De Bougainville Research Articles

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS AND PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF BOUGAINVILLEA LEAVES: A REVIEW

The genus Bougainvillea is a very widespread group throughout the world. It belongs to the family Nyctaginaceae and contains approximately 18 species i.e., B. berberidifolia, B. buttiana, B. campanulata, B. glabra, B. herzogiana, B. infesta, B. lehmanniana, B. lehmannii, B. malmeana, B. modesta, B. pachyphylla, B. peruviana, B. pomacea, B. praecox, B. spectabilis, B. spinosa, B. stipitata, and B. trollii. The genus Bougainvillea is endemic to South America and was firstly reported in Brazil in 1778 before being introduced to Europe, by French military commander Louis Antoine de Bougainville. They are bushes spread in vines or small trees. They also possess stems with internodes and with straight or slightly curved thorns. The leaves are petiolate, elliptical, or wider towards the base. The bracts and flowers are presented in different colours, depending on the species, cultivars, or hybrid. It is a rich source of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons, Fatty Acids and Fatty Alcohols, volatile compounds, phenolic compound, Peltogynoids and Flavonoids, Phytosterols, Terpenes, and Carbohydrates, Betalains etc. In conclusion, the leaves of Bougainvillea glabra are reported to have anti- inflammatory activities, anti-hyperglycaemic activity, insecticidal activity, anti hyperglycemic activity anti-ulcer, antimicrobial and anti-diarrheal activity and its antiviral proteins.

Fear and Betrayal: Smallpox and the Turning Point of the French and Indian War

Fear and BetrayalSmallpox and the Turning Point of the French and Indian War John Booss (bio) The Indians fear nothing so much as this disease …. —Louis Antoine de Bougainville, Adventures in the Wilderness It is in the nature of great events, as Francis Parkman has said, to obscure the great events that came before them.1 The American Revolution has greatly eclipsed the French and Indian War in the popular imagination and in scholarly attention; yet, it has been called "The War That Made America."2 In this article, I examine the French and Indian War in which the two great colonizing powers, France and England, grappled for control of the North American continent.3 For Indigenous peoples, the conflict threatened their lands, their way [End Page 246] of life, and their very existence. In 1758 the Moravian minister Christian Post was told by Delaware Indian leaders that "you and the French contrived the war, to waste the Indians between you; and that you and the French intend to divide the land between you."4 The focus here is on the role of an outbreak of smallpox in the turning of the tide, or in marking the turning point from French and Indian victories to English dominance and ultimate triumph. I examine a smallpox outbreak among the Native allies of the French between August 1757 and the start of 1758. As suggested by my use of "turning point," the war can be split into two periods: the first, in which the French and their Indian allies predominated, from 1754 to 1757; and the second, in which the British predominated and ultimately prevailed, from 1758 to 1760. A major cause of the turn of the tide was the infection by smallpox of Indians from the upper Great Lakes region (Pays d'en Haut) following the siege of Fort William Henry on Lake George in August 1757. The infection was carried by the Indians back to their home villages and caused a massive outbreak and, subsequently, devastating mortality. The consequent refusal of the Indians of the Pays d'en Haut to join the French in their campaign of 1758 ensued. The role of smallpox in the participation by Amerindian allies of the French has been studied by D. Peter MacLeod.5 He examined reports of the annual number of Indians serving with the French and determined that smallpox was critical to decisions about whether the Indians would participate in the annual campaigns. He noted that the fluctuations of the numbers of Indian warriors were "of limited significance to the outcome of the war." His concern was the "political independence and freedom of action of the Indians."6 I examine the refusal of the Indians from the Pays d'en Haut to participate in the campaign of 1758 as a consequence of the smallpox epidemic in their villages, which had resulted from exposure during the campaign for Fort William Henry in 1757. Modifying MacLeod's conclusion, I contend that their refusal, subsequent to the outbreak of smallpox, was a critical component in the turning point of the war. The explicit connection between smallpox brought from the campaign for Fort William Henry and the turning point of the war does not appear to have been previously developed in detail. In contrast to the highly focused role of a smallpox outbreak in the French and Indian War, historians have recorded the massive effects of smallpox on other conflicts in the New [End Page 247] World. Smallpox epidemics played a major role in bringing down the Aztec and Inca cultures in Mexico and Peru, respectively.7 The role of smallpox in the defeat of the Aztec empire by the Spaniards and Indigenous allies in 1519–21 at Tenochtitlan was so dramatic that William H. McNeil began his epochal book Plagues and Peoples with that "extraordinary story."8 He later stated, "Clearly if smallpox had not come when it did, the Spanish victory could not have been achieved in Mexico."9 Alfred W. Crosby opened his 1967 paper titled "Conquistador y Pestilencia: The First New World Pandemic and the Fall of the Great Indian Empires" with the assertion, "The most sensational military conflicts in all history...

(2826) Proposal to conserve the name Bougainvillea spectabilis against B. brasiliensis (Nyctaginaceae)

(2826) Proposal to conserve the name <scp><i>Bougainvillea spectabilis</i></scp> against <scp><i>B. brasiliensis</i></scp> (<i>Nyctaginaceae</i>)

Articulating women's bodies: Montesquieu, Diderot, and the imperial and settler-colonial politics of gender and sexuality

ABSTRACT In this essay I develop a feminist anti-colonial critique by reading two eighteenth-century literary texts that discuss Middle Eastern and Indigenous gender and sexual practices at length: Montesquieu's Lettres Persanes (1721) and Diderot's Supplément au Voyage de Bougainville (1772). While Montesquieu and Diderot are often heralded as anti-imperial European Enlightenment thinkers, the specific ways in which Montesquieu and Diderot use gender and non-European women's bodies to construct their political-theoretical arguments show us two distinct colonial logics, one imperial and the other settler-colonial. I show that whereas Montesquieu uses Persian and Muslim sexual and gender practices to put forward an imperial vision premised on the superiority of French political order over a despotic ‘oriental’ order, Diderot uses Indigenous sexual practices to denote a settler-colonial logic premised on the erasure of conquest and pacification of Indigenous women's bodies. In doing so I build on existing feminist and post/anti-colonial scholarship to develop gender and sexuality as central analytics of imperial and settler-colonial politics.

Rounding Cape Horn in 1826 and 1836: The personal accounts of two French explorers

This is the first English translation of the day-by-day accounts of French explorers Hyacinthe de Bougainville and Auguste Vaillant who rounded Cape Horn in 1826 and 1836 respectively, but in different directions and seasons. Bougainville took what is usually considered to be the easier route and season, sailing from Valparaiso to Rio in summer. Vaillant sailed against the elements from Rio to Valparaiso in winter. Both explorers present details of their experiences and indicate the time they took to complete their journey.

Enjeux du dialogue et écriture polyphonique dans le “Supplément au Voyage de Bougainville”

Written in 1772 and first presented to the public in 1796, Diderot’s Supplément au Voyage de Bougainville occupies a prominent place in the history of primitivism. Our study aims to show how, in this work, the processes of creation – embedded narratives, speeches and the polyphonic structure of the text – set up an ontological mechanism including an image of the “Other” and the “Self” which deserves to be analysed. Far from being resolved, the opposition between these two poles draws a divided subject which is made in language and manifests itself in and through a complex network of voices whose functioning is neither identical nor even complementary. It is by this movement, made up of aporias and paradoxes, that dialogical practice acquires in Diderot its full originality, becoming both a method of interpretation and the product of this interpretation.

Going Ashore in the Anambas Islands: Accounts by Hyacinthe de Bougainville and Cyrille Laplace in 1825 and 1831

The Anambas Islands are a small archipelago consisting of six islands located around 150 miles east of the city of Pekan on the east coast of the Malay Peninsula at roughly the same latitude as Kuala Lumpur. Today they constitute the Anambas Regency (Kabupaten Kepulauan Anambas), part of the Indonesian province of Kepulauan Riau. These accounts describe visits by French ships in the mid-1920s and in 1830, when the British settlement in Singapore was new and there was no Dutch presence. Residents of the islands traded with Johor and clearly were aware of European activity in the region. In an indication of political sensitivity, Bougainville covered the names of his ships and flew no flag.

Malacca in 1824: The Eye-witness Account of Captain Hyacinthe de Bougainville

During his circumnavigation of the globe in 1824–1826, French Captain Hyacinthe de Bougainville visited Malacca in 1824. In his official journal of the voyage, translated here for the first time, he describes the town of Malacca and discusses the transfer of Malacca from the Dutch to the English, the decline in Malacca’s trade following the establishment of a British settlement at Singapore, and English dominance of the Malacca Strait.

Rape in Paradise: Naturalizing Sexual Violence in Diderot's Tahitian Reverie

This study explores the toleration of heterosexual rape in the Tahitian culture imagined by Denis Diderot in his Supplement au Voyage de Bougainville (1772) to argue that Diderotian gender relations are best understood in the context of a scientific discourse concerning how the human species came to exist in such cultural variety across the globe. This complex set of embedded dialogues contains the most telling theoretical development of Diderotian sexual politics, a stance that combines solidarity with and deep frustration toward an oppressed Other.

Bougainvillea: A Long Journey from Rio to Lucknow

Bougainvillea, native of South American sub-tropics, was first collected by Commerson, a French Botanist, from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, who named it after Louis Antoine de Bougainville, the French navigator with whom he went on voyage around the world during 1766=1769. From its native sub-tropical regions, bougainvilleas were introduced to temperate regions of European countries, where these were grown in the glasshouse. The history of domestication of bougainvillea is 250 years old and in this period there have been many landmark in the bougainvillea cultivation. In India, Bougainvillea spectabilis was first introduced in Kolkata in 1860 from Europe and the improvement work on bougainvillea started in early 20th century, with the introduction of a few cultivars by the Agri-Horticultural Societies, Kolkata and Chennai. But it achieved its popularity in 1920 with the introduction of the cultivar ‘Mrs. Butt’ in Kolkata from Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England. Out of 10 species, only B. glabra Choisy, B. spectabilis Willdenow, B. peruviana Humboldt and Bonpland and a natural hybrid B. x buttiana Holttum and Standley, are of horticultural importance. Today, a large number of Bougainvillea cultivars (500 cvs.) are available from three to multibracted ones in various colour and shades to variegated foliage as aresult of natural selection and breeding. 50% of the Bougainvillea cultivars have been evolved in our country. India has been recognized as the International Registration Authority for Bougainvilleas. The Botanic Garden of CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow has rich germplasm collection of Bougainvillea (200 species/cvs) and serves as the reference centre.

Zero Suffix as a Formant in Two-Theme Adjectives

Denis Diderot (1713–1784) didn’t write a political treatise and he hardly systematically presented his political ideas, but these do exist in his work and they can be brought together. Researchers have tried to do that in their theoretical articles and studies, as well as in thematic editions of Diderot’s political writings collected in a single volume, of which we already have two such editions in the 20th century ‒ one edited by Vernière (1963) and the second by Versini (1995). Diderot expressed his political ideas in the articles “Political Authority” and “Natural Law”. In the first part of this article two opposing approaches are considered on the question of whether Diderot is a political thinker or not and what his achievements are; then we are going to analyse the political context of his tale the Supplément au Voyage de Bougainville (1772/1935). The Supplément is rich with his main political ideas, such as: the relationship between nature and man, the difference between natural and civil law, the origin of power and question of social reform.

Nails, Necklaces and Curiosities: Scenes of Exchange in Bougainville's Tahiti

This essay analyses scenes of exchange between the French ans the Tahitians as represented in the accounts of Louis Antoine de Bougainville's voyage around the world (1766-69). It argues that such representations suggest how in the contact zone human relations are organized around and through objects as they are exchanged in barter, gift-giving, theft and restitution. In representations of hand to hand exchanges, objects also have a type of agency: they move the emotions of those directly involved in the encounter. Representations of exchange operated similarly on those who read the voyage accounts especially when rendered as tableaux, vivid textual images calculated to arouse the reader's response.

Hating Empire Properly: The Indies and the limits of Enlightenment anticolonialism by Sunil M. Agnani, and: Arbitrary Rule: Slavery, Tyranny, and the Power of Life and Death by Mary Nyquist (review)

Reviewed by: Hating Empire Properly: The Indies and the limits of Enlightenment anticolonialism by Sunil M. Agnani, and: Arbitrary Rule: Slavery, Tyranny, and the Power of Life and Death by Mary Nyquist Anita Rupprecht Hating Empire Properly: The Indies and the limits of Enlightenment anticolonialism By Sunil M. Agnani. New York: Fordham University Press, 2013. Arbitrary Rule: Slavery, Tyranny, and the Power of Life and Death By Mary Nyquist. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 2013. As Mary Nyquist notes in Arbitrary Rule: Slavery, tyranny and the power of life and death, “postcolonial studies often divorces itself prematurely from the early stages of Euro-colonialism,” the result of which is a “foreshortened perspective on the conditions against which decolonization movements struggle or from which various neocolonialisms extend” (17). These two studies offer important correctives to this recurrent problem though in very different ways. The title of Sunil M. Agnani’s Hating Empire Properly: The two Indies and the limits of Enlightenment anticolonialism self-consciously adapts Adorno’s famous injunction that “one must have tradition in oneself, to hate it properly.” Taking his cue from Adorno, Agnani argues for a critical reappraisal of Enlightenment anticolonial thought from the inside. Via a predominantly literary-critical approach, he offers a fresh textual analysis of a selection of colonial writings by Diderot and Burke. Situating these two diametrically opposed thinkers side by side alone reminds us of the plurality of the ways in which empire was conceived and criticized during the period, although Agnani goes further in focusing his attention on tracing the internal inconsistencies and contradictions within Diderot’s and Burke’s shifting criticism of the imperial enterprise. In order to highlight the complexities of their thinking, he insists that we read their writings on the West and the East Indies in the same frame. Moreover, and especially with Burke (to whom he devotes the majority of his study), Agnani argues that political perspectives on empire should be read alongside, and as deeply informing—even to the point of underpinning—the ways in which European political and social change was interpreted. Agnani begins by returning to Supplement au voyage de Bougainville and the Histoire des deux Indes to show how Diderot’s furious radical anticolonialism was shot through by a recurring fantasy of consensual colonialism. His detestation of all forms of domination lead him to dream of a form of empire that would be propelled by the interbreeding of colonisers and colonised and cemented by the reciprocities of doux commerce. Agnani then accounts for the terms of Burke’s conservative critique of empire by arguing that his writings on British colonialism in India are intimately related to those decrying the French Revolution. Analysing a wide variety of speeches, letters and published material, he suggests that Burke’s intellectual movement across different geographical spaces can best be understood analogically. Such a method certainly produces some startling correlations, the core of which is that Burke’s attack on the East India Company gives shape to the criticisms he later levels at revolutionary Jacobinism. Both constituencies are envisioned in Burke as colonial usurpers laying waste to tradition and history. This analogical analysis is later tracked through Burke’s attitudes to the loss of the American colonies, Ireland and the Haitian Revolution. All, in their different ways, provide geographically diverse scenes upon which Burke registers his profound fear of rapid political and cultural change and social mobility. Hating Empire Properly contributes to the current refocusing of critical attention on the multifarious and often contradictory attitudes to empire during the late eighteenth century thus further complicating the unifying conceptual thrust of “the Enlightenment.” Agnani is a skillful, theoretically attuned and provocative close reader. His method certainly casts fresh light on Burke’s aesthetic in order to reveal the stubbornness of his political prejudices. Extracting particular short passages from across Burke’s enormous body of work, however, risks abstracting his flamboyant rhetoric from the wider political and historical contexts within which he was maneuvering. Moreover, at times, Agnani’s insistent focus on identifying inconsistency and plurality coupled with the density and energy of his contemporary theoretical mapping renders the political thrust of his critique somewhat opaque. If...

L’Autre lointain en dialogue: la quête de la voix idéale au siècle des Lumières by Audrey Guitton

whole that makes the dictionary a significant complement to Ionesco studies. Guérin’s preface stresses Ionesco’s originality as well as his sometimes awkward relationship with the intellectual milieu of his time. Guérin differentiates between the varied aspects of Ionesco’s personality, writings and attitudes by calling him by different names. The use of “Eugène”vs.“Ionesco”(11) and“Eugen Ionescu”vs.“Eugène Ionesco”(16) calls to mind characters in Ionesco’s plays (the Bérengers, the Bobby Watsons) and serves as an excellent introduction to the ambiguous nature of the world as seen by this author. A different dimension of the dictionary comes into view if one reads the preface with a willingness to refer to the entries themselves during the process. For example, Guérin’s mention of Ionesco’s resistance to the Garde de fer (14) is greatly enriched by a quick read of the entry “Garde de fer” (253–54). The reference to Ionesco’s“contestation du code langagier”(11) is clarified by the long entry“Langage” (343–46). This approach to the dictionary is playful and is one that Ionesco might have enjoyed, a sort of bouncing about that creates an overview specific to each reader. Be it as an academic resource or as a set of clues for a treasure hunt, this Dictionnaire reminds us of Ionesco’s significance and of his participation in twentieth-century art and thought. Metropolitan State University of Denver Ann Williams Guitton, Audrey. L’Autre lointain en dialogue: la quête de la voix idéale au siècle des Lumières. Paris: Garnier, 2012. ISBN 978-2-8124-0396-5. Pp. 531. 48 a. This work will appeal primarily to specialists in the eighteenth century. The author studies the depiction of the Other in dialogues with representatives of European civilization. This Other is the spokesperson for the values of nature, the noble savage, or some form of Utopia. In each case, the Other expresses a spontaneous but critical judgment about western society. The latter is condemned for its political inequalities and economic inequities, its materialism and artificiality, and sometimes its religious practices. The comments about French society voiced by the native Brazilians visiting Rouen in Montaigne’s essay“Des cannibales”are an anticipation of the kinds of remarks to be made again during the Enlightenment. Guitton’s special focus is on the language used by these Others in their criticisms of modern western mores. Besides the other aspects of European culture already mentioned,the authors of these dialogues,through their interlocutors, castigate the French language as used in Paris for its lack of sincerity and transparency. There is no longer a genuine link between words and things; people do not know what words mean; and they do not express their true feelings. This breakdown of language is blamed by some, like Rousseau in his Essai sur l’origine des langues, on the written word. Writing has replaced the natural directness of orality with an imposed collective speech that is repeated parrot-like by an unthinking herd. In some works, an ideal of expression was sought beyond words in the natural cries 230 FRENCH REVIEW 88.1 Reviews 231 and gestures inspired by spontaneous feelings. The difficulty faced by the authors of these dialogues is that they were using the very same French language and written word they condemn in order to promote their opposing ideal. The challenge was to give the impression of naturalness and transparency through artificial literary fabrications. Among the works receiving particular attention from Guitton are the Dialogues of Lahontan with a native North American chieftain,Delisle de la Drevetière’s play Arlequin sauvage, Diderot’s Supplément au voyage de Bougainville, and several dramatic works by Marivaux. It is surprising that the author makes no mention of Madame de Grafigny’s Lettres d’une Péruvienne, which not only presents the perspective of an outsider on French society but explores in some depth the issues of language and communication.Although an epistolary novel, there are extended passages in the form of dialogue. The last part of Guitton’s study deals with works that opposed the so-called pursuit of...

Les aléas de l’utopie canadienne: figures et représentations dans la littérature et le cinéma ed. by Marie-Lyne Piccione, Bernadette Rigal-Cellard

l’Encyclopédie,” while O’Dea carefully traces the conflicting meanings of the term ‘philosophe’ throughout Rousseau’s work in “Soundings: the Word ‘philosophe’ in Rousseau’s Works and Correspondence.” The section ends by turning to politics with Kiyotaka Kawai’s “Rousseau citoyen de Genève et sa critique du système représentatif.” Part three, “Dialogues et confrontations,” zeroes in on specific debates. Two essays focus on Diderot: Carole Martin’s “Formes de l’empathie chez Rousseau et Diderot” (which successfully uses reproductions of Dürer and Vivant Denon to illustrate a complex theory about specularity), and John T. Scott’s “Another Dangerous Supplement: Diderot’s Dialogue with Rousseau in the Supplément au voyage de Bougainville.” Maria Leone’s “La nouvelle Héloïse et ses lecteurs philosophes ” shows how Rousseau integrated the problem of reception into his novel; together with Perrin’s and Volpilhac-Augers’s essays, it opens up a rich discussion of the hermeneutics of reading in Rousseau. Julia Simon turns the debate over to doux commerce in “Rousseau and the Philosophes on Commerce,” while Nathan Martin opens it onto music in “Rousseau and the Philosophes on Music History.” Martin Stern concludes the section with a reflection on the trope of conversion (“‘Voilà la véritable philosophie’: les conversions de Rousseau comme clef d’intelligibilité de sa relation aux ‘philosophes’”). The volume closes with Hulliung’s survey of the ‘Enlightenment wars’ of the twentieth century, and an invitation to move the discussion forward by looking back at Rousseau’s dispute with the philosophes. Ohio State University Louisa Shea PICCIONE, MARIE-LYNE, et BERNADETTE RIGAL-CELLARD, éd. Les aléas de l’utopie canadienne: figures et représentations dans la littérature et le cinéma. Pessac: PU de Bordeaux, 2010. ISBN 978-2-86781-691-8. Pp. 234. 18 a. This collection of twenty-four articles was published in the series “Gulf Stream,” dedicated to the study of the cultures and literatures of North America, the Caribbean, Ireland, and the United Kingdom. Along with three other books, it is a result of four years of research by faculty at University of Bordeaux and other French universities. With the exception of one essay on an Anglophone author , this work analyzes multiple permutations of utopia and dystopia in Francophone Canadian literature and film of the last fifty years. Acknowledging the difficulty of defining the term ‘utopia,’ the editors have chosen to organize the essays into three metaphorical divisions: “La source,” “L’arbre,” and “L’horizon.” The first treats the original notion of utopia and early utopias specific to Canada. The second illustrates the range and variety of utopian dreams, and the third demonstrates their elusive and often disappointing nature. In “La source,” Piccione considers four works by Michel Tremblay that describe an ideal Saskatchewan, his mother’s birthplace. The two essays by Danielle Latour-Lefort stand out: the first traces the theme of utopia in fifteen works of Antonine Maillet; the second analyzes Pélagie-la-Charrette, in which the exiled Acadians live according to the rules of an ideal society in their journey toward their idealized homeland. Turning to poetry, Yannick Resch finds that for Gaston Miron, utopia is in the heart of the poet. In the final two articles of “La source,” Daniel Marcheix finds in Sergio Kokis’s La gare a metaphor for contemporary Reviews 579 Quebec, and studies the protagonist’s desire to know and understand the Other (in this case, Hassidic Jews) in Myriam Beaudoin’s Hadassa. In “L’arbre,” Emmanuelle Quéré studies enchanted gardens in works by Gabrielle Roy and Marco Micone, and in a second essay, analyzes the fairy-tale world in several novels by Jacques Poulin and Michel Tremblay, where cats converse with and help their human companions. Antony Soron explores the cultural disconnect experienced by a Haitian immigrant in Laferrière’s satirical Comment faire l’amour avec un nègre sans se fatiguer. Marie-Pierre Andron and Christiane Albert treat quests for mythical utopias in the works of Sylvain Trudel; Marie-Béatrice Samzun analyzes dystopia in works by Gaétan Soucy, and Daniel Marcheix infers a utopian discourse in Jacques Savoie’s Un train de...

Enlightenment Hospitality: Cannibals, Harems, and Adoption by Judith Still

in the Netherlands, we learn that the author was greatly admired by the Dutch neoRomantic writer Arij Prins. Noëlle Benhamou compares the satirical representation of peasants in Huysmans’s En rade (1887) and Maupassant’s little-known Mont-Oriol, published the same year, while Samuel Lair compares Satanism, possession, hysteria, and the symbol of the bell in Huysmans and Mirbeau. Part two examines how the various Huysmansian ‘fictions’ are traversed by their own desires and obsessions like food, prostitution, hysteria, and bachelorhood. Laurence Decroocq treats Huysmans’s unique take on gastronomy while Éléonore Reverzy and Jeannine Pacque analyze representations of women. Céline Grenaud’s essay on hysteria in Là-bas (1891) sees Charcot and Lombroso as influential sources, but emphasizes how Huysmans took his depictions beyond facile scientific explanations. Sylvie Thorel explores fresh terrain in her essay on the Huysmansian flâneur while Jean Borie compares the notions of travel and luxury in Huysmans and Larbaud. The volume also contains two invaluable contributions that treat little-known or unedited works. Solal’s essay on Huysmans’s compassionate portrayal of a female protagonist in the unfinished novel La faim provides refreshing new insights into an author known for his bachelor heroes, while Philippe Barascud’s contribution on the ephemeral journal Les cloches de Paris (1877) unveils the behind-the-scenes world of the nascent naturalist movement plunged into a kind of media circus. The collection is a highly diverse and stimulating addition to the body of scholarship devoted to an author who may have abandoned the ideology of Naturalism but never quite abandoned its methods. University of New Orleans Juliana Starr Still, Judith. Enlightenment Hospitality: Cannibals, Harems, and Adoption. SVEC 2011:03. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 2011. ISBN 978-0-7294-1010-6. Pp. ix + 310. 74 a. The interdisciplinary, multi-cultural perspective of this work challenges our concept of “hospitality,” broadly defined as “a complex economic, social, political, affective,and psychic structure and practice”(4).Focusing on eighteenth-century France but in dialogue with Europe, the New World, and the Orient, the author problematizes the relationship between hosts and guests, reciprocity and power, the interplay between public and private spaces, and the treatment of women. Informed by the works of Derrida, Grosrichard, Kant, Lestringant, Levinas, and Todorov, among others, the author approaches hospitality across space, time, and cultural contexts. Referencing our modern era, Still presents Enlightenment hospitality as conceived by Jaucourt in his Encyclopédie article “Hospitalité” and experienced by Rousseau in his Confessions, thereby introducing the themes of sexual difference,predation,and women’s oppression. Her analyses of Lahontan’s Dialogues, Diderot’s Histoire des deux Indes and Supplément 244 FRENCH REVIEW 87.1 Reviews 245 au voyage de Bougainville, Graffigny’s Lettres d’une Péruvienne, and Voltaire’s L’Ingénu focus on issues such as property rights, colonialism as domination, economic manipulation , and racial or sexual differentiation.In chapter three,“The New World: Eating the other,”Still challenges our conception of cannibalism as a form of incomprehensible, savage aggression. She asks whether cannibalism is “more about the object seen or described, or about the seeing and describing subject” (88). Basing her arguments on the Encyclopédie,Voltaire’s Dictionnaire philosophique,Bougainville’s Écrits sur le Canada, Le Jeune’s Les relations des Jésuites, the correspondence of Marie de l’Incarnation, and the anthropological work of Claude Lévi-Strauss, Still suggests a nuanced interpretation of cannibalism that incorporates communal practices and necessity. Cannibalism can also be conceptualized as a metaphor for religious, racial, and cultural intolerance. Chapters four and five focus on “Enlightenment Persia” and Turkey. Still begins by discussing Jean Chardin’s travels in Persia and his interest in commerce as well as crosscultural understanding, a concept unique for his time. The description of the “caravanserai as a key example of oriental hospitality” gives new meaning to the concept of community (155). These simple structures provided shelter and camaraderie for travelers from East and West, bringing together different classes, nationalities, and races as they searched for hospitality and economic success. The confrontation between “Oriental despotism” and “the European struggle for power” (147) frames Montesquieu’s Lettres persanes, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu...

A Colônia do Sacramento vista pelos viajantes (século XVIII)

Devido à política adotada pela coroa portuguesa a fim de proteger suas colônias da ambição de outras potências, contamos com poucas descrições sobre a Colônia do Sacramento, fortificação edificada em 1680 às margens do Rio da Prata. Por isso a importância dos relatos de viajantes. Foram poucos os que descreveram o entreposto platino, sobretudo clérigos, como o dominicano Domingo de Neyra e os jesuítas Diogo Soares e Florian Paucke. Também deixaram relatos o francês Louis-Antoine de Bougainville e o espanhol Francisco Millau. É através deles que tomamos conhecimento de detalhes que não foram registrados na documentação administrativa, nossa principal fonte de estudo para a pesquisa do cotidiano na Colônia do Sacramento.

Le Texte et le corps: la pensée dialectique de Diderot dans Le Supplément au voyage de Bougainville

By using a dialogical method in Le Supplément au voyage de Bougainville (1772), Diderot contrasts two places: the civilized European world and the primitive island of Tahiti. The dialogical structure of his work entails a questioning of the concept of libertinage through the theme of the corporeal. Indeed, the dialectical method he employs in the text unifies his vision on what the body represents. This work will demonstrate that for Diderot the body can be defined as three entities: the text, the physical, and the social. All these three categories are intertwined for him. Using them as a leitmotiv enables him to call into question the moral and social conventions of his own country.

A new species of Solanum named for Jeanne Baret, an overlooked contributor to the history of botany

We describe Solanum baretiae sp. nov., a new species of Solanum section Anarrhichomenum, named in honor of Jeanne Baret, who sailed as the assistant to botanist Philibert Commerson on Louis Antoine de Bougainville’s global circumnavigation (1766–1769). The species is similar to Solanum chimborazense, but differs in having larger flowers, more flowers per inflorescence, and different patterns of pubescence on the filaments (pubescent adaxially and glabrous abaxially) and style (papillose to sparsely pubescent). A description, illustration, photos, and comparisons to similar species are included. Also included is a preliminary conservation assessment, along with a brief account of the important role played by Baret during the expedition. The new species appears to be restricted to the Amotape-Huancabamba zone, an area of southern Ecuador and northern Peru known for its exceptional biodiversity.

Drømmen om Sydhavet: Biopolitik og seksualitet i Denis Diderots Supplément au voyage de Bougainville

&lt;p&gt;The Dream of the Pacific: Bio-Politics and Sexuality in Denis Diderot&amp;rsquo;s &lt;em&gt;Suppl&amp;eacute;ment au voyage de Bougainville&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;An important issue in the economic debates of the eighteenth century was the concern that the advanced Europeans nations were facing a decline in population. It was assumed that this would have considerable consequences for the economic and military strength of countries like France and England. The idea that the decline was an effect of the European countries&amp;rsquo; advanced state of civilisation was widespread; accordingly, explorers like James Cook and Louis Antoine de Bougainville were eager to examine the ways in which the societies and cultures they encountered organised sexual reproduction. Informed by the travelers&amp;rsquo; accounts, and recognising the possible insights these offered for the challenges France was facing, Denis Diderot&amp;rsquo;s &lt;em&gt;Suppl&amp;eacute;ment au voyage de Bougainville&lt;/em&gt; analyses and discusses the sexual mores of the inhabitants of Tahiti. Taking as its starting point the oblique and slightly idiosyncratic way in which the French philosopher addresses the issue &amp;mdash; in the form of an apocryphal &amp;ldquo;supplement&amp;rdquo; to Bougainville&amp;rsquo;s account supposedly written by the explorer himself &amp;mdash; this essay analyses the way in which Diderot transforms an ethnographic reflection on Polynesian culture into an analysis of the pathologies of his contemporary France from the double perspective of economy and ethics.&lt;/p&gt;