DDT In Tissues Research Articles

Tamoxifen Affects the Toxicokinetics of o,p′-DDT in Male Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

The goal of the present study was to evaluate the role of Tamoxifen (TAM), in the distribution and/or elimination kinetics of o,p'-DDT, in male tilapias. A non-compartmental analysis was chosen to describe the time course of o,p'-DDT plasma concentrations. Mean plasma concentration of o,p'-DDT following IP administration indicates a very complex kinetic profile. Tamoxifen decreased the o,p'-DDT mean half-life (t½) from 20.38 to 16.11days, the Mean Residence Time (MRT) from 28.7 to 23.23days, and clearance (CL) from 0.0031 to 0.001mL/min. The distribution pattern of o,p'-DDT in tissues and the clearance in plasma suggest that storage points mediated through the membrane-receptor lipophilicity can be involved.

Linear alkylbenzenes in muscle tissues of white croaker near a large ocean outfall in southern California, USA

Muscle tissues of a bottom-dwelling marine fish, white croaker (Genyonemus lineatus), collected near a large wastewater outfall in southern California, USA, were analyzed for long-chain linear alkylbenzenes (LABs). Total LABs (summed concentrations of C11 through C14 isomers) were highest (166-748 ng g-1 wet wt) in individuals collected in the immediate vicinity of the Orange County Sanitation District (OCSD; Fountain Valley, CA, USA) outfall diffuser, whereas relatively lower concentrations occurred in fish from mid-shelf and inshore locations at distances of 2.5 and 5 km, respectively, from the outfall. Fish tissue LAB concentrations were roughly proportional to sediment LAB concentrations at the respective collection sites. The extent of LAB degradation, as determined by ratios of internal to external C12 isomers, did not appear to relate to LAB concentrations or sampling location. Tissue DDT and PCB concentrations were not significantly correlated with LABs and, thus, did not appear to relate to recent exposures to sewage residues from the OCSD discharge. Measurements of LAB concentrations in fish tissues may be widely applicable as a monitoring tool for interpreting exposures to sewage discharges.

Accumulation and distribution of hydrocarbons, polychlorobyphenyls, and DDT in tissues of three species of Anatidae from the Ebro Delta (Spain).

Five tissues (breast muscle, liver, kidney, adipose tissue and medulla) of three species of Anatidae (Netta, rufina, Anas crecca andAnas clypeata) from the Ebro Delta have been analyzed for ∑DDT, polychlorobyphenyls (PCBs) and biogenic and petrogenic hydrocarbons, with the aim of obtaining information on the biodynamics of these compounds in wildbirds.

Accumulation and distribution of biogenic and pollutant hydrocarbons, pcbs and ddt in tissues of western mediterranean fishes

Abstract Data on hydrocarbons, PCBs and total DDT in muscle, liver and gonads of Mullas barbatus. Trachurus trachurus, Merluccius merluccius, Engraulis enchrasicholus and Micromesistius poutassou collected along the Catalan Coast (NW Mediterrenean) are reported for the first time. The species and the collection sites—off Barcelona to the north (Palamos) and to the south (Ehro Delta)—were selected for the assessment of the effects of coastal pollutant sources on commercially valuable organisms. Mullus barbatus reflects the influence of local sources, and is therefore a useful bioindicator for organic pollutants. Despite some scattering of the results, concentrations are in general of the same order of magnitude for juvenile and adult specimens, although the pollutants considered exhibit different biological fates. Hydrocarbons are accumulated primarily in liver, whereas organochlorinated compounds are accumulated in gonads. Liver and muscle contents could reflect acute and chronic pollutants inputs respectively. The accumulation in muscle is more important for aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons than for the saturated ones, which are probably metabolized in the liver.

Accumulation and distribution of biogenic and pollutant hydrocarbons, PCBs and DDT in tissues of western Mediterranean fishes : Albaigés, J., A. Farrán, M. Soler, A. Gallifa and P. Martin, 1987. Mar. environ. Res., 22(1):1–18

Accumulation and distribution of biogenic and pollutant hydrocarbons, PCBs and DDT in tissues of western Mediterranean fishes : Albaigés, J., A. Farrán, M. Soler, A. Gallifa and P. Martin, 1987. Mar. environ. Res., 22(1):1–18

Distribution and metabolism of DDT in the catfish Heteropneustes fossilis in relation to the signs of poisoning

Adult male catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch), were given a lethal dose of 800 mg DDT/kg as an im injection of 10% p,p′-DDT in peanut oil ( w v ) in the caudal region. The metabolites of DDT in various tissues were studied 24 hr after treatment. For DDT distribution studies, the treated animals were divided into 6 categories according to signs of poisoning: (1) no signs, (2) hyperexcitation, (3) tremors, (4) convulsions, (5) death, and (6) recovery. The concentration of DDT was determined in brain, spinal cord, liver, kidney and fat. Adequate replicates and controls were used in each case. p,p′-DDE was the only metabolite detected. The major proportion of DDE (10%), was found in the kidney, while liver and fat bodies contained slightly lesser amounts of DDE. The remainder was unchanged DDT. The concentration of DDT in the tissues increased with time and the severity of poisoning. The brain and spinal cord contained the lowest concentration of DDT, starting with 7.1 and 9.8 ppm when the fish showed no signs. The DDT content gradually rose to 50.5 and 58.7 ppm when the fish were dead, and declined to 9.1 and 19.0 ppm in fish which recovered completely. In fat, the DDT content continued to increase steadily and was maximal in fish which had recovered. The results indicate that signs of poisoning in the catfish were directly related to the concentration of DDT in the brain and spinal cord. The concentrations of DDT in brain and spinal cord of the catfish soon after death were similar to those found in some other vertebrates, e.g., rats, mice and a few species of birds, under identical circumstances.

Retention of 14C-DDT in cellular fractions of vertebrate insecticide-resistant and susceptible fish

DDT resistant and susceptible populations of mosquitofish ( Gambusia affinis) were assayed for DDT retention in particulate fractions of livers and brains following in vivo and in vitro treatment with 14C-DDT. Livers and brains were homogenized, and particulate fractions were prepared by differential centrifugation and counted for radioactivity. The in vivo studies indicate a significant difference in retention between brains from susceptible and resistant fish and point to a membrane barrier to DDT in tissues from resistant fish. There is also a more effective blood-brain barrier in resistant fish than in susceptible fish. There was a difference in total distribution of DDT based on percent retention in brain tissue of resistant and susceptible fish. It appears that the cell membranes of resistant fish retain DDT, thus reducing the amount entering the cell. The opposite effect is seen in the mitochondrial membrane as DDT is apparently prevented from entering rather than being membrane bound. In the in vivo liver treatments the heavy microsome fraction was the only significantly different cell component in which the heavy microsomes from resistant fish retained more 14C-DDT than those from susceptible fish. For the in vitro treatments all liver fractions from susceptible fish showed a significantly greater retention than did those from resistant fish.

Distribution of DDT, DDD, and DDE in tissues of neonatal rats and in milk and other tissues of mother rats chronically exposed to DDT

Female rats were chronically exposed to 25, 100, or 200 μg/g dietary DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis( p-chlorophenyl)ethane] during pregnancy and lactation. In offspring sacrificed within 1 hr after birth before suckling had occurred, DDT concentrations in the whole rat averaged from 1.3 to 2.2 μg/g fresh tissue, and DDD [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis( p-chlorophenyl)ethane] and DDE [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis( p-chlorophenyl)ethylene] concentrations were 1.0 μg/g or less in the 3 groups. Average concentrations of DDT and metabolites were higher in liver (1.3–4.3 μg/g) than in brain (0.9–2.5 μg/g). In neonatal rats, sacrificed about 10 hr after birth, after suckling had occurred and stomachs were full of milk, concentrations of DDT in the liver were about 5-fold greater than in the littermates sacrificed 1 hr after birth. The results indicate that the retention of DDT in tissues of the neonate during the lactational period was greater than in fetal tissues during gestation. DDT concentrations were 33 μg/g fresh tissue in milk from dams on 25 μg/g dietary DDT, 92 μg/g in milk from dams on 100 μg/g dietary DDT and 174 μg/g in milk from dams on 200 μg/g dietary DDT, showing that the level of output of DDT in the milk may be higher than the level of DDT intake on the lower levels of dietary DDT. In the maternal tissues, fat contained by far the highest concentrations of DDT and metabolites. Liver, kidneys, the various brain areas and spinal cord had approximately similar levels of DDT. Average plasma levels of DDT were low, ranging from 0.7 to 1.7 μg/ml among the 3 groups. Liver was the only tissue in which DDD concentrations were as high or higher than DDT concentrations. DDD concentrations in liver were higher than DDE concentrations, whereas the reverse was true for all other tissues.

Retention of dieldrin and DDT in the tissues of dogs fed aldrin and DDT individually and as a mixture

Three groups of 6 adult male beagle dogs were fed aldrin 3 3 1,2,3,4,10,10-Hexachloro-1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-exo,1,4-endo-5,8-dimethanonaphthalene; aldrin; HHDN; purity no less than 95%. Purchased from Shell Chemical Co., New York. and/or DDT 4 4 2,2-Bis(parachlorophenyl)-1 1 1,1-trichloroethane; chlorophenothane; DDT; recrystallized in our laboratory from technical DDT purchased from Matheson, Coleman, and Bell, Norwood (Cincinnati), Ohio. by capsule on 5 days of the week for 10 months, as follows. Group 1: 0.6 mg/kg aldrin; group 2: 24 mg/kg DDT; and group 3: 0.3 mg/kg aldrin plus 12 mg/kg DDT. Group 4 served as control. After this feeding period the dogs were observed for an additional period of 12 months. Hyperexcitability and tremors were noted in some of the dogs treated with 0.6 mg/kg aldrin, and with 0.3 mg/kg aldrin plus 12 mg/kg DDT. There were no significant serum cholinesterase or aliesterase changes. The concentrations of dieldrin 5 5 1,2,3,4,10,10-Hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,4-endo-exo-5,8-dimethanonaphthalene; HEOD; dieldrin. in the fat, liver, and blood of the dogs were of similar magnitude for an individual tissue, whether the animals were treated with 0.6 mg/kg aldrin, or with the combined dosage of 0.3 mg/kg aldrin plus 12 mg/kg DDT. Retention of p,p′-DDT and DDE in fat and blood was roughly 2.5–4 times greater after administration of 12 mg/kg DDT plus 0.3 mg/kg aldrin than after administration of 24 mg/kg DDT without aldrin. The concentrations of p,p′-DDT and DDE in liver tissue were similar in both groups of animals.

DDT Residues as a Contaminant in Formulated Sevin and Malathion Samples

INTRODUCTIONTHERE are no tolerances established for chlorinated hydrocarbons in poultry and eggs. If an approved poultry pesticide is used that is contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons, the birds and eggs might be condemned.Liska et al. (1964) reported that feeding hens less than 0.1 p.p.m. DDT in rations for one month did not cause a serious build up of DDT in tissues and eggs. When 0.5 p.p.m. DDT was present in feed, however, the levels of DDT in both eggs and fat increased sharply.Herrick and Fry (1967) reported that dusting Sevin contaminated with 200 p.p.m. DDT resulted in DDT residues in eggs in excess of the 0.5 p.p.m. working tolerance.The FDA (Bearse, 1966) destroyed 5,000 layers in the mid-west when traces of DDT were found in the eggs. Twenty-nine cases of eggs at Cannon Air Force Base Commissary, Clovis, New Mexico, were found to contain traces of DDT .