De Roover Research Articles

Factors of the origin of double-entry bookkeeping in the works of A. Ch. Lyttleton and R. de Roover: an amateur's view

One of the cornerstones of the study of any historical event is the contexts in which this event occurred. As such, the traditional hypothesis uses the factors that contributed to the invention of double-entry bookkeeping and were described in the works of very authoritative English-speaking historians: A. Сh. Lyttleton and R. de Roover.Among these factors, Littleton attributed the presence of private property, capital, trade, credit, writing, money and arithmetic in a favorable socio-economic environment. De Roover supplemented this list with factors of mediation and companies. According to Littleton, all the factors he named first appeared only in medieval Italy, which made the origin of double-entry bookkeeping inevitable in this place and in this era. The article shows, firstly, that the theses of Littleton and de Roover are not properly reasoned, and secondly, that all the factors they named appeared in ancient Rome, where they were much more developed than in medieval Italy. And if these factors really "made the emergence of double-entry bookkeeping inevitable," it would have appeared in ancient Rome.

Which Fidelity, Whose Adultery? Minding Manu's Verse

S. N. Balagangadhara, Sarika Rao, Jakob De Roover, and Marianne Keppens One of the best-known aspects of Indian society is its "rigid caste system" and the "evil practices of untouchability." It is a truism today to say that Indian society is divided into four castes, which are not allowed to mix. Many Indian texts are brought forward as evidence of this understanding of Indian society. The ancient Indian text Mānavadharmaśāstra or "Laws of Manu" takes a central place in such accounts. This is especially the case for its verses on varṇasankara, translated as "mixing of social classes" or "intermixture of castes." Given the important role these verses play in the understanding of Indian culture, society, and policymaking, it is crucial to translate them accurately. Using one verse in one text, this article focuses on the standard translation and deals both critically and constructively with the received view.

Evaluating Covariate Effects on ESM Measurement Model Changes with Latent Markov Factor Analysis: A Three-Step Approach

Invariance of the measurement model (MM) between subjects and within subjects over time is a prerequisite for drawing valid inferences when studying dynamics of psychological factors in intensive longitudinal data. To conveniently evaluate this invariance, latent Markov factor analysis (LMFA) was proposed. LMFA combines a latent Markov model with mixture factor analysis: The Markov model captures changes in MMs over time by clustering subjects’ observations into a few states and state-specific factor analyses reveal what the MMs look like. However, to estimate the model, Vogelsmeier, Vermunt, van Roekel, and De Roover (2019) introduced a one-step (full information maximum likelihood; FIML) approach that is counterintuitive for applied researchers and entails cumbersome model selection procedures in the presence of many covariates. In this paper, we simplify the complex LMFA estimation and facilitate the exploration of covariate effects on state memberships by splitting the estimation in three intuitive steps: (1) obtain states with mixture factor analysis while treating repeated measures as independent, (2) assign observations to the states, and (3) use these states in a discrete- or continuous-time latent Markov model taking into account classification errors. A real data example demonstrates the empirical value.

Religious toleration and the limits of liberal secularism: The case of India

ABSTRACTIn recent years there has been a resurgence of public discourse about the role of tolerance as one of the key elements of the Western philosophical heritage. The fact that Western societies remain largely oblivious to the importance and benefits of diversity points to the pitfalls of the liberal model of religious toleration. Jakob De Roover’s monograph ‘Europe, India, and the Limits of Secularism’ offers a new analysis of the deficiencies of secularism and demonstrates why its application to other societies, such as India, is a problematic enterprise. This article argues that Comparative Political Theory has the potential to help forge new conceptual categories and analytical tools that can be utilized to explore diverse modes of tackling religious diversity and fostering tolerance.

Detecting which variables alter component interpretation across multiple groups: A resampling-based method.

In psychology, many studies measure the same variables in different groups. In the case of a large number of variables when a strong a priori idea about the underlying latent construct is lacking, researchers often start by reducing the variables to a few principal components in an exploratory way. Herewith, one often wants to evaluate whether the components represent the same construct in the different groups. To this end, it makes sense to remove outlying variables that have significantly different loadings on the extracted components across the groups, hampering equivalent interpretations of the components. Moreover, identifying such outlying variables is important when testing theories about which variables behave similarly or differently across groups. In this article, we first scrutinize the lower bound congruence method (LBCM; De Roover, Timmerman, & Ceulemans in Behavior Research Methods, 49, 216-229, 2017), which was recently proposed for solving the outlying-variable detection problem. LBCM investigates how Tucker's congruence between the loadings of the obtained cluster-loading matrices improves when specific variables are discarded. We show that LBCM has the tendency to output outlying variables that either are false positives or concern very small, and thus practically insignificant, loading differences. To address this issue, we present a new heuristic: the lower and resampled upper bound congruence method (LRUBCM). This method uses a resampling technique to obtain a sampling distribution for the congruence coefficient, under the hypothesis that no outlying variable is present. In a simulation study, we show that LRUBCM outperforms LBCM. Finally, we illustrate the use of the method by means of empirical data.

Secularism's threat to tradition: A reading of Europe, India and the Limits of Secularism

ABSTRACTThis article offers a reading of Jakob De Roover's important book, Europe, India and the Limits of Secularism (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2016). It invokes the way in which the English courts have re-described Sikh tradition as religion in order to illustrate the relevance of Jakob De Roover's hypothesis about secularism, explaining its dependence on Christian theology and its inbuilt normative dynamic, which reframes tradition and poses a lethal threat to it.

Subaltern agency and the problems in the project of decolonization in the study of religion and liberal secularism

ABSTRACTDecolonization has become an important process in the present-day academia. Reviewing Jakob De Roover’s new book, this article critically analyses the problems in the methodologies of the decolonization project. The article strongly argues for the need to avoid decontexualisation of historical and contemporary developments, and to take an intersectional approach that would ensure the recognition of subaltern agency.

The Economic Theory of the Scholastics as a Contractual Analysis

Abstract The doctrine of the “just price” is more than often described as the core of the “economic” thinking of the Scholastics (de Roover 1958; Baldwin 1959; Wilson 1975; Worland 1977). In fact, one could hardly contest that the notion occupies a place of high importance in the economic reflections of the Medieval Doctors. It is of no doubt that their study of economic reality led them to call up very frequently the said notion of “just price”. Yet the insistence with which modern historiography has itself treated this – central but particular – element of the Scholastic economic thinking conceals, to our opinion, some of its important sights and interests. An “objective” approach of the scholastic theory seems to command such an interpretation. But why is the phrase “just price” so often used and developed by the Doctors? Such a simple question cannot be answered simply by focusing on the notion. From a more “methodological” point of view, just price appears only like the final result of a complex argumentation. Little attention has been given to the fact that (1) the issue at stake is less a problem of correctness in limited bargaining than a general question of social justice; (2) the method used to deal with this vast subject in the field of economic relations is a systematic “contractual” analysis. The second point forms the main theme of this paper.

Europe, India, and the Limits of Secularism, written by Jakob De Roover

Europe, India, and the Limits of Secularism, written by Jakob De Roover

The concept of “lawfulness” in economic matters. Reading Ibn Rushd (Averroes)

In the Middle Ages the major concept through which economic matters are analysed and evaluated is the “lawful”, in Arabic jâ’iz, concept. It claims to establish whether a gain, a profit, a contract is lawful or not: that is the main question theologians examine when they are addressing the issue of appreciating any economic fact. In our study, we analyse the criteria of the “lawfulness” as found in the economic parts of Ibn Rushd's work entitled Bidâyat al-mujtahid wa nihâyat al-muqtaṣid (English translation: The Distinguished Jurist's Primer). Our thesis is inspired essentially by Raymond De Roover's studies on the economic thought in the Middle Ages. De Roover shows that the criteria for lawfulness are to be found in the nature of the contract between partners: a gain is lawful if the contract which generates it is lawful. Our study essentially consists in a text analysis.

Gastric Cancer in the Excluded Stomach 10 Years after Gastric Bypass.

According to the Brazilian health authorities, around 2,000 new cases of gastric cancer emerge in Brazil per year (Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva, 2014). Indeed, gastric cancer constitutes the second most common cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide and 95% of such malignancies are adenocarcinomas (De Roover et al., 2006, and Clark et al., 2006). Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is a procedure frequently employed in bariatric surgery but restricted access to the excluded stomach means that discovery of gastric lesions is difficult, and diagnosis and treatment may be delayed. We report herein a case of gastric adenocarcinoma in the excluded stomach of a patient submitted to RYGB with the purpose of illustrating the difficulty of diagnosing and treating this rare condition.

The Fuggers of Augsburg: Wealth and Honor in Renaissance Germany by Mark Häberlein (review)

Reviewed by: The Fuggers of Augsburg: Wealth and Honor in Renaissance Germany by Mark Häberlein Thomas Max Safley The Fuggers of Augsburg: Wealth and Honor in Renaissance Germany. By Mark Häberlein. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2012. Pp. ix + 286. Cloth $39.50. ISBN 978-0813932583. The press release that accompanies Mark Häberlein's synthesis of historical scholarship on the Fugger family of Augsburg trumpets, "In contrast to the other famous merchant family of the period, the Medici of Florence . . . no English-language work on them has been available until now." The Medici have indeed attracted the attention of scholars, whose works have been published in several languages including English, while literature on the Fuggers remains almost exclusively a German-language phenomenon. Unfortunately, this volume does little to redress the balance. Whereas readily available studies of the Medici offer meticulous, original scholarship—Raymond de Roover's classic The Rise and Decline of the Medici Bank, 1397-1494 (Cambridge, MA, 1963) comes to mind—Häberlein's work rehearses the findings of others, putting old wine in new skins, to turn a parable: a kind of bait and switch that is not satisfying, but rather, at points, deeply frustrating. Häberlein's study opens most promisingly. After a concise discussion of the historiography on the Fuggers, he arrives at "several conclusions" that "a new history of the Fugger family" can draw (5). First, it should not focus too exclusively on great leaders, especially Jakob and Anton; second, it should avoid the teleology of a linear rise from common labors to aristocratic achievements; third, it should attend to "the social norms that were of fundamental importance to late medieval and early modern estate society" (6), among which he privileges notions of the common good and honor. Yet, the volume does not live up to its author's intentions. Because it is not "new," in the sense that the author has not engaged in original research or interrogated past scholarship, it remains captive to that scholarship: not only its insights, but also its errors. The results are neither "meticulously researched" nor particularly "timely," all claims to the contrary notwithstanding. Häberlein's Table 1, for example, borrows figures on taxable wealth from the work of Peter Geffken ("Soziale Schichtung 1396 bis 1521. Beitrag zu einer Strukturanalyse Augsburgs im Spätmittelalter," unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Munich, 1995) to claim that Hans Fugger's widow, Elisabeth Gefatermann, "must have been a remarkably business-minded woman" (13). He thus argues from matter to mentality, going beyond the limits of the available evidence. Nor does he analyze the evidence he has: it shows, in fact, a simple growth rate of 3.5 percent annually, which is healthy but not remarkable. In chapter 4, Häberlein claims that "it is hardly justified to speak of a decline of the Fugger's trade" (120), a hypothesis that he borrows whole-cloth from an essay by Georg Lutz ("Marx Fugger [1529-1597] und die Annales Ecclesiastici des Baronius. Eine Verdeutschung aus dem Augsburg der Gegenreformation," in: Baronio Storico [End Page 679] e la Controriforma. Atti del Convegno internazionale di Studi, Sorra 6-10 Ottobre 1979 [Sora, 1982], 421-546) and then elevates into one of the volume's major findings (viii). Yet, Lutz based his analysis solely on the Generalrechnung of 1577, and neither his analysis of the account nor the author's pastische of scholarship actually addresses the question of decline. Marx Fugger managed a consolidation of the Fugger firm and extended its life far beyond the expectation of his father, yet the company became smaller under his leadership than it had been under Jakob and Anton, as well as smaller than companies then on the rise in Italy and the Netherlands. Its "decline" was thus both absolute and relative, and the issue requires more research than Lutz or Häberlein have given it. Häberlein hopes to avoid teleologies through greater attention to context. Yet, as the discussion of decline suggests, he chooses selectively, privileging local economic and political circumstances while ignoring comparative or theoretical discussions. With regard to the growing difficulties that the Fuggers confronted in the late sixteenth century, Häberlein invokes...

The Origin and Development of Markets: A Business History Perspective

The origins of the market are obscure, but substantial documentary evidence survives from the eleventh century onward, when chartered markets and new towns were established across Western Europe. The expansion of the market system is important for business history because it created new opportunities for business growth. There has been no systematic literature review on market evolution since Henri Pirenne and Raymond de Roover, and this article attempts to fill the gap. It shows that successful markets were regulated–often by civic authorities–to maintain a reputation for reasonable prices and quality control. Markets were located at both transport hubs and centers of consumption, even when the latter were quite remote. However, as transport and communication costs declined, shakeouts occurred and only the larger markets survived.

When Wealth Was Good and Poverty Sin: Profit, Greed, Generosity, and the Creation of the Noble Merchant in Konrad Fleck's <i>Flôre und Blanscheflûr</i>

When Wealth Was Good and Poverty Sin:Profit, Greed, Generosity, and the Creation of the Noble Merchant in Konrad Fleck's Flôre und Blanscheflûr Katja Altpeter-Jones In his book Economy and Nature in the Fourteenth Century, the historian Joel Kaye writes, "[t]he taint on commerce and profit seeking so clear in [Aristotle's] Politics remained a potent influence on scholastic moral and economic thought."1 Commerce and trade, its desired outcome (profit), and those who practiced the former and benefited from the latter (merchants, vendors, and small peddlers) were, in other words, frequently looked upon with suspicion during the Middle Ages. The aristocracy and nobility, those who commissioned literary works, were the main patrons of artists and writers, and constituted the audience for much of the literature produced during the medieval period, may have shared in and approved of the skepticism of theologians and philosophers. They, too, may have looked with suspicion upon the growing number of increasingly wealthy and powerful merchants who populated the cities and rivaled or surpassed the aristocracy in wealth, sophistication, and political influence. The literary historian John A. Yunck writes: "The cash-centered soul, the fiscal villain, innocence and decency crushed by the might of money, are common data of human experience."2 In the thirteenth century, merchants were among those suspected of fiscal malice, of being greedy and deceitful, of driving a hard bargain for personal profit and at the expense of the poor and the common good. "The merchant in the Middle Ages was not held in contempt as commonly as he is said to have been [ . . . ]," [End Page 1] writes Jacques Le Goff. "Nevertheless, while the Church very early gave protection and encouragement to the merchant, it long allowed serious suspicions to persist as to the legitimacy of essential aspects of his activity."3 Mercantile enterprises were suspect primarily because their expected outcome was profit. The issue of profit did not fit easily into scholastic economic thought, for "[i]n contrast to the theories of classical economists and to our modern understanding of economic motivation, in both Aristotelian and scholastic economic theory, not profit and the desire for gain but the establishment of equality is the proper motive and end of exchange."4 "What the Doctors in the Middle Ages were really interested in was to determine the rules of justice governing social relations," concurs Raymond de Roover.5 And he adds, "the Schoolmen considered equity in distribution and exchange as the central problem in economics."6 In a model in which justice and equity were the guiding principles of economic exchange, profit, which smacked of injustice and inequality, had to be a contentious issue. Thus even late medieval commentaries on trade and commerce frequently "betray a lingering disdain for individuals engaged in mercantile pursuits and a persistent anxiety about whether it was actually possible for a merchant to live a life free from dishonor and sin."7 Yet, attitudes towards merchants and their business were not consistently negative. In the first half of the twelfth century, Hugh of St. Victor extols the merchant as an agent of peaceful negotiation, and commerce as a catalyst for the increase of communal wealth and welfare and an enterprise that "reconciles nations, calms wars, strengthens peace, and commutes private good of individuals into the common benefit of all."8 Kaye points out that by the thirteenth century, moods began to shift even more dramatically as "[t]he growth of the consciousness of money's place and function in society paralleled the rise of the merchant estat from a lowly [End Page 2] position to one of great social and political power over the course of the long thirteenth century."9 Summarizing Henry of Ghent's thoughts on the role of the merchant, articulated during the last quarter of the thirteenth century, Kaye writes: "By the late thirteenth century, the value placed on the common good had grown sufficiently great to change the designation of particular occupations and particular economic acts from evil to good within scholastic discourse."10 Part of this growing interest in the common good and the subsequent reevaluation of the merchant's role in society was, in the...

Beyond the Business Cycle and Socialism: The Late Schumpeter's Corporatist View

The paper discusses the late endorsement by J. Schumpeter of the corporatist theory. The corporatist view was definitely enunciated by him during a well known conference held in Montreal on November 19th 1945, but this was probably the end of more antique process, the consequence of a cultural network, to which Schumpeter attended since the beginning of his American experience. The aim of the paper is first of all to draw the characteristics of this group of scholars - from Montreal, St Louis (Mo) and The Loyola University - based on Jesuit fathers, scholars of medieval economic history and economists - as Bernard W. Dempsey, Emile Bouvier, Leo Cyril Brown, Raymond de Roover, Joseph Solterer etc. Issues and questions typical of the scholastic tradition which interested very much Schumpeter during his life, but which especially during the 30s and the 40s became a serious effort to give economics a strong moral basis, involving several and different economists, from Pesch to Knight and many others. In a certain view, the aim of the paper is also to demonstrate that, while Schumpeter apparently was firstly engaged in technical issues related with business cycle, really he was always much more interested in irrational and moral view of economics, which he ultimately showed with the endorsement of the corporatist theory.

Exocrine pancreas graft drainage in recipient duodenum through side-to-side duodeno-duodenostomy

The interesting report by Hummel et al. in the Februaryissue of this Journal [1] confirmed our previouspublication indicating that, in pancreas transplantation,side-to-side duodeno-duodenal anastomosis is technicallyfeasible and allows easy access to the graft duodenalmucosa for repeated biopsies and rejection monitoring[2]. In our experience we prefer to anastomose the graftportal vein to the infrapancreatic superior mesenteric veinsimilarly to the technique described by Boggi et al. [3].With this procedure, the pancreas graft is positioned in apure retroperitoneal and physiologic location for bothendocrine and exocrine drainage, but it is uncertain ifthis fact has any influence on the functional results of thetransplantation.The main drawback of this technique is the potentialfor anastomotic leak that could be challenging to controlas the recipient duodenum cannot be resected. Directduodenal repair, plasty with a Roux-en-Y limb, orlaterolateral duodenojejunostomy may be surgical optionsto achieve recipient duodenal closure in case of anasto-motic leak [2].We considered using this technique in our last fivepancreas transplantations (three pancreas alone and twosimultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantations). In fourpatients, side-to-side duodeno-duodenal anastomosis wasperformed (three manually and one with a circularstapling device, according to the surgeon’s preference).Immunosuppression consisted of quadruple therapy,including induction with polyclonal antibodies andmaintenance with tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil andlow-dose steroids. These patients underwent regularprotocol duodenal biopsies, without any evidence of acuteor chronic rejection. Pancreas graft and patient survival is100% at follow-up. One patient required two re-laparoto-mies, for early non-infected peripancreatic hematoma andfor late (>6 months) mechanical intestinal occlusion. Nopatient experienced any complication linked to theduodenal anastomosis or to the vascular reconstruction.In the fifth patient recipient of simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation, pancreas graft duodenum wasfound to be badly preserved at reperfusion, and we thenchose to perform duodenal drainage through a Roux-en-Y jejunal limb. This patient developed anastomoticleakage requiring life-saving pancreas graft resection afterthree unsuccessful attempts of surgical correction.This small series of duodeno-duodenal drainage ofpancreas grafts, and the case described by Hummel,provide some evidence that this technique is feasible,appears to be safe in pancreas grafts with good duodenalpreservation, and provides easy access of the duodenalmucosa for rejection monitoring. All these pancreas graftsare functioning perfectly and did not develop any episodeof rejection. These promising results need to beconfirmed by larger series and controlled comparisonwith classical enteric drainage.Arnaud De Roover, Olivier Detry,Carla Coimbra, Jean-Paul Squifflet,Pierre Honore´ and Michel MeurisseDepartment of Abdominal Surgeryand Transplantation,University of Liege,Liege, Belgium

Monopoly and Market Irregularities in Medieval Economic Thought: Traditions and Texts to A.D. 1500

In a study of pre-classical monopoly theory published in 1951, Raymond de Roo ver started by briefly examining the doctrines held by the medieval scholastics. His analysis met with favorable response and was confirmed and further developed by later historians. The most satisfactory statement may still be that of Barry Gordon in his monograph on early economics. The consensus of these scholars can be summarized as follows. Medieval authors looked askance at the attempts by the guilds to establish minimum prices. They recognized the expediency of government grants of monopoly and regulation of prices of certain commodities. They strongly condemned private monopolies established for personal gain, as well as collusion among sellers for that purpose, price discrimination, engrossing, forestalling, regrating, and other forms of speculation. The just price was the current, competitive market price, free of all irregularities of these kinds and free of fraud and duress. Gordon adds that the schoolmen also sometimes referred to labor and cost factors, rather than the market, as estimates of the just price. These estimates were not necessarily contradictive but mutually supportive. They applied when the market was not working smoothly and when there was no market in operation at the time and place of the sale. When an exchange is concluded in a competitive market under normal circumstances, the going price can hardly be said to be unjust. It may sometimes seem uncharitable. There will always be some who cannot afford to pay the competitive price. Poor relief in medieval society, however, was mainly a matter of almsgiving. Unlike commutative justice, charity is not a workable ethical norm in the marketplace.

MONOPOLY AND MARKET IRREGULARITIES IN MEDIEVAL ECONOMIC THOUGHT: TRADITIONS AND TEXTS TO A.D. 1500

In a study of pre-classical monopoly theory published in 1951, Raymond de Roo ver started by briefly examining the doctrines held by the medieval scholastics. His analysis met with favorable response and was confirmed and further developed by later historians. The most satisfactory statement may still be that of Barry Gordon in his monograph on early economics. The consensus of these scholars can be summarized as follows. Medieval authors looked askance at the attempts by the guilds to establish minimum prices. They recognized the expediency of government grants of monopoly and regulation of prices of certain commodities. They strongly condemned private monopolies established for personal gain, as well as collusion among sellers for that purpose, price discrimination, engrossing, forestalling, regrating, and other forms of speculation. The just price was the current, competitive market price, free of all irregularities of these kinds and free of fraud and duress. Gordon adds that the schoolmen also sometimes referred to labor and cost factors, rather than the market, as estimates of the just price. These estimates were not necessarily contradictive but mutually supportive. They applied when the market was not working smoothly and when there was no market in operation at the time and place of the sale. When an exchange is concluded in a competitive market under normal circumstances, the going price can hardly be said to be unjust. It may sometimes seem uncharitable. There will always be some who cannot afford to pay the competitive price. Poor relief in medieval society, however, was mainly a matter of almsgiving. Unlike commutative justice, charity is not a workable ethical norm in the marketplace.

Maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene: FTIR study of a model polymer grafted by ene-reaction

Ene-grafting of maleic anhydride on polypropylene previously enriched in double bonds by β-scission was promoted in order to obtain model grafted polypropylene. Ene-grafting was carried out in the presence of a radical-scavenger in order to limit at a minimum side-grafting and in presence of catalyst (SnCl2) in order to maximise the ene-grafting. Nevertheless, it does not lead to high grafting content.Ene-grafted PP confirms the single end-grafted succinic anhydride FTIR assignment at 1792cm−1 (CO symmetric stretching) while a disubstitution is also observed leading to a shift to a 1784cm−1 absorption band. This latter band was more generally assigned to interacting anhydride (CO) instead of an assignment to the particular polyanhydride species (as previously assigned by our team [De Roover B, Sclavons M, Carlier V, Devaux J, Legras R, Momtaz A. J Polym Sci, Part A: Polym Chem 1995;33:829. [14]]).

Terrorism without Intention

Previous articleNext article No AccessTerrorism without Intention*David RodinDavid Rodin Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Ethics Volume 114, Number 4July 2004Symposium on Terrorism, War, and Justice Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/383442 Views: 836Total views on this site Citations: 30Citations are reported from Crossref © 2004 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Alexander Bryan Patti Tamara Lenard: How Should Democracies Fight Terrorism?, Res Publica 27, no.44 (Mar 2021): 681–685.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11158-021-09504-5Nadine Elzein Deterrence and Self-Defence, The Monist 104, no.44 (Sep 2021): 526–539.https://doi.org/10.1093/monist/onab017Oinike N. Harefa From the reign of terror to the reign of peace: The role of state, religions and church in God’s mission amidst terror, Verbum et Ecclesia 42, no.11 (Aug 2021).https://doi.org/10.4102/ve.v42i1.2252Jessica Wolfendale Technology as Terrorism: Police Control Technologies and Drone Warfare, (Dec 2021): 1–22.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90221-6_1Gerald Lang , ( 2020): 1.https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444367072.wbiee929Rosemary Kellison Expanding Responsibility for the Just War, 18 (Nov 2018).https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108642798Connor Huff, Joshua D. Kertzer How the Public Defines Terrorism, American Journal of Political Science 62, no.11 (Sep 2017): 55–71.https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12329George M. Clifford Just counterterrorism, Critical Studies on Terrorism 10, no.11 (Nov 2016): 67–92.https://doi.org/10.1080/17539153.2016.1254369Jennifer Kling Who owes what to war refugees, Journal of Global Ethics 12, no.33 (Dec 2016): 327–346.https://doi.org/10.1080/17449626.2016.1248297Javier Hidalgo The case for the international governance of immigration, International Theory 8, no.11 (Dec 2015): 140–170.https://doi.org/10.1017/S1752971915000226Matthew Evans, Simone Schuller Representing “terrorism”, Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict 3, no.11 (Oct 2015): 128–150.https://doi.org/10.1075/jlac.3.1.06evaSteven P. Lee Human Rights and Drone “Warfare”, Peace Review 27, no.44 (Sep 2015): 432–439.https://doi.org/10.1080/10402659.2015.1094322Rosemary B. Kellison Impure Agency and the Just War, Journal of Religious Ethics 43, no.22 (Apr 2015): 317–341.https://doi.org/10.1111/jore.12099Adam Feltz, Edward T. Cokely The terror of ‘terrorists’: an investigation in experimental applied ethics, Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression 6, no.33 (Sep 2014): 195–211.https://doi.org/10.1080/19434472.2014.951380Anne Schwenkenbecher Collateral Damage and the Principle of Due Care, Journal of Military Ethics 13, no.11 (May 2014): 94–105.https://doi.org/10.1080/15027570.2014.910015Cheryl Abbate Assuming Risk: A Critical Analysis of a Soldier's Duty to Prevent Collateral Casualties, Journal of Military Ethics 13, no.11 (May 2014): 70–93.https://doi.org/10.1080/15027570.2014.910370Stephen N. Woodside Unintentional Terrorism? An Objection to David Rodin's ‘Terrorism without Intention’, Journal of Military Ethics 12, no.33 (Sep 2013): 252–262.https://doi.org/10.1080/15027570.2013.847537Jay Sloan‐Lynch Domestic Abuse as Terrorism, Hypatia 27, no.44 (Mar 2020): 774–790.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.2011.01250.xTimothy Shanahan Betraying a certain corruption of mind: how (and how not) to define ‘terrorism’, Critical Studies on Terrorism 3, no.22 (Aug 2010): 173–190.https://doi.org/10.1080/17539150903306139Talal Asad Thinking about terrorism and just war, Cambridge Review of International Affairs 23, no.11 (Dec 2009): 3–24.https://doi.org/10.1080/09557570902956580S.N. Balagangadhara, Jakob De Roover The Saint, the Criminal and the Terrorist: Towards a Hypothesis on Terrorism, Journal of Political Philosophy 18, no.11 (Mar 2010): 1–15.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9760.2009.00336.xShawn Kaplan Three prejudices against terrorism, Critical Studies on Terrorism 2, no.22 (Aug 2009): 181–199.https://doi.org/10.1080/17539150903010285Willem Schinkel On the concept of terrorism, Contemporary Political Theory 8, no.22 (May 2009): 176–198.https://doi.org/10.1057/cpt.2008.37Shawn Kaplan Three Prejudices Against Terrorism, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2009).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1462174Domenico Tosini Sociology of Terrorism and Counterterrorism: A Social Science Understanding of Terrorist Threat, Sociology Compass 1, no.22 (Sep 2007): 664–681.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9020.2007.00035.x by Lionel K. McPherson Is Terrorism Distinctively Wrong? McPherson, Ethics 117, no.33 (Jul 2015): 524–546.https://doi.org/10.1086/512781Noam J. Zohar Double Effect and Double Intention: A Collectivist Perspective, Israel Law Review 40, no.33 (Jul 2014): 730–742.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021223700013534Samuel Scheffler Is Terrorism Morally Distinctive?, Journal of Political Philosophy 14, no.11 (Mar 2006): 1–17.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9760.2006.00242.xSteven Lee Double effect, double intention, and asymmetric warfare, Journal of Military Ethics 3, no.33 (Nov 2004): 233–251.https://doi.org/10.1080/15027570410006183Karma Nabulsi, Stathis N. Kalyvas, Ian Shapiro, Tarek Masoud Traditions of justice in war: the modern debate in historical perspective, (): 120–138.https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511755903.007