DC-DC Converter For Electric Vehicles Research Articles

Advanced Multi-Sampling PWM Technique for Single-Inductor MIMO DC-DC Converter in Electric Vehicles

Amongst the various topologies of multi-input multi-output (MIMO) DC-DC converters, single-inductor MIMO (SI-MIMO) converters have the advantages of a reduced component count, a simpler structure, and low cost. These converters are suitable in electric vehicle (EV) applications involving variable ports, essential for performing different functions. Digital control in SI-MIMO converters is promising for enhancing transient performance due to its numerous benefits. However, delays in digital control, particularly computational and pulse width modulation (PWM) delays, can negatively impact the performance of DC-DC converters. Multi-sampling and double PWM update methods can mitigate these control delays, but they often necessitate complex control schemes, adding computational burden. In this work, an advanced multi-sampling PWM technique, integrating sample shift and multi-sampling, is proposed while employing a simple digital PID control scheme. The proposed method was tested for a shared-switch SI-MIMO converter with battery discharging and charging modes in the MATLAB/Simulink environment and compared with the conventional single- and multi-sampling PWM methods. The results demonstrated that the proposed method significantly improved the converter performance, surpassing the conventional single- and multi-sampling PWM methods. In the battery discharging mode, utilizing the proposed method, the output voltage achieved a settling time of 0.075 s in response to a step change in its reference, significantly outperforming multi-sampling, which yielded a settling time of 0.124 s, and single sampling, which exhibited an even longer settling time of 0.898 s. It also demonstrated a minimal overshoot of 0.06 volts compared to 1.5 volts with multi-sampling during the step change in the input voltage. Similarly, in the battery charging mode, upon a step change in the reference output voltage, the proposed method effectively minimized the overshoot of the output voltage to 0.845 volts compared to 1.175 volts with multi-sampling, and it decreased the inductor current settling time to 0.296 s from 0.330 s recorded under multi-sampling. These findings underscore the potential of the proposed method in enhancing the digital control performance of SI-MIMO DC-DC converters in electric vehicles.

Reliability analysis of a three-phase interleaved step-up DC-DC converter for electric vehicle

Increasing the amount of direct current (DC) loads in applications such as airplanes, spacecraft, electric vehicles (EV), and other similar applications DC-DC converters are commonly used. Hence, a three-phase interleaved step-up DC-DC converter (ISC) has been designed, and implemented, which is more appropriate for high-power applications. The modes of operation are explained in detail, and voltage gain calculations are performed. The state space matrix is derived from the voltage equation and the bode diagram is plotted using MATLAB code to investigate the stability study, which makes for a thorough frequency response analysis for the proposed converter. The military handbook (MIL-HDBK-217F) data have been used to perform the calculations to determine each and every component's reliability. The proposed ISC design is implemented into a hardware prototype that produces peak-to-peak output voltage of 139 V, rated voltage of 120 V and the testing outcomes are presented in great depth.

Implementation of Non-Isolated High Gain Interleaved DC-DC Converter for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Using ANN-Based MPPT Controller

A high conversion ratio DC-DC converter is crucial for fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV). A fuel cell-based non-isolated high gain integrated DC-DC converter for electric vehicles is proposed in this paper. The system comprises an interleaved boost converter (IBC) at the source end, a switched capacitor cell, coupled inductors, a passive clamp circuit, and a voltage multiplier circuit (VMC). Its significance is to achieve the voltage conversion gain of 12.33 at a conversion ratio of 0.45. The idea is to use a proton exchange membrane fuel cell to power electric vehicles through a high-gain DC-DC converter. The use of an ineffective MPPT can result in lower energy conversion efficiency. Thus, this system incorporates a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller based on a neural network, which relies on the radial basis function network (RBFN) algorithm to track the maximum power point of the PEMFC accurately. The comparative study of the fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) structure with the RBFN-based MPPT technique was evaluated with that of the fuzzy logic technique using the MATLAB/Simulink platform (R2021b (MATLAB 9.11)). A 1.5 kW experimental prototype is designed with a switching frequency of 10 kHz to validate the design analysis, and its pursuance is compared between RBFN and FLC-based controllers. This manuscript will be a significant contribution towards evidencing a sustainable environment.

Multi-Functional Integrated DC-DC Converter for Electric Vehicles

Multi-Functional Integrated DC-DC Converter for Electric Vehicles

Non-Isolated Interleaved Bidirectional DC-DC Converter for Electric Vehicles : A Review

Non-Isolated Interleaved Bidirectional DC-DC Converter for Electric Vehicles : A Review

Analysis of a novel soft switching bidirectional DC-DC converter for electric vehicle

A bidirectional converter (BDC) designed with high voltage gain and it is incorporated with the soft-switching operations to the insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs). The main dual operating characteristics of this converter are boost and buck modes respectively. In order to achieve the reduced switching losses and improved efficiency, the main IGBTs are operated at zero current (ZC) while the IGBTs commutating from turn-on to turn-off state. The ZC turn-off operation is obtained with the aid of soft- switched cell, which consists of resonant inductor (Lr), capacitor and additional IGBTs. In this work, the design simulation analysis for high-gain BDC was performed by 70/300 V power system with the maximum 800 W output power under the operating frequency of 50 kHz. The efficiency for the high-gain soft-switched BDC was obtained as 96.5% when it is operating in boost mode and efficiency of 97% was achieved for the buck mode operation. The simulation evaluations of the above said converters were performed by using MATLAB/Simulink.

Implementation of non-isolated high-gain DC-DC converter for electric vehicle application

ABSTRACT This paper introduces a non-isolated high voltage gain DC-DC converter for electric vehicles (EVs). The proposed converter schematic is modelled to be operated on reasonable duty cycle by employing passive switched inductor (PSL) cell and voltage multipliers. Moreover, this structure is functioning on continuous conduction mode (CCM) with a wide range of operations. This structure offers high voltage gain, lower voltage stress across all the devices, low switching losses and high efficiency. Thus, simple proportional integral (PI) controller is adopted to regulate the output to the desired voltage of 200 V. The proposed converter is designed and simulated using MATLAB/Simulink platform and hardware prototype of 100 W/200 V is developed to examine the performance of the proposed circuit. Besides, the experimental results are recorded to prove its robustness over both source voltage and load power discrepancies. The efficiency of the presented configuration is around 91% and it acts as a good choice for EV applications.

An Improved Topology of Isolated Bidirectional Resonant DC-DC Converter Based on Wide Bandgap Transistors for Electric Vehicle Onboard Chargers

This article proposes an improved topology for an isolated bidirectional resonant DC-DC converter for electric vehicle (EV) onboard chargers. As opposed to the conventional capacitor-inductor-inductor-inductor-capacitor (CLLLC) resonant converter, the proposed converter’s resonant circuit is composed of a capacitor-inductor-inductor-inductor (CLLL) structure, whose inductances, except the capacitor, can be fully integrated with the leakage and mutual inductances of the high-frequency transformer (HF). Therefore, this offers a smaller size, lower costs, minimal power loss, and eventually higher efficiency. Again, the proposed converter design is based on wide bandgap (WBG) transistor switches that operate at MHz-level switching frequency to achieve high power density, high efficiency, and high compactness. A discrete-time proportional integral derivative (PID) controller has been designed using the phase-shifted pulse width modulation (PSPWM) technique to assure closed-loop control of the proposed CLLL converter. The PID controller parameters have been optimized using both the genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm and a comparative analysis has been presented between the two algorithms. To achieve fast switching with very little switching loss, the converter is simulated with several wide bandgap (WBG) switching devices. A performance comparison with conventional Si-based switching devices is also provided. A precise power loss model of the semiconductor switches has been devised from the manufacturer’s datasheet to achieve a perfect thermal design for the converter. A 5 kW CLLL converter with an input range of 400–460 V direct current (DC) and an output range of 530–610 V DC, and a switching frequency of 1 MHz has been designed and investigated under various loading scenarios. Gallium nitride (GaN) switching device-based designs achieved the highest levels of efficiency among the switching devices. The efficiency of this device is 97.40 percent in charging mode and 96.67 percent in discharging mode.

A High-Power Solar PV-fed TISO DC-DC Converter for Electric Vehicle Charging Applications

In this paper, a two-input, single-output (TISO) DC-DC converter for electric vehicle charging applications with solar photovoltaic (PV) as one of the sources is discussed. A novel, simple, and effective control strategy with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) to maximize power from PV while maintaining a constant bus voltage is proposed. A 100 V, 100 W TISO DC-DC converter is designed and comprehensive simulations are conducted under different conditions. The system characteristics are validated by comparing the results with a conventional P&O algorithm and multiple step size P&O algorithm. The proposed control strategy can precisely generate control signals to track MPPT while maintaining the bus voltage by controlling the output of a fixed DC source according to the changes in PV generation. The overall efficiency of the proposed approach is 98.67%, and the average output voltage is 99.09 V under selected conditions. The overall average output voltage ripple is 0.22% with the proposed approach, while it is 2.91% and 1.55% with the conventional P&O and multiple step size P&O MPPT techniques, respectively. Further, a 500 V, 17 kW high-power converter is designed and a simulation is carried out. The high-power converter provides an average output voltage of 496.92 V with an overall efficiency of 98.72%, and the average output voltage ripple is 0.16%. The results obtained from the simulation under the selected conditions lead to the conclusion that the converter has better efficiency and less variation in the output voltage at higher power levels with the proposed control technique.

Recent Advances in DC-DC Converters for Electric Vehicles

The emergence of electric vehicles (EVs) has become a better alternative to withstand enormous damage to the environment and human life due to the widespread use of conventional cars. As a vital element in EVs, this paper analysed and compared the key features of different DC-DC topologies from different areas, then, explored strategies to improve DC-DC converter performance. The purpose of all these studies and designs is to help researchers in the automotive industry to choose the right DC-DC converter topology for their needs to achieve the required power density. By continuously improving the design and evaluation of DC-DC converters, it can improve the performance and efficiency of electric vehicles, and further promote the use of sustainable energy. This will help reduce reliance on traditional fuels, lower carbon emissions, improve air quality and move the entire transportation industry towards a greener, more sustainable future.

Bidirectional DC-DC Converter for Electric Vehicle

The present work aims at designing and modelling of a bidirectional DC DC converter for driving a Permanent Magnet DC (PMDC) motor for Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) and Electric Bikes (EV) application. Permanent Magnet Brushed DC (PMBDC) motors and Permanent Magnet Brushless DC (PMBLDC) motors are the most popular options that are used for the integration of an electric bicycle and bikes. But despite of the simple controllers and low cost of the PMDC motor its lower efficiency sets it back in choice in the present scenario as compared to the BLDC motors. The present design aims at improving the efficiency of the PMDC motor traction drive system by the incorporation of the bidirectional DC DC converter between the electrical source and the traction motor which in addition to its primary function of providing the traction energy, also facilitates the energy regeneration during braking (in the case of HEV and EV) and during the motion along down the slope(in case of a pedalled electric bicycle).

High Gain DC-DC Converter for Electric Vehicle Charging Application

High Gain DC-DC Converter for Electric Vehicle Charging Application

High Gain DC-DC Converter for Electric Vehicle Charging Application

High Gain DC-DC Converter for Electric Vehicle Charging Application

Design and Implementation of Improved High Step-Down DC-DC Converter for Electric Vehicles

An improved high step-down DC-DC converter for charging the batteries in an electric vehicle application is proposed in this paper. It adopts the topology of the conventional full-bridge converter, which has a coupled inductor current-doubler rectifier as the secondary side of the transformer. In addition, four power switches are driven using a phase-shifting technique. The proposed converter can achieve a high step-down voltage with low-voltage stress on the rectifier diodes. In addition, the coupled inductor current-doubler rectifier of the secondary side can reduce the ripple current and losses of the secondary side to achieve high efficiency. Furthermore, the proposed converter can overcome the drawbacks of the conventional full-bridge converter, such as switching loss caused by high switching frequency, duty-cycle loss, voltage stress, and numerous components, and can increase the efficiency with the soft-switching technique. A 600 W laboratory prototype of the proposed converter was manufactured. The results of the experiments performed with the prototype proved the effectiveness and validated the use of the proposed converter for better charging of electric vehicles.

Simulation of conducted emission voltage method for DCDC converter in electric vehicle

In order to quickly predict the conducted emission (CE) of electric vehicle (EV) DC/DC converter, a co-simulation analysis method based on HFSS-simplorer is introduced. The detailed 3D models of magnetic devices, PCB board and metal structure, and the active device nonlinear models are added to the co-simulation circuit. The method is used to simulate and analysis the EMC performance of the conducted emission of the actual electric vehicle DC/DC converter, the simulation results are in good agreement with the test results in magnitude, trend and peak values, which shows that the method is feasible and practical.

Development of Planar Transformer and SiC Based 3 kW High Powe rDensity DC-DC Converter for Electric Vehicles

Development of Planar Transformer and SiC Based 3 kW High Powe rDensity DC-DC Converter for Electric Vehicles

WITHDRAWN: DC-DC converter in electric vehicles using smart technology to reduce overall ripple current

Abstract This study explores a possible EV design using supercapacitors and batteries to guarantee a reliable and rapid power transfer. The current flow is through a dc connected with an interleaved dc-dc transformer between the energy sources and the EV. This topology shows low number of components and great performance over a large range of loads, which is the right option for high strength, high current levels. The efficacy of the non-isolated converter is measured on the basis of this study. The efficiency of solar PV is low, so the converter is used to progressively lower the power level. A comprehensive design approach includes a qualitative and quantitative study of the converter, including a basic technique, i.e. the medium current mode control, and the implementation of the control system. The prototype of the lab converter with 2 kW uses the microcontroller dsPIC30f4011. Some specific waveforms are checked for the performance of the system. The principal advantages of the proposed solution are its high density, low component count and increased robustness. This is a viable option for practical EV applications.

Multi-Objective Optimization of the Gate Driver Parameters in a SiC-Based DC-DC Converter for Electric Vehicles

DC-DC converters are being used for power management and battery charging in electric vehicles (EVs). To further the role of EVs in the market, more efficient power electronic converters are needed. Wide band gap (WBG) devices such as silicon carbide (SiC) provide higher frequency and lower power loss, however, their high di/dt and dv/dt transients result in higher electromagnetic interference (EMI). On the other hand, some gate driver parameters such as gate resistor ( R G ) have a contradictory effect on efficiency ( η ) and EMI. The idea of this paper is to investigate the values of these parameters using a multi-objective optimization method to optimize η and EMI at the same time. To this aim, first, the effect of high and low side R G on η and EMI in the half-bridge configuration is studied. Then, the objective functions of the optimization problem are obtained using a numerical regression method on the basis of the experimental tests. Then, the values of the gate resistors are obtained by solving the multi-objective optimization problem. Finally, η and EMI of the converter in the optimum gate resistor design are compared to those in the conventional design to validate the effectiveness of the proposed design approach.

Multiphase Interleaved Bidirectional DC-DC Converter for Electric Vehicles and Smart Grid Applications

This paper deals with the design and the control of multiphase interleaved bidirectional DC-DC converter. This converter is used for Electric Vehicle (EV) applications to convert and increase energy storage system voltage from low side voltage to high side voltage, which is necessary to feed the inverter used to drive the traction motor. The proposed converter can be also used to connect the energy storage system to the smart grid. To increase the performance of high side voltage and to have equal sharing of the load current in each converter module a fuzzy sliding mode control is proposed. The control method is tested by simulation of 4 interleaved bidirectional DC-DC converter associated with the three-phase inverter coupled with a 3 phase induction motor. The simulation results exposed the robustness of the proposed control method under some disturbances. Â

Design and Analysis of Higher Efficiency Non isolated DC-DC Converter for Electric Vehicles

The design and analysis of higher efficiency non isolated DC-DC converter for Electric Vehicles is presented. A Battery Charging System (BCS) plays a key role in achieving fast charging and higher efficiency. The BCS integrates acascaded DC-DC converter and a bidirectional PWM converter. In order to achieve more reliability and stiff voltage, aCascaded buckboost converter which is partitioned with the help of a capacitor is integratedand to achieve higher efficiency with less number of switches, a bidirectional PWM converter used There are various PWM techniques, among them hysteresis and sinusoidal pwm technique are used. The output voltage obtained after both the operations (boost and buck) is given to the battery or load. Simulation is done in MATLAB and the results are analyzed with PI controller and without PI controller in this paper.