De La Psychologie Research Articles

Henri Bremond and the Religious Experience in Context

Abstract This article focuses on some psychological aspects of Henri Bremond’s work, notably the development of a psychologie de la foi, the research into the sentiment réligieux and his reflections on the relation between what is traditionally called fides qua and fides quae. It is argued that in the center of the writings of Bremond, who is working in the context of the modernist movement and the rediscovery of the Catholic spiritual and mystical traditions in the modern era, one can detect a deep concern about the relation between religious (spiritual) experience and the official church teachings and institutions, and more specifically the relation between reflective thought and conscious reasoning on the one hand and ‘implicit’ spontaneous understanding and reasoning on the other hand. Also, in his writings one finds a fundamental discussion on the relation between mysticism and asceticism, and mysticism and poetry. Through the collection of material (mystics and their writings) and the elaboration of fundamental thematics, Bremond has become an important and also influential author. This article addresses this issue in particular in a short inquiry into the influence of Bremond on the work of Michel de Certeau.

La condition (post)coloniale entre marxisme et psychanalyse : l’apport d’Octave Mannoni

In this second part of our study dealing with encounters between the Marxist criticism of colonialism and the Freudian analysis of the colonial condition, the focus is here on the pioneering work of Octave Mannoni, Psychologie de la colonisation (1950), written during the great Malagasy revolt of 1947. In Mannoni’s book the colonial condition is for the very first time apprehended as an enduring, long-term phenomenon, and which, both for the Master and for the Slave, extends beyond the colonial era. Looking beyond the strong opposition voiced by Fanon to Mannoni’s hypothesis in Black Skin, White Masks (1952), the aim of the article is to highlight the complexity of the transferential relationship between Fanon et Mannoni. It was Mannoni’s book which, to some extent, authorised Fanon’s production of his own analysis of the colonial condition. And, in turn, it was Fanon’s prise de parole which made it possible for Mannoni to achieve a kind of catharsis, leaving the colonial world where he had spent almost thirty years of his life and choosing psychoanalysis as a new mission.

Promoting the use of science in psychology: A knowledge mobilization model for increasing evidence-based practice.

Decision makers in psychology are increasingly encouraged to know and apply the results of already-existing scholarly research. In a special issue of Canadian Psychology on the use of science in psychology (see Canadian Psychology, vol. 55, issue 3), Dozois et al. (2014) and Tasca, Grenon, Fortin-Langelier, and Chyurlia (2014) described some of the barriers to evidence-based practice centred on the divide between researchers and practitioners in clinical psychology. In order to address some of these barriers, we have developed a community- university partnership in which students are trained to conduct systematic scoping reviews. The scoping reviews provide practitioners with transparent, exhaustive, and nonprescriptive landscapes of existing research relevant to their topics of interest. The performance of the model to date is assessed and recommendations are made for future development.Keywords: evidence-based practice, community-based research, higher education, scoping reviewsResumeLes decideurs en psychologie sont de plus en plus encourages a connaitre et a appliquer les resultats actuels issus de recherches academiques. Dans une edition speciale de Canadian Psychology sur l'utilisation de la science en psychologie (voir Canadian Psychology, vol. 55, numero 3), Dozois et al. (2014) et Tasca, Grenon, Fortin-Langelier et Chyurlia (2014) decrivent certaines des barrieres a la pratique fondee sur les preuves axees sur le fosse existant entre les chercheurs et les praticiens du domaine de la psychologie clinique. Afin de s'attaquer a certaines de ces barrieres, nous avons mis sur pied un partenariat communautaire-universitaire dans lequel les etudiants sont formes pour realiser des examens d'etendue sur une base systematique. Les examens d'etendue fournissent aux praticiens un portrait transparent, exhaustif et non-normatif de la recherche existante selon leurs domaines d'interet. Lerendement de ce modele jusqu'a ce jour y est evalue et des recommandations sont formulees en vue d'une amelioration future.Mots-cles : pratique fondee sur les preuves, recherche communautaire, enseignement superieur, examens de l'etendue.Decision makers in psychology are increasingly encouraged to know and apply the results of already-existing scholarly research (Dozois, 2013). The hope is that evidence-based practice (EBP) will improve care and will save social and mental health services from administering inefficient and ineffective treatments (Sanders, 2010; Spring, 2007). The purpose of this commentary is to supplement some of the strategies relating to increased EBP that are articulated in the articles of Dozois et al. (2014) and Tasca, Grenon, Fortin-Langelier, and Chyurlia (2014) in a recent issue of Canadian Psychology on science in psychology (vol. 55, issue 3).Although EBP is not a new concept in clinical psychology, efforts have been made to understand barriers and to facilitate clinicians' access and use of research findings. The Canadian Psychological Association (CPA) Task Force defines the best available research evidence (Dozois et al., 2014) as that coming from peer-reviewed studies conducted with methods that achieve the highest internal validity. The Task Force wants to encourage practitioners to consider research findings when formulating treatment decisions but it recognizes that access to the findings may be challenging. In harmony with the concerns of the Task Force, Tasca et al. (2014) used the Theory of Planned Behaviour to uncover perceptions of clinicians that may thwart EBP. The results showed that clinicians tend to perceive a significant and functional gulf between those who create research findings and those who are expected to apply those findings. Taken together Dozois et al. (2014) and Tasca et al. (2014) illustrate a spectrum of barriers to EBP.In this commentary we present a knowledge mobilization process (Bloom, 2014) which may in part serve the aims proposed by Dozois et al. …

Where’s the science? Introduction to a special issue of Canadian Psychology on science in psychology.

The assertion that professional psychology is based on the science of psychology is embedded in the codes of ethics and standards for professional conduct of psychologists and in the accreditation criteria for professional training in psychology. However, this assertion has turned out to be far from straightforward, as indicated by the active debates in the field about the nature of psychological science, the scientific models and methods that should form the basis of psychology, the extent to which science should inform and has informed practice, and vice versa. In this introduction to a special issue of Canadian Psychology on science in psychology, we review some of these most recent debates and provide an overview of the contributions to the special issue that could serve as a springboard to developing options for ensuring the vitality of a science-based professional psychology.Keywords: science, evidence-based practice, clinical guidelines, research practice networks, supervisionResumeL'affirmation selon laquelle la psychologie professionnelle est basee sur la science de la psychologie est ancree dans les codes de deontologie et des normes de conduite professionnelle des psycho- logues ainsi que dans les criteres d'agrement de programmes de formation professionnelle en psychologie. Or, cette affirmation est loin d'etre simple, comme l'indiquent les debats animes dans le domaine concernant la nature de la science psychologique, les methodes et modeles scientifiques qui devraient etre a la base de la psychologie, la mesure dans laquelle la science devrait eclairer et a deja eclaire la pratique, et vice versa. Dans cette introduction a un numero special de la revue Canadian Psychology portant sur la la science de la psychologie, nous examinons certains de ces plus recents debats et offrons un apercu des contributions a ce numero special qui pourraient servir de tremplin pour elaborer des solu- tions permettant d'assurer la vitalite d'une psychologie professi- onnelle fondee sur la science.Mots-cles : science, pratique fondee sur les preuves, directives cliniques, reseaux de recherche et de pratique, supervision.Psychology was developed as a laboratory-based science, and professional psychology developed out of the science of psy- chology. The assertion that professional psychology is based on the science of psychology is embedded in our codes of ethics, standards for professional conduct, and professional training accreditation criteria (e.g., American Psychological Associa- tion, 2002, 2013; Association of State and Provincial Psychol- ogy Boards, 2005; Canadian Psychological Association, 2000, 2011; College of Psychologists of Ontario, 2009). In Canada and the United States, professional psychology was initially shaped by the nature of psychological knowledge and the psy- chological research enterprise (Dobson & Dobson, 1993; Routh, 1994). Landmark developments early in the history of professional psychology, including Alfred Binet's and David Wechsler's efforts to assess intellectual abilities, Mary Cover Jones' application of conditioning principles to treat phobic reactions, and Lightner Witmer's establishment of a clinic focused on the assessment and remediation of educational prob- lems, illustrate the manner in which science has informed the application of psychology.However, the assertion about the relation between the profession of psychology and the science of psychology has turned out to be far from straightforward. Although psychologists are likely to agree that practice should be based on science (e.g., see Ogrodniczuk, Piper, Joyce, Lau, & Sochting, 2010), there has been active debate about (a) the nature of psychological science, (b) which scientific models and methods should form the basis of the discipline (as well as the professional side of the discipline), (c) the optimal extent to which science can or should inform practice, and (d) how professional psychology should inform and influence the direction of the science of psychology. …

Forensic psychology in Canada a century after Münsterberg.

AbstractMunsterberg initially outlined the promise of psychology applied to the law in the first decade of the 20th century. This great psychologist gets at most a passing reference in textbooks (and an occasional slurred acknowledgment) yet his vision for applied psychology generally, and forensic psychology in particular, was accurate, forceful, and presented widely to the general population. The seed he planted was slow in germinating for forensic practitioners yet when it did emerge in the last quarter of the century, Canadian psychologists made disproportionate contributions to the science on which professional applications stood. To understand the development and future prospects for Canadian forensic psychologists requires a broad view of our teaching, research, and practice and the application of lessons from the genesis of our specialty.Keywords: Munsterberg, forensic psychology, state-of-the-artResumeMunsterberg a ete un pionnier de la psychologie appliquee qui a fait valoir ses possibilites dans le contexte du droit, au tout debut des annees 1900. C'est a peine si ce grand psychologue est mentionne dans les manuels scolaires (et ses travaux sont a l'occasion mentionnes en passant). Pourtant, sa vision de la psychologie appliquee et de la psychologie judiciaire en particulier s'est revelee juste et puissante, et a ete presentee a la population generale. Les graines qu'il a semees ont mis du temps a germer au sein du domaine medicolegal, mais lorsqu'elles ont pris de l'ampleur, dans les 25 dernieres annees du siecle, les psychologues canadiens ont grandement contribue a la science sur laquelle reposaient les applications professionnelles. Pour comprendre l'evolution et les perspectives d'avenir pour les psychologues judiciaires canadiens, il faut presenter un apercu elargi de l'enseignement, de la recherche, de la pratique et de l'application des lecons tirees de la genese de ce domaine specialise.Mots-cles : Munsterberg, Wigmore, psychologie judiciaire, recher- che, enseignement, formation.The genesis of forensic psychology is usually traced to Hugo whose eclectic interests in the second stage of his career led him to the forefront of many types of applied psychol- ogy (Hale, 1980; Munsterberg, 1922). Benjamin (2006, p. 421) notes that Munsterberg was a tireless spokesperson for the cause of applied psychology, telling anyone who would listen about the great potential in putting to use the mental facts that psychology had discovered yet he initially was an opponent to applied psy- chology-endorsing the views of his teacher, Wundt. is responsible for not only planting the seeds of forensic psychol- ogy, but also contributed to the beginnings of business psychology, clinical psychology, educational psychology, industrial psychol- ogy, and the psychology of cinema. Although he was the most widely recognised psychologist in the world in the first two de- cades of the 20th century-reaching an audience of millions with his articles in the popular press- his significant contributions did not receive much attention after his sudden death at age 53 from a cerebral aneurysm as he took to the lectern at Radcliffe College on the morning of Saturday, December 16, 1916. Looking back al- most a century after his death, it is easier to explain the posthu- mous neglect of his ideas due to his strong German partisanship leading up to the entry of the U.S. involvement in World War I (Moskowitz, 1977). What is harder to understand are several myths that have developed in mainstream forensic psychology textbooks about Munsterberg, suggesting that psychologists tend not to be the best historians- even of their own history. As just one example, Goldstein (2003), although acknowledging that is generally credited with founding the field of fo- rensic psychology, undercuts his importance by indicating that wrote relying on his own experience as an expert witness and although considered many legally rele- vant topics in his best-selling 269 page book On the Witness Stand (Munsterberg, 1908), it lacked any references. …

Some alligators in the room.

AbstractSignificant economic and interprofessional competitive challenges confront psychology's professional associations. In meeting these challenges effectively, it is argued that profession must first insure that it is not hampering itself from within its own structures by internal and external insularity, unadaptive training models producing an inadequate supply of comprehensively trained graduates, and noninclusive entry to practice standards. Advocacy goals to increase access to psychological services are critically examined, and inclusion in public health programs such as Medicare considered. It is also suggested that for advocacy for increased access to psychology to have tangible results, structural changes to psychology's training models, consistent with supply needs and entry to practice requirements, are urgently required. Professional associations, which are embodiment of our collective disciplinary consciousness, are appropriate place to debate structural foundation for psychology's future.Keywords: practice standards, access to services, training, future of psychology, professional identityResumeLes associations professionnelles de psychologues doivent relever d'importants defis sur le plan financier et de la concurrence interprofessionnelle. Pour relever avec succes ces defis, on fait valoir que la profession doit d'abord veiller a ce que ses propres structures ne lui nuisent pas, que ce soit par une insularite interne ou externe, des modeles de formation rigides menant a un nombre insuffisant de diplomes bien formes, ou des normes non inclusives pour l'exercice de la profession. Des objectifs en matiere de representation en vue d'ameliorer l'acces aux services psychologiques sont examines d'un oeil critique, de meme que leur inclusion dans des programmes de sante publique, tels que l'assurance-maladie. Il est de plus suggere que si l'on veut que les efforts de representation visant a accroitre l'acces aux services psychologiques menent a des resultats concrets, il faudrait, a tres court terme, changer les modeles de formation en psychologie, pour les adapter aux besoins en matiere de services et aux exigences relatives a l'exercice de la profession. Les associations professionnelles, symboles de la conscience collective du domaine, constituent une tribune appropriee ou discuter de la structure fondamentale de l'avenir de la psychologie.Mots-cles : normes de la pratique, acces aux services, formation, avenir de la psychologie, identite professionnelle.The John C. Service CPA Member of Year award recognizes service to profession of its John Service sym- bolizes to many of us a commitment to our (Veitch, 2012, p. 50). As I heard John Service say several years ago as then Canadian Psychological Association (CPA) Executive Director: the good ship CPA is built on volunteers. The CPA Board, committees, sections, task forces, directorates, accreditation panel, and so forth, are built on time of dedicated volunteers, a dedication fueled by a passion for psychology profession and discipline and what it has to offer. Last year's recipient of this award, Jennifer Veitch (2012), in a thoughtful article entitled Reflections on Service to CPA, noted that professional volun- teering is rewarding, and these personal rewards include influence, feelings of mastery, and belonging.I would also echo Jennifer Veitch's sentiment that it is an honour to be associated with past recipients. The list includes late Terry Hogan (awarded in 2001), which is especially gratifying for me as Terry was my graduate school Director of Training at University of Manitoba, and provided me with key guidance then and later. Another recipient is Pierre Berube (2010), Executive Director of Psychologists Association of Alberta, with whom I had pleasure of working in inaugural meetings of CPA Council of Practice Directorate in 2009, a body providing collaborative linkage between national and provincial associ- ations. …

Desire for control, perception of control: their impact on autonomous motivation and psychological adjustment

The purpose of the present research was to test the relevance of a theoretical framework based on the matches and the mismatches between desire for control and perception of control (Evans et al. in Br J Psychol 84(2):255–273, 1993), in order to predict autonomous motivation (Deci and Ryan in Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. Plenum, New York, 1985, 2012), depression, and anxiety (Bradley in Handbook of psychology and diabetes: A guide to psychological measurement in diabetes research and practice. Harwood Academic Press, Chur, 1994; Bruchon-Schweitzer in Psychologie de la Sante: Modeles, concepts et methodes. Dunod, Paris, 2002). Two prospective studies were run among undergraduate students. Results of Study 1 confirmed the relevance of Evans et al.’s (in Br J Psychol 84(2):255–273, 1993) theoretical framework. More specifically, four clusters reflecting different levels of desire for control and perception of control were found. Moreover, results revealed that profiles characterized by high scores on both desire for control and perception of control were more autonomously motivated than those characterized by the three other possible combinations. Results of Study 2 replicated those of Study 1 and showed that participants combining a low desire for control and a high perception of control were the less depressed, followed by participants with high scores on both measures. No significant effects were found for anxiety.

Occupational activity and cognitive reserve: implications in terms of prevention of cognitive aging and Alzheimer’s disease

This paper investigates the relationship between the concept of activity (including both professional and nonprofessional) and cognitive functioning among older European individuals. In this research, we used data collected during the first wave of SHARE (Survey on Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe), and a measurement approach known as stochastic frontier analysis, derived from the economic literature. SHARE includes a large population (n > 25,000) geographically distributed across Europe, and analyzes several dimensions simultaneously, including physical and mental health activity. The main advantages of stochastic frontier analysis are that it allows estimation of parametric function relating cognitive scores and driving factors at the boundary and disentangles frontier noise and distance to frontier components, as well as testing the effect of potential factors on these distances simultaneously. The analysis reveals that all activities are positively related to cognitive functioning in elderly people. Our results are discussed in terms of prevention of cognitive aging and Alzheimer’s disease, and regarding the potential impact that some retirement programs might have on cognitive functioning in individuals across Europe.

AD 5 The illusion of seeing

J Kevin O9Regan, Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Institut Paris Descartes de Neurosciences et Cognition, 45, rue des Saints Peres, 75270 Paris cedex 06, France. I am director of the Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, which specialises in human visual and auditory perception both in babies and adults. Thanks to my co-directors Jacqueline Fagard and Andrei Gorea, and also thanks to the team leaders and technical and administrative staff, we manage to effectively run our rather large lab: it has about 80 members, of which 25 are permanent researchers, 7 are technical and administrative personnel, plus about 45 doctoral and postdoctoral students and visitors. The lab occupies about 800 m 2 at the Institute of Neuroscience and Cognition of Paris Descartes University, at the Saints Peres Biomedical Center. The lab also has space at the Departement d9Etudes Cognitives of Ecole Normale Superieure. It is co-financed by the Centre National de Recherche Scientifique and Universite Paris Descartes. Change blindness is a much studied phenomenon in experimental psychology where under certain conditions an observer will not see a very large change that occurs in a scene, in an image or in a movie. Inattentional blindness is another phenomenon which is at the root of “looked but failed to see” traffic accidents, where for example a driver is looking directly at a motorcycle driving across his field of view, but still crashes into it. I shall provide demonstrations of these phenomena and show how they can be explained by assuming that our impression of a complete, rich, detailed outside visual world is actually in some sense an “illusion”, caused by the fact that any information we wish to obtain is immediately attainable through a flick of the eye or of attention. Developing this idea further has led me to a theory of visual consciousness, and indeed consciousness in general, that I have described in a recent book (“Why red doesn9t sound like a bell: Understanding the feel of consciousness”, OUP 2011).

Erratum to: Response trajectories reveal conflict phase in image—word mismatch

In the present study, response trajectories were used in a picture–word conflict task to determine the timing of intermediate processing stages that are relatively inaccessible to response time measures. A marker was placed above or below the word ABOVE or BELOW so that its location was congruent or in conflict with the word’s meaning. To report either word location (above or below the marker) or word meaning, participants moved a mouse upward toward the appropriate top left or right answer corner on the display screen. Their response trajectories showed a number of distinctive features: First, at about 200 ms after stimulus onset (the “decision moment”), the trajectory abruptly began to arc toward the appropriate answer corner; second, when the word's meaning and position were in conflict, the trajectory showed an interruption that continued until the conflict was resolved. By varying the SOA of the word and marker onsets, we found that the word meaning and word position became available at approximately 325 ms and 251 ms, respectively, after their onsets, and that the delay to resolve conflicts was about 138 ms. The timing of these response trajectory events was more stable than any extracted from the final response times, demonstrating the power of response trajectories to reveal processing stages that are only poorly resolved, if at all, by response time measures. The online version of the original article can be found at http://dx.doi.org/ 10.3758/s13414-011-0261-0. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.3758/s13414-012-0300-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. F. T. van Vugt : P. Cavanagh Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, CNRS UMR 8158, Universite Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite Paris, France F. T. van Vugt (*) IMMM HMTMH, Emmichplatz 1, Hannover, Germany e-mail: f.t.vanvugt@gmail.com Atten Percept Psychophys (2012) 74:1075 DOI 10.3758/s13414-012-0300-5

Distinct computations at perceptual, central and motor stages during perceptual choice

Event Abstract Back to Event Distinct computations at perceptual, central and motor stages during perceptual choice Christopher Summerfield1*, Valentin Wyart1, Vincent De Gardelle2 and Nicholas Myers1 1 University of Oxford, Department of Experimental Psychology, United Kingdom 2 Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception (CNRS UMR 8158) Université Paris Descartes, France Computational accounts of perceptual choice, such as the drift-diffusion model, propose that beliefs about the perceptual world are embodied in the preparatory signals that precede decision-appropriate motor responses. By contrast, cognitive scientists argue that decision-relevant evidence is encoded and weighted at a capacity-limited central stage, preceding response preparation. Here, we describe combined computational modelling and neuroimaging evidence supporting the latter view. Human observers judged whether a rapid stream of eight visual gratings was, on average, tilted closer to the cardinal or diagonal axes, during fMR imaging. We simulated task performance with a feedforward connectionist network in which information in distributed population codes flowed between perceptual, central and motor stages. Across samples (gratings), activity of central units mimicked that of neurons in the parietal cortex during evidence integration. However, aggregate changes in population activity occurring after each new sample of evidence allowed us to make predictions about BOLD activity at perceptual, central and motor stages. As expected, gross changes in simulated activity at perceptual and motor stages were associated with BOLD signals in the visual and motor cortices. However, updates to central activity (which also scaled with sample-by-sample changes to the posterior distribution estimated by a Bayesian learner performing the task) correlated with BOLD signals in the parietal, cingulate and insular cortices. This activity is not predicted by a diffusion process in which relative evidence in favour of two motor acts is accumulated. These data suggest that perceptual choices depend on distributed neural codes at distinct perceptual, central and motor stages. Keywords: Bayesian learning, Decision Theory, human fMRI Conference: Neural Coding, Decision-Making & Integration in Time, Rauischholzhausen, Germany, 26 Apr - 29 Apr, 2012. Presentation Type: Poster Presentation Topic: Neural Coding, Decision-Making & Integration in Time Citation: Summerfield C, Wyart V, De Gardelle V and Myers N (2012). Distinct computations at perceptual, central and motor stages during perceptual choice. Front. Neurosci. Conference Abstract: Neural Coding, Decision-Making & Integration in Time. doi: 10.3389/conf.fnins.2012.86.00018 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 12 Jan 2012; Published Online: 16 Jan 2012. * Correspondence: Dr. Christopher Summerfield, University of Oxford, Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford, United Kingdom, christopher.summerfield@psy.ox.ac.uk Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract Supplemental Data The Authors in Frontiers Christopher Summerfield Valentin Wyart Vincent De Gardelle Nicholas Myers Google Christopher Summerfield Valentin Wyart Vincent De Gardelle Nicholas Myers Google Scholar Christopher Summerfield Valentin Wyart Vincent De Gardelle Nicholas Myers PubMed Christopher Summerfield Valentin Wyart Vincent De Gardelle Nicholas Myers Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Optimal inference of sameness and difference

Event Abstract Back to Event Optimal inference of sameness and difference Christopher Summerfield1*, Vincent De Gardelle2, Sophie Avery1 and Steven Buckingham1 1 University of Oxford, Department of Experimental Psychology, United Kingdom 2 Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception (CNRS UMR 8158) Université Paris Descartes, France Cognitive scientists have long debated the mechanisms by which observers judge perceptual similarity and difference. One classic finding is that human observers are faster to judge two successively-occurring visual stimuli (reference and probe) to be the same than different, but slower to detect difference on only one dimension (e.g. colour) than two or more dimensions (e.g. colour and shape). This fast-same effect is counterintuitive, because visual similarity can only be verified by an exhaustive search over all relevant features or dimensions, predicting slower decision latencies for same than different responses. A further puzzle is that the effect is sensitive to whether the sameness is defined by a conjunctive or a disjunctive rule – the criterion effect. Researchers have struggled to provide a unified account of perceptual comparison that can accommodate these two phenomena. Here, we show that an ideal observer model in which stimulus features are processed simultaneously can account for both effects. The model predicts decision latencies for humans making both conjunctive and disjunctive perceptual comparison judgments about visual stimuli with both discrete and continuously-varying feature information. The model has a single free parameter, encoding an observer’s prior belief that recently occurring perceptual events will be repeated in the near future. These findings contribute to a growing literature arguing that the human visual system performs perceptual inference in a statistically optimal fashion. Keywords: Bayesian decision theory, ideal observer models, Visual psychophysics Conference: Neural Coding, Decision-Making & Integration in Time, Rauischholzhausen, Germany, 26 Apr - 29 Apr, 2012. Presentation Type: Poster Presentation Topic: Neural Coding, Decision-Making & Integration in Time Citation: Summerfield C, De Gardelle V, Avery S and Buckingham S (2012). Optimal inference of sameness and difference. Front. Neurosci. Conference Abstract: Neural Coding, Decision-Making & Integration in Time. doi: 10.3389/conf.fnins.2012.86.00017 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 12 Jan 2012; Published Online: 16 Jan 2012. * Correspondence: Dr. Christopher Summerfield, University of Oxford, Department of Experimental Psychology, Oxford, United Kingdom, christopher.summerfield@psy.ox.ac.uk Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract Supplemental Data The Authors in Frontiers Christopher Summerfield Vincent De Gardelle Sophie Avery Steven Buckingham Google Christopher Summerfield Vincent De Gardelle Sophie Avery Steven Buckingham Google Scholar Christopher Summerfield Vincent De Gardelle Sophie Avery Steven Buckingham PubMed Christopher Summerfield Vincent De Gardelle Sophie Avery Steven Buckingham Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

Measuring speed of moving textures: Different pooling of motion information for human ocular following and perception

Event Abstract Back to Event Measuring speed of moving textures: Different pooling of motion information for human ocular following and perception Claudio Simoncini1*, Laurent U. Perrinet2, Anna Montagnini2, Pascal Mamassian3 and Guillaume Masson2 1 Institut de neuroscience de la Timone, CNRS, France 2 Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives de la Méditerranée (INCM) CNRS, France 3 Université Paris Descartes, Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception (CNRS UMR 8158), France To measure speed and direction of moving objects, the cortical motion system pools information across different spatiotemporal channels. One yet unsolved question is to understand how the brain pools this information and whether this pooling is generic or adaptive at the behavioral contexts. Here, we investigate in humans this integration process for two different tasks: psychophysical speed discrimination and ocular following eye movements, which are a probe of early motion detection and integration (Masson & Perrinet, 2011). For both tasks, we used short presentations of “moving textures” stimuli (Schrater et al., 2000) in which the width of the spatial frequency distribution (Bsf) was varied. We found that larger Bsf elicited stronger initial eye velocity during the open-loop part of tracking responses. Moreover, richer stimuli resulted in more accurate and reliable motor responses. By contrast, larger Bsf had a detrimental effect upon speed discrimination performance: speed discrimination thresholds linearly decreased when the width of spatial frequency distribution increased. These opposite results can be explained by a different decoding strategy where speed information is under the control of different gain setting mechanisms. We tested this model by measuring contrast response functions of both ocular following and speed discrimination for each Bsf. We found that varying spatial frequency distribution had opposite effect upon contrast gain control. Increasing Bsf lowered half-saturation contrast for ocular following but increased it for perception. Our results supports the view that speed-based perception and tracking eye movements are under the control of different early decoding mechanism. References Masson, G.S. & Perrinet, L.U. The behavioural receptive field underlying motion integration for primate tracking eye movements. Neurosci. BioBehav. Review 36, 1-25 (2011). Schrater, P.R., Knill, D.C. & Simoncelli, E.P. Mechanism of visual motion detection. Nat. Neurosci. 3, 64-68 (2000). Keywords: Eye Movements, Motion Perception, Psychophysics Conference: Neural Coding, Decision-Making & Integration in Time, Rauischholzhausen, Germany, 26 Apr - 29 Apr, 2012. Presentation Type: Poster Presentation Topic: Neural Coding, Decision-Making & Integration in Time Citation: Simoncini C, Perrinet LU, Montagnini A, Mamassian P and Masson G (2012). Measuring speed of moving textures: Different pooling of motion information for human ocular following and perception. Front. Neurosci. Conference Abstract: Neural Coding, Decision-Making & Integration in Time. doi: 10.3389/conf.fnins.2012.86.00016 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 12 Jan 2012; Published Online: 16 Jan 2012. * Correspondence: Mr. Claudio Simoncini, Institut de neuroscience de la Timone, CNRS, Marseille, France, claudio.simoncini@gmail.com Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Claudio Simoncini Laurent U Perrinet Anna Montagnini Pascal Mamassian Guillaume Masson Google Claudio Simoncini Laurent U Perrinet Anna Montagnini Pascal Mamassian Guillaume Masson Google Scholar Claudio Simoncini Laurent U Perrinet Anna Montagnini Pascal Mamassian Guillaume Masson PubMed Claudio Simoncini Laurent U Perrinet Anna Montagnini Pascal Mamassian Guillaume Masson Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

New technology, old issues: Demonstrating the relevance of the Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists to the ever-sharper cutting edge of technology.

New technology brings with it new opportunities for the practice of our profession. However, this technology is also a double-edged sword in that it can also cause problems for our profession and those we serve. The Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists (3rd edition) provides a foundation for approaching the that can arise in its use. It is argued that psychologists need not wait for specific rules and guidelines regarding the ethical use of new technologies; rather, psychologists can utilize the Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists immediately to address many of the involved. There is a wide range of areas in which ethical can arise. The focus in this paper is on three specific examples (online personal information accessibility, web-based advertising, and electronic data storage). These examples illustrate both the ethical involved and demonstrate the potential for how the Code can be used to think through and manage or resolve the issues. After a discussion of the three examples, the ongoing relevance of the Code to meeting the ethical challenges of continuously evolving technologies is discussed. Keywords: advertising, electronic data storage, ethics, internet, social networks Resume La nouvelle technologie cree de nouvelles occasions dans l'exercice de la psychologie. Toutefois, ces occasions peuvent etre a double tranchant et susciter des difficultes aux psychologues et a leurs clients. Le Code canathen de deontologie professionnelle des psychologues (3e edition) constitue un outil pour traiter les situations problematiques qui peuvent survenir. Il est argue que les psychologues n'ont pas besoin d'attendre l'etablissement de regles et de lignes directrices precises au sujet de l'usage ethique des nouvelles technologies. En effet, ils peuvent se servir du Code canathen de deontologie de leur profession pour resoudre nombre des questions qui surviennent. Nombreux sont les domaines ou peuvent surgir des questions ethiques. Le present article porte sur trois exemples precis : l'acces aux renseignements personnels en ligne, la publicite sur le Web et la conservation des donnees electroniques. Ces exemples illustrent a la fois les questions ethiques en jeu ainsi que la facon dont le Code peut etre utilise pour analyser et gerer, voire resoudre les situations. Apres avoir examine les trois exemples, on discute de la pertinence du Code pour resoudre les questions ethiques que suscitent les technologies qui ne cessent d'evoluer. Mots-cles : publicite, conservation des donnees electroniques, ethique, Internet, reseaux sociaux. Continuous advances in electronic and computer technology present new opportunities and ethical challenges for psychologists (Fisher, 2009; p. 76). There is a story, possibly apocryphal, from decades ago that relates to the problems inherent with the use of cutting-edge technology and illustrates its opportunities and challenges. At the time the story takes place, fax machines were using very special, and expensive, thermal fax paper. It would be a few years until manufacturers started to sell plain-paper fax machines. In this story, a hospital received a telephone call from a local pizza shop. This pizza shop had recently purchased a brand new fax machine and had been advertising how one could just fax in an order and it would be delivered. They were using this new technology to provide cutting edge service delivery to their pizza clients. In the call to the hospital, the pizza shop manager was very upset. The hospital was using vast amounts of the pizza shop's expensive thermal fax paper through the inadvertent faxing of a large client file to the pizza shop. Apparently, the pizza shop's new fax number was only one digit off from another hospital's fax number where the first hospital had been trying to fax the client file. The manager demanded the hospital stop wasting the pizza shop's expensive thermal fax paper. It is broadly recognised that Novel or emerging technologies will continually create new ethical issues (Koocher & KeithSpiegel, 2008; p. …

The detection of MEG signals from deep sources by a SQUID system for spinal cord evoked field

Event Abstract Back to Event The detection of MEG signals from deep sources by a SQUID system for spinal cord evoked field Yoshiaki Adachi1*, Susumu Fujii2, Shigenori Kawabata3, Alain De Cheveigne4 and Hisashi Kado5 1 Kanazawa Institute of Technology, Japan 2 Tokyo Metropolitan University, Department of System Design, Japan 3 Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Section of Orthopedic and Spinal Surgery, Japan 4 CNRS and Universite Paris Descartes, Laboratorie de Psychologie de la Perception, France 5 Kanazawa Institute of Technology, Applied Electronics Laboratory, Japan The MEG signals from deep sources such as the brainstem are quite weak because of the intensity decay by distance. To detect them, we must average a huge number of responses to improve the S/N ratio. The measurement inevitably requires a long time. We applied a biomagnetometer system developed recently for the spinal cord evoked magnetic field (SCEF) measurement to the detection of the magnetic field generated by deep sources in the brain. The measurement system is equipped with an array of 40 SQUID vector gradiometers with a long baseline length of 68 mm. Its cryostat has a cool-to-warm separation of less than 7 mm. The white noise level of the SQUID sensor is typically less than 3 fT/rtHz. These features were originally aimed at detecting the SCEF from deep in the cervix, but they are also an advantage for targeting the brain deep sources. Brainstem response measurements were performed on two subjects without hearing problems. The MEG signals synchronized with repetitive auditory stimulation of click sounds were recorded. The sounds were generated by Eartone 3A transducer and guided to the subjects' left ear through a 1.75-m plastic tube. The repetition rate was 9.52 Hz and the sound intensity was 70 or 75 dBSL. The observation area was positioned over the right lateral-occipital area of each subject. All signals were digitally recorded with an analog band-pass filter of 100 - 5000 Hz. After digitization, 8000 responses were averaged to improve the S/N ratio. A magnetic field component around 5 ms after the actual stimulus onset was clearly observed from both subjects. Its distribution was widely spread over the observation area of 90 mm x 140 mm and its peak amplitude was about 5 - 7 fT. Based on the peak latency, this component corresponds to the wave V of an auditory brainstem response (ABR). After noise reduction using synthesized spatial filters, earlier ABR waves were also observed. Conference: Biomag 2010 - 17th International Conference on Biomagnetism , Dubrovnik, Croatia, 28 Mar - 1 Apr, 2010. Presentation Type: Poster Presentation Topic: Instrumentation and Multi-modal Integrations: MEG, Low-field MRI,EEG, fMRI,TMS,NIRS Citation: Adachi Y, Fujii S, Kawabata S, De Cheveigne A and Kado H (2010). The detection of MEG signals from deep sources by a SQUID system for spinal cord evoked field. Front. Neurosci. Conference Abstract: Biomag 2010 - 17th International Conference on Biomagnetism . doi: 10.3389/conf.fnins.2010.06.00422 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 09 Apr 2010; Published Online: 09 Apr 2010. * Correspondence: Yoshiaki Adachi, Kanazawa Institute of Technology, Kanazawa, Japan, adachi@ael.kanazawa-it.ac.jp Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers Yoshiaki Adachi Susumu Fujii Shigenori Kawabata Alain De Cheveigne Hisashi Kado Google Yoshiaki Adachi Susumu Fujii Shigenori Kawabata Alain De Cheveigne Hisashi Kado Google Scholar Yoshiaki Adachi Susumu Fujii Shigenori Kawabata Alain De Cheveigne Hisashi Kado PubMed Yoshiaki Adachi Susumu Fujii Shigenori Kawabata Alain De Cheveigne Hisashi Kado Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

L’entrée en maison de retraite: Étude de l’adaptation spatio-territoriale des résidents

Getting in a retirement home is often a violent transition for an elderly person as they have to be bereaved of a familiar home to fit in and adapt to a new environment which, too often, has not been chosen by them. This goes with a spatio disappropriation–reappropriation process (Low et Altman, 1992) which may be considered as a sign for adaptation to the premises [Rioux, L., 2004. Les stratégies adaptatives mises en œuvre par les personnes âgées vivant dans leur logement, premiers entretiens de la psychologie, Fédération Française des Psychologues et de Psychologie, Paris, 25 mai 2004]. The research presented in this article is split into three complementary studies: evidence of a double spatial and territorial appropriation process implemented by people getting in a retirement home is brought to the fore, development of a tool which assesses their spatioterritorial adaptation to the new space of living, verification of the relevance of this tool on the applied field. The results are discussed and, even if further research is still needed, they enable us to consider a use by the medical and management staff of this tool assessing the adaptation of the elderly person to their retirement home.

Road-tunnel fires: Risk perception and management strategies among users

The present study was aimed at investigating road users’ perceptions and behaviors in case of a fire in a tunnel. It is grounded on the idea that in order to effectively prevent accidents and fires in tunnels, it may be useful to take tunnel users’ beliefs, representations, and coping strategies into account [Kouabenan, D.R., 1998. Beliefs and the perception of risks and accidents. Risk Analysis, an International Journal 18, 243–252; Kouabenan, D.R., 2001. Management de la sécurité: rôle des croyances et des perceptions. In : Lévy-Léboyer, C., Huteau, M., Louche, C., Rolland, J.P. (Eds.), RH: Les apports de la psychologie du travail. Les Editions d’Organisation, Paris, pp. 453–474; Kouabenan, D.R., Cadet, B., 2005. Risk evaluation and accident analysis. Advances in Psychology Research 36, 61–80; Kouabenan, D.R., Dubois, M., Scarnato, F., De Gaudemaris, R., Mallaret, M.R., 2007. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Risk Perception by Healthcare Personnel in a Public Hospital. Social Behavior and Personality, 35, 1] One hundred and fifty-one road users (firemen, truck drivers, regular drivers, and driving-school students) filled out a questionnaire measuring their perceptions of risks and control in road tunnels, their awareness of safety and rescue devices, their level of anxiety, and their behavioral intentions in the event of a fire in a road tunnel. The results indicated a relationship between fire-risk perception, awareness of rescue and safety devices, and road-tunnel experience; a tendency toward comparative optimism (CO); an effect of perceived control on optimism; and a relationship between CO and awareness of safety devices. A significant interaction was found between tunnel users’ anxiety level and their perceived control over the situation. The evacuation behaviors and coping strategies reported by the participants were far from reflecting the expected behaviors. Recommendations for a long-term prevention policy bearing jointly on beliefs, behaviors, improved information and warning systems are suggested.

Validation d’un questionnaire de locus de contrôle spécifique à la blessure sportive

In the area of health psychology, locus of control (LOC) [Psychol Monogr 80 (1966) 1-28] has consistently been considered as a dimension of personality which may entail many potential benefits for the individual.Originally, the LOC by Rotter [Psychol Monogr 80 (1966) 1-28] is a unidimensional concept. He defines: on one hand individuals with an internal LOC who establish a link between their behavior and the reinforcement obtained, and on the other hand, individuals with an external LOC who do not establish any link between their behavior and the reinforcement obtained. However, since Rotter, other authors like Levenson [Distinctions within the concept of internal-external control: development of a new scale. In: Proceedings of the 80th annual convention of the American psychological association. 1972. p. 261-2] have claimed a multidimensional concept with three factors: the internal (I), powerful other (P), and chance (C). The MHLCS was constructed with three factors, according to Levenson's model. Numerous scales have been designed in order to assess health-related LOC. The most widely used is the MHLCS [Health Educ Monogr 6 (1978) 160-170]. According to Lecocq [La réhabilitation après la blessure. In: Manuel de psychologie du sport : l'intervention auprès du sportif. Paris: Revue EPS; 2003. p. 377-402], such a multidimensional view would allow in-depth examinations of sport injuries. Indeed, from a theoretical perspective, sport participants with high LOC ratings are assumed to suffer less frequent injuries than those scoring low on this dimension.The purpose of the present paper is to present an adapted version of the MHLCS in French language. For Bruchon-Schweitzer [Bruchon-Schweitzer M, Dantzer R. Introduction à la psychologie de la santé. Paris: Presses universitaires de France; 1994], the three factors (I, P, and C) are independent or a little intercorrelated. Therefore, two models of sport injury LOC scale have been studied: the first with three independent factors and the second with three dependent factors.Two hundred and sixty sports science students (170 boys and 90 girls) aged 20-26 years (S.D.=1.25 years) filled in the scale on site. We then ran a confirmatory factorial analysis (CFA) using the LISREL 8.30 software.The CFA results on both models are satisfying. However, the Chi square difference observed between the two models (chi(2)=32, ddl=3) clearly shows that the second model is more satisfying. Indeed, there seems to be a positive correlation between I and P, and a negative correlation between I and C. The second correlation result confirms Rotter's theory. A possible explanation of the first correlation would be that putting your health in the hands of medical staff is like having an indirect control over it. However, the variance percentage analysis on each item shows acceptable results for all items but four. This could be explained by the fact that Items 1 and 9 refer to healing after injury whereas the other items refer to the start of the injury. To conclude, it appears that this scale is generally satisfying, and can be a useful tool for research on the LOC and its influence on sports injuries.

La révision de texte : L'approche de la psychologie Cognitive

Laurent HEURLEY: La révision de texte: l’approche de la psychologie cognitive: During the past 25 years many studies have been done on text revision in cognitive psychology. However, one must aknowledge that revision is still an ill-defined concept. Revision definitions are rarely expressed in operational terms and differ from one researcher to another. This paper aims at clarifying what we mean by text revision by reviewing the main definitions available in cognitive psychology, the methods that are used to analyse text revision and the different subprocesses of the revision process that researchers have identified.

We must do a better job of cumulating knowledge.

CPA Award for Distinguished Contributions in the Application of Psychology, 2001 Prix de la SCP pour contributions remarquables a l'application de la psychologie Abstract It is argued that our attempts at knowledge cumulation have been flawed in four ways. They are the eroding of empiricism in clinical practice, the tendency towards paradigm passion and ethnocentricism, the failure to attend to simple measures of effect size, and the misuse of significance testing. It is recommended that speciality designations, the replacement of significance testing with point estimates and confidence intervals, the use of practical effect size statistics, the establishment of data repositories, and a renewed focus on replication would help resolve some of these problems. On occasions such as this, it is usually the case, and quite appropriate I might add, that those so honoured summarize their research accomplishments. I am going to resist doing that, however, because the confidence interval about my point estimate worth as a scientist is embarrassingly wide. As testament to this realization (Gendreau, 2000), I remember making what I thought were trenchant criticisms of the then-fashionable addiction prone theory (circa 1960s) only to realize later that I had used the same fallacious logic in presenting my case as I had previously accused my opponents of doing. This was followed by my generating a recidivism index for Canada that was upside down and then, when I became a clinical administrator in corrections, I took over a successful token economy and introduced 300% inflation in two weeks. Of course, being a psychologist, none of the above had any negative consequences for either my citation index or career in general. Rather, what I wish to address is an issue that I am confident I am correct about because, for one good reason, none of the ideas originated with me. In my view, we must do a better job of cumulating knowledge in order to generate helpful policies for people in need. I suggest that this is best done by: (1) reaffirming the scientist-practitioner model; (2) avoiding paradigm passion and ethnocentrism; (3) reporting statistics suited to knowledge cumulation; and (4) most importantly, giving significance testing a delay of game penalty. To illustrate, I will draw upon examples from my own field of study. Four Antidotes for Bad Knowledge Cumulation COULD WE HAVE A LITTLE MORE SCIENCE IN OUR CLINICAL PRACTICE? I am on shaky ground when grousing about the sad state of affairs regarding the decline of the scientist-- practitioner model as I have no hard data. In asserting this claim, I am influenced by occasional protestations penned by senior citizen psychologists of my generation and rumours about cadres of clinical graduate students enchanted by the siren call of grounded theory and the bizarre belief in the law of small numbers (cf. Potter & Wetherell, 1987) wherein unstructured interviews with 10 souls provides sufficient data to generalize the conclusions to all and sundry. I have also been periodically informed by some clinicians that it is not their responsibility to generate knowledge that informs their practice. Having supervised clinicians for a number of years, and been one myself, I am somewhat empathetic with that position given the nature of their jobs. If clinicians, however, carry this position to its logical extension and disclaim all responsibility in this regard, I fear the next step will be not even bothering to keep up with their relevant literatures. The substance of my case rests on two examples: the continued use of the MMPI in corrections and the generally poor quality of correctional programming. One would think that 50 years of MMPI administration (is there an offender anywhere in North America who has not had to complete one?) would have generated hundreds of predictive validities in the literature attesting to the utility of the measure, particularly the Pd scale, which is the granddaddy measure for assessing offenders' criminal propensity. …