mg/L), BOD5 (140 mg/L), COD (1350 and 1750 mg/L), NH4+ (82.50 and 39.51 mg/L), NO3− (159.32 and 74.82 mg/L), and Cl− (702.69 and 345.50 mg/L) exceeded the Cameroonian standards for effluent discharge. All the values of pH and some values of turbidity (4.55 and 4.50 NTU) and NH4+ (0.51 and 0.73 mg/L) in the groundwater samples violated the Cameroonian standards for drinking water. Based on the water quality index (WQI), an average of 11.53% of groundwater samples was improper for drinking in both seasons. Based on the parameters assessed, all the samples complied with the standard set for irrigation, poultry, and livestock. The hazard quotient (HQ) and the hazard index (HI) of NO3− and F− for children and adults were &lt;1, and hence, the increased non-cancer risks due to these ions through the drinking of groundwater was low. From the statistical analysis, the Nkolfoulou landfill may not be the main source of major ions to the nearby groundwater.

ART initiation in an outpatient treatment center in Dakar, Senegal: A retrospective cohort analysis (1998-2015).

ObjectiveTo examine how patient characteristics combined with ART eligibility expansions affect the initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) among eligible patients attending a referral center in Senegal from 1998 to 2015.MethodsThis is a retrospective observational study carried out at the outpatient treatment Centre (Centre de Traitement Ambulatoire) in Dakar, Senegal, based on computerized medical records, gathered from 1998 to 2015, of ART-naïve patients over 15 years of age. ART eligibility was defined as (CD4 count below 200) or as (WHO stage 4) or as (WHO stage 3 with (CD4 count below 350 or with unavailable CD4 count)) in 1998–2010; as (CD4 count below 350) or as (WHO stage 3 or 4) in 2011–2013; as (CD4 count below 500) or as (WHO stage 3 or 4) in 2014–2015. Four periods were defined according to ART eligibility expansions and Senegal’s HIV care history: 1998–2003 (P 1), 2004–2010 (P 2), 2011–2013 (P3), and 2014–2015 (P4). Patients were expected to participate financially in their treatment during the first period (P1).ResultsA total of 3651 patient records were included. The median patient age was 40 years (IQR: 32–48). Women represented 56% of the population. The median CD4 count was 183 cells/mm3. Overall, 53% of patients had CD4 < 200 cells/mm3 at entry. This proportion reached 45% in 2014–2015. 2535 patients (69%) were eligible for therapy, including 1503 (41%) who started ART. The proportion of treated patients among those who were eligible at entry or later increased steadily from 25%, 47%, 75% to 82% in the four periods, respectively. The median time to treatment decreased from 5.6 months (IQR: 3–11) in P1 to 0.8 months (IQR: 0–2) in P4. Eligible patients with more advanced disease (CD4<200 cells/mm3 and/or clinical stage 3 or 4) were more likely to be ART initiated than those with CD4≥200 cells/mm3 and/or clinical stage 1 or 2 at each stage of ART eligibility expansion.ConclusionART eligibility expansions were marked by a sharp increase in the proportion of eligible patients initiating treatment. These results show that in terms of management, the target of "Test and Treat" can be easily reached but that HIV testing will remain a key element to improve treatment success, as illustrated by the high proportion of people with advanced stage of infection at the time of ART initiation.

Prescriptions hors AMM supervisées de méthylphénidate dans le TDAH de l’adulte

ObjectiveOff-label prescription is a common practice in psychiatry, raising health and economic concerns. Collegial consultation could allow a framed prescription of treatments that are not authorized in specific indications. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity in adult populations (ADHD) is a striking example of a pathology where off-label prescription is frequent. First considered to be a childhood disorder, the awareness of this condition in adults is increasing, leading to the development of new clinical practices and treatments. However, the adult ADHD diagnosis and its management are still emerging in France despite a high prevalence. Treatment of adult ADHD relies on methylphenidate prescription, but the initiation of this drug is not authorized in adult populations. Methylphenidate is a central nervous system stimulant that is structurally close to amphetamine and acts as a norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor. Due to these pharmacological properties, neuropsychiatric and cardiovascular side-effects could occur. Furthermore, its addictive potential has led France to classify it as a psychoactive drug, dispensed via secured prescription. The first prescription and the one-year follow-up are restricted to neurologists, paediatrics, psychiatrists and sleep disorders specialists at hospital. The objective of this article is to propose a multidisciplinary framework for the off-label prescription of methylphenidate in adult ADHD. MethodsThe Multidisciplinary Advice Consultation for Exceptional Addiction Treatments (Consultation d’Avis Multidisciplinaire de Traitements d’Exception en Addictologie CAMTEA) was first set up in Lille for the prescription of baclofen in alcohol dependence and was then extended to topiramate in binge eating disorder. This procedure has been adapted to the particularities of ADHD in adult populations, the differential diagnosis (bipolar disorder, depressive disorder, anxious disorder, personality disorder, substance use disorder) and the co-morbidities requiring a full psychiatric and neuropsychological assessment. Moreover, a particular attention has been paid to the monitoring of neuropsychiatric, cardiovascular and misuse risk because of the potential side-effects of methylphenidate. ResultsThe proposed prescription framework is structured into several specialized consultations. A first psychiatric evaluation aims to diagnose adult ADHD, using the French version of the Diagnostisch Interview Voor ADHD 2.0 questionnaire (DIVA 2.0), and to assess the quality of life impact with the Weiss Functional Inventory Rating Scale (WIFRS). It also searches for the presence of differential diagnosis or co-morbidities. The second appointment consists of a pharmacological evaluation that aims to search for contraindications and potential drug interaction. A neuropsychological evaluation based on standardized tests (Weschler Adulte Intelligence Scale [WAIS IV], Conner's Continuous Performance Test 3 [CPT] and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personnality Inventory [MMPI]) is also required to evaluate neurocognitive disabilities and personality features. Once the parameters of the different assessments have been collected, the synthesis is presented during a multidisciplinary meeting in order to assess the risk-benefit ratio for each patient. Several specialties are involved in this multidisciplinary meeting: psychiatry, addictology, general medicine, addictovigilance, pharmacovigilance and neuropsychology. One strategy among three possibilities can be decided: (1) contraindication to treatment with methylphenidate, (2) attention deficit disorder that does not require medication management, and (3) indication of treatment with methylphenidate with the choice of the pharmacological form (immediate or prolonged release). A biological check-up and an electrocardiogram are carried out systematically before any treatment. If the decision is made to initiate treatment, it is started at the lowest dosage and followed by a titration phase. A weekly follow-up is carried out during the titration phase in order to assess treatment efficacy and safety. After treatment stabilization, the general practitioner can carry out the renewal, and the patient will be reassessed within the framework of the multidisciplinary consultation every 3 months. ConclusionWhen an off-label prescription is being considered, it must comply with the basic rules of good clinical practice, and the benefit/risk ratio should be constantly reassessed. The proposed multidisciplinary framework, adapted to the characteristics of adult ADHD and the pharmacological properties of methylphenidate, appears to be an interesting strategy to meet the requirements of the good clinical practice. The complementary assessments carried out and the collegial framework allow enhancing the patient's follow-up and minimize the drug risk, particularly in the psychiatric, addictive and cardiovascular adverse events. Finally, this framework could also help the monitoring of other off-label treatments for ADHD, such as atomoxetine or guanfacine.

La greffe coloniale en métropole

Résumé Entre 1947 et 1962, le statut des indigènes musulmans de l'Algérie coloniale connaît des modifications importantes et se rapproche progressivement de celui des « Français d'Algérie ». En particulier les Algériens présents en France métropolitaine ne se distinguent pas, en théorie au moins, des métropolitains. Dans les faits, pourtant, la présence en métropole de ces populations, coloniales et migrantes, nourrit les inquiétudes des pouvoirs publics et les expose à un ensemble de traitements spécifiques, le plus souvent discriminatoires. Cela nécessite de distinguer et d'identifier les Algériens présents en France, qualifiés de « Français Musulmans d'Algérie », en dérogation à la loi et au cadre égalitaire métropolitain. Cet article explore les déterminants et les mécanismes de cette distinction à partir d'une étude détaillée des opérations de recensement de 1954. Il montre comment le contexte colonial influence l'élaboration et la mise en œuvre du recensement et conduit l'administration métropolitaine à fabriquer une procédure d'identification des Algériens en rupture avec ses usages habituels.

Accessibility measure for haemophilia patients: Study of anti-haemophilic factors availability in the Rhône-Alpes County, France

Introduction Haemophilia is a constitutional haemorrhagic disease, consecutive to a lack of protein of blood coagulation. The anti-haemophilic factors (AHF) used like haemophilia substitutive therapeutic are expensive medications and can only be delivered into hospital pharmacies. The cost of emergency stock can be a difficulty to their retention within the pharmacy. In 2016, 198 patients from Rhone-Alpes county, 144 haemophilia A and 54 haemophilia B, have been treated by AHF in the Centre Regional de Traitement de l’Hemophilie (CRTH), in Lyon. The aim of this study is to measure the accessibility to the AHF emergency doses in less than 30 minutes in Rhone-Alpes region and to have a better knowledge of accessible patients in case of emergency. Methods A questionnaire has been sent to the hospital pharmacies to know the available emergency doses. According to expert consultations, a 30 minutes delay for AHF, factor VIII (FVIII) for haemophila A, and factor IX (FIX) for haemophilia B, emergency treatment has been established. A Geographic Information System (GIS) has been used to model emergency doses accessibility, more precisely the Network Analyst functionality in ESRI ArcMap 10.4.1. The access times have been estimated from the road network speed limitations. Each patient has been geolocated thanks to his residential address. This geolocalisation allows the distinction between patients accessible in less or more than 30 minutes to AHF emergency doses. Results For FVIII, 45.6% of the region is accessible in less than 30 minutes and 30.5% for FIX when the necessary treatment dose is available. If every pharmacy presently disposing of AFH would have the necessary treatment dose, 50.3% of the region would be accessible for FVIII and 52.5% for FIX, a respective augmentation of 4.7% and 22% of medication servicing. Thus, 118 haemophilia A patients (82%) could be accessible for FVIII and 38 haemophilia B patients (70.4%) for FIX, with doses currently available. With the necessary treatment doses available in each pharmacy presently disposing of AFH, the ratio would be of 89.5% haemophila A patients for FVIII and 87% haemophilia B patients for FIX. Conclusion The main lesson is that a more efficient AHF management could be a major lever to improve the patient accessibility in case of emergency, in particularly for major haemophiliac. Accessibility measure is an innovative decision support tool in this case because it allows a territorial reflection of medication management. This study is a preliminary analysis and corroborates the interest to realize the same study in a larger geographic scale to have a better knowledge of haemophiliacs accessibility. At the national scale for example, it would be an efficient tool. In addition, this kind of analysis could be applied to some other pathologies of rare disease.

Quelle durée de traitement après un événement thromboembolique veineux ?

Quelle durée de traitement après un événement thromboembolique veineux ?

Improving Jason-2 Sea Surface Heights within 10 km Offshore by Retracking Decontaminated Waveforms

It is widely believed that altimetry-derived sea surface heights (SSHs) in coastal zones are seriously degraded due to land contamination in altimeter waveforms from non-marine surfaces or due to inhomogeneous sea state conditions. Spurious peaks superimposed in radar waveforms adversely impact waveform retracking and hence require tailored algorithms to mitigate this problem. Here, we present an improved method to decontaminate coastal waveforms based on the waveform modification concept. SSHs within 10 km offshore are calculated from Jason-2 data by a 20% threshold retracker using decontaminated waveforms (DW-TR) and compared with those using original waveforms and modified waveforms in four study regions. We then compare our results with retracked SSHs in the sensor geophysical data record (SGDR) and with the state-of-the-art PISTACH (Prototype Innovant de Système de Traitement pour les Applications Côtières et l’Hydrologie) and ALES (Adaptive Leading Edge Subwaveform) products. Our result indicates that the DW-TR is the most robust retracker in the 0–10 km coastal band and provides consistent accuracy up to 1 km away from the coastline. In the four test regions, the DW-TR retracker outperforms other retrackers, with the smallest averaged standard deviations at 15 cm and 20 cm, as compared against the EGM08 (Earth Gravitational Model 2008) geoid model and tide gauge data, respectively. For the SGDR products, only the ICE retracker provides competitive SSHs for coastal applications. Subwaveform retrackers such as ICE3, RED3 and ALES perform well beyond 8 km offshore, but seriously degrade in the 0–8 km strip along the coast.

The global SMOS Level 3 daily soil moisture and brightness temperature maps

Abstract. The objective of this paper is to present the multi-orbit (MO) surface soil moisture (SM) and angle-binned brightness temperature (TB) products for the SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) mission based on a new multi-orbit algorithm. The Level 3 algorithm at CATDS (Centre Aval de Traitement des Données SMOS) makes use of MO retrieval to enhance the robustness and quality of SM retrievals. The motivation of the approach is to make use of the longer temporal autocorrelation length of the vegetation optical depth (VOD) compared to the corresponding SM autocorrelation in order to enhance the retrievals when an acquisition occurs at the border of the swath. The retrieval algorithm is implemented in a unique operational processor delivering multiple parameters (e.g. SM and VOD) using multi-angular dual-polarisation TB from MO. A subsidiary angle-binned TB product is provided. In this study the Level 3 TB V310 product is showcased and compared to SMAP (Soil Moisture Active Passive) TB. The Level 3 SM V300 product is compared to the single-orbit (SO) retrievals from the Level 2 SM processor from ESA with aligned configuration. The advantages and drawbacks of the Level 3 SM product (L3SM) are discussed. The comparison is done on a global scale between the two datasets and on the local scale with respect to in situ data from AMMA-CATCH and USDA ARS Watershed networks. The results obtained from the global analysis show that the MO implementation enhances the number of retrievals: up to 9 % over certain areas. The comparison with the in situ data shows that the increase in the number of retrievals does not come with a decrease in quality, but rather at the expense of an increased time lag in product availability from 6 h to 3.5 days, which can be a limiting factor for applications like flood forecast but reasonable for drought monitoring and climate change studies. The SMOS L3 soil moisture and L3 brightness temperature products are delivered using an open licence and free of charge using a web application (https://www.catds.fr/sipad/). The RE04 products, versions 300 and 310, used in this paper are also available at ftp://ext-catds-cpdc:catds2010@ftp.ifremer.fr/Land_products/GRIDDED/L3SM/RE04/.