Present Day Research Articles

ENGLISH: PROPHET MUHAMMAD (PBUH) AS A MILITARY STRATEGIST: LESSONS FOR MODERN WARFARE

The present piece of writing discusses about the outstanding military tactics of Prophet Muhammad that are applicable to complexities of warfare in contemporary times. The prophet was not only a strategic genius but also tender-hearted military general who worked towards permanent peace. Besides winning many wars like Badr, Uhud and Khandaq due to good tactical thinking, he had understanding of human nature and life itself. This rapid adaptation time under dynamic circumstances, foreseeing the enemy’s tactics by a little insight and upliftment of soldiers through the idea justice as well as goals laid down by him is still relevant in present day military operations that were never religiously tolerant until they kill every single weak group’s member during which settling for peaceful coexistence has been defined over a long term. These principles are timeless in an intricate world with battles dominated patterns throughout its narrative history. they tell us that real battlefield leaders are not those who have great armies alone; they entail wisdom, moral principles plus everyone’s welfare. Through historical narratives this research aims at showing how today’s military leaders can derive inspiration from Prophet’s methods that lead them into victory as well as humanity.

Allele ages provide limited information about the strength of negative selection.

For many problems in population genetics, it is useful to characterize the distribution of fitness effects (DFE) of de novo mutations among a certain class of sites. A DFE is typically estimated by fitting an observed site frequency spectrum (SFS) to an expected SFS given a hypothesized distribution of selection coefficients and demographic history. The development of tools to infer gene trees from haplotype alignments, along with ancient DNA resources, provides us with additional information about the frequency trajectories of segregating mutations. Here, we ask how useful this additional information is for learning about the DFE, using the joint distribution on allele frequency and age to summarize information about the trajectory. To this end, we introduce an accurate and efficient numerical method for computing the density on the age of a segregating variant found at a given sample frequency, given the strength of selection and an arbitrarily complex population size history. We then use this framework to show that the unconditional age distribution of negatively selected alleles is very closely approximated by re-weighting the neutral age distribution in terms of the negatively selected SFS, suggesting that allele ages provide little information about the DFE beyond that already contained in the present day frequency. To confirm this prediction, we extended the standard Poisson Random Field (PRF) method to incorporate the joint distribution of frequency and age in estimating selection coefficients, and test its performance using simulations. We find that when the full SFS is observed and the true allele ages are known, including ages in the estimation provides only small increases in the accuracy of estimated selection coefficients. However, if only sites with frequencies above a certain threshold are observed, then the true ages can provide substantial information about the selection coefficients, especially when the selection coefficient is large. When ages are estimated from haplotype data using state-of-the-art tools, uncertainty about the age abrogates most of the additional information in the fully observed SFS case, while the neutral prior assumed in these tools when estimating ages induces a downward bias in the case of the thresholded SFS.

Quantum state transfer in a magnetic atoms chain using a scanning tunneling microscope

Abstract The electric control of quantum spin chains has been an outstanding goal for the few last years due to its potential use in technologies related to quantum information processing. In this work, we show the feasibility of the different steps necessary to perform controlled quantum state transfer and excitation transmission in a S = 1 / 2 titanium atoms chain employing the electric field produced by a scanning tunneling microscope (STM). Our results show that the initialization and transmission of a single excitation state is achievable in short times, and with high fidelity. Our study uses spin Hamiltonians to model the magnetic atoms chain, the tip of the STM, the interaction between it and the atoms chain and the electronic response to the fields applied by the tip, employing sets of parameters compatible with the latest experiments and ab initio calculations. The time dynamical evolution is considered in the full Hilbert space and the control pulses frequencies exerted by the tip of the microscope are within the reach of present day technology.

Telegram-канал Главы Республики Мордовия «Здунов здесь» как инструмент медиа

Mordovia is a small national republic with a low level of social conflicts. Mordovia has few regional mass media sources, which makes digital sources important for its residents. As a result, Governor Artyom A. Zdunov launched his own Telegram channel called Zdunov Zdes (i.e., Zdunov is here), which has become a valuable source of information and communication. The authors used the methods of qualitative and quantitative content analysis to study the posts published from 2022, when the channel was opened, to the present day. The channel proved to be an efficient source of relevant information that can compete with other regional media. Not only does it promote A. A. Zdunov as an active politician, but it also represents Mordovia as a region with good economic prospects and touristic potential. In addition, the channel initiates an indirect dialogue between the authorities and the population. The content-makers rely on such techniques as data prioritization, creolization, emotional contagion, interviews with influencers, eyewitness accounts, etc. The positive image of the Governor includes his hard-working nature, professionalism, competence, kindness, toughness, sociability, good health, youth, energy, patriotism, and personal involvement.

Multifunctional Markers in a Contact Situation

Abstract This paper presents a synchronic analysis of two items – bass and ġayr – in Siwi Berber and Arabic L2 spoken in the Siwa Oasis (Egypt). Despite their different etymologies, both items have followed a similar grammaticalization path, going from focus particles to contrastive conjunctions and, in turn, to discourse markers. These three functions are attested in the synchronic stage of both languages under study as well as in other Berber and Arabic varieties. After a general overview of the distribution and functions of bass and ġayr in Arabic and Berber languages, data on Siwi and Arabic L2 are discussed in a comparative fashion. This study shows that the use of bass and ġayr in the two languages largely overlaps, confirms the layered influence of Arabic on Siwi on a diachronic level, and demonstrates the increasing presence of Egyptian Arabic and its dominance over other Arabic varieties in the present day.

Parables of Modernity: Italian Advertising Meets Religion, 1890–1950

The use of religious symbols in commercial advertising is not only a modern phenomenon. The research presented here traces its existence from the start of the last century through the analysis of a broad sample of advertising posters that circulated in Italy between 1890 and 1950. In presenting the main results of this analysis, this article not only sets out to document the variety and complexity of the historical materials belonging to a distant past but also seeks to pinpoint a potential thread running from that context to the present day, indicating continuities and differences that can help to understand some transformations that have taken place over time.

Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessment from Manila Trench to Shantou City in China

Manila Trench is an ocean trench that lies to the west of Luzon Island in the Philippines, which has the potential to generate a significant tsunami that could affect the coastal areas around it. This paper analyzes the tsunami hazard at the southern coastline of China, and more specifically at the city of Shantou. A Monte Carlo-type probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment (PTHA) with 5000 simulation runs was conducted using the tsunami propagation model COMCOT. A wide range of earthquake magnitudes were stochastically simulated in these zones, ranging from 7.0 to 9.0 in magnitude, and the peak nearshore tsunami amplitude (PNTA), for return periods of 100, 1,000 and 10,000 years, was determined by propagation simulations to be 0.15 m, 0.65 m and 1.75 m, respectively. Inundation simulations for the case study area, which considered various scenarios of sea level rise between the present day and the year 2100, were also conducted. The results indicate the severe influence that sea level rise could have on tsunami risks, which can provide valuable information for disaster risk managers and planners on how to develop adaptation pathways not only for this city but also for other points in the southeast coastline of China.

The Russian Influence on the Formation of Baku’s Urban Identity

In recent times, the identities of cities have become a topic of ongoing discussion. Specifically, the characteristics of the places we live serve as tools for defining, distinguishing, imagining, and even identifying them for us. Therefore, in a globalizing world, the presence of dynamics that possess distinctive features, leave lasting impressions, and contribute to collective memory plays an active role in defining cities and establishing their identities. The capital of Azerbaijan, Baku, is an example of such cities. When we look at the city's rich history, it is evident that Baku was captured by various political powers and underwent transformations during these processes. Among the forces that most significantly influenced the city's transformation were the Russians. In the early 19th century, Tsarist Russia, having gained control over Baku, quickly began taking steps to consolidate its power in the region. Baku’s development continued under Soviet rule, maintaining its importance for almost seventy years under Russian domination, lasting into the present day. During this period, Baku's urban identity was transformed under Russian influence. The city's language, architecture, religion, and culture were all affected by the Russian mentality. As a result, the impact of Russian influence on the formation of Baku's identity is undeniable. In this study, the concepts of identity and urban identity will first be addressed. Following this, a historical connection will be established by describing Baku's occupation by the Russians. In the final section, the Russian influence on the formation of Baku’s urban identity will be examined and explained with examples.

Information Mode-Dependent Success Rates of Obtaining German Medical Informatics Initiative-Compliant Broad Consent in the Emergency Department: Single-Center Prospective Observational Study.

The broad consent (BC) developed by the German Medical Informatics Initiative is a pivotal national strategy for obtaining patient consent to use routinely collected data from electronic health records, insurance companies, contact information, and biomaterials for research. Emergency departments (EDs) are ideal for enrolling diverse patient populations in research activities. Despite regulatory and ethical challenges, obtaining BC from patients in ED with varying demographic, socioeconomic, and disease characteristics presents a promising opportunity to expand the availability of ED data. This study aimed to evaluate the success rate of obtaining BC through different consenting approaches in a tertiary ED and to explore factors influencing consent and dropout rates. A single-center prospective observational study was conducted in a German tertiary ED from September to December 2022. Every 30th patient was screened for eligibility. Eligible patients were informed via one of three modalities: (1) directly in the ED, (2) during their inpatient stay on the ward, or (3) via telephone after discharge. The primary outcome was the success rate of obtaining BC within 30 days of ED presentation. Secondary outcomes included analyzing potential influences on the success and dropout rates based on patient characteristics, information mode, and the interaction time required for patients to make an informed decision. Of 11,842 ED visits, 419 patients were screened for BC eligibility, with 151 meeting the inclusion criteria. Of these, 68 (45%) consented to at least 1 BC module, while 24 (15.9%) refused participation. The dropout rate was 39.1% (n=59) and was highest in the telephone-based group (57/109, 52.3%) and lowest in the ED group (1/14, 7.1%). Patients informed face-to-face during their inpatient stay following the ED treatment had the highest consent rate (23/27, 85.2%), while those approached in the ED or by telephone had consent rates of 69.2% (9/13 and 36/52). Logistic regression analysis indicated that longer interaction time significantly improved consent rates (P=.03), while female sex was associated with higher dropout rates (P=.02). Age, triage category, billing details (inpatient treatment), or diagnosis did not significantly influence the primary outcome (all P>.05). Obtaining BC in an ED environment is feasible, enabling representative inclusion of ED populations. However, discharge from the ED and female sex negatively affected consent rates to the BC. Face-to-face interaction proved most effective, particularly for inpatients, while telephone-based approaches resulted in higher dropout rates despite comparable consent rates to direct consenting in the ED. The findings underscore the importance of tailored consent strategies and maintaining consenting staff in EDs and on the wards to enhance BC information delivery and consent processes for eligible patients. German Clinical Trials Register DRKS00028753; https://drks.de/search/de/trial/DRKS00028753.

Artificial Intelligence as a Tool in War and a Weapon for Peace – the Power of Disinformation

Artificial intelligence is a part of computing that deals with the development of the computer's ability to perform tasks that require a certain level of intelligence (Hrvatska enciklopedija, 2024). Its development also increases the potential for misuse in various areas. Artificial intelligence as a tool that can be used to create very convincing disinformations in communication leads to greater possibilities of manipulating public opinion. This phenomenon is not unknown and is becoming more widespread as the popularity of social networks grows. The spread of disinformation created by artificial intelligence increases the possibility of spreading falsehoods that need to be fought against. In the introductory part, this paper will clarify the purpose of disinformation created by artificial intelligence, furthermore it will provide an overview of selected cases of the dissemination of disinformation in the public in recent history to the present day - from the Homeland War in Croatia, the US war in Iraq until the recently started war between Ukraine and Russia, with the purpose of creating tools for hybrid warfare.In the final part, the paper will deal with the question of whether artificial intelligence, which serves humans to create disinformation and hybrid warfare, can be a weapon to fight against such warfare. Can artificial intelligence be a weapon against itself in the disinformation war?

Review: <em>Family in Children’s and Young Adult Literature</em>

In lieu of an abstract: Family in Children's and Young Adult Literature, edited by Eleanor Spencer and Jade Dillon Craig, is a wide-ranging collection that delves into the multifaceted representation of families in Anglophone children’s and young adult literature from the nineteenth century to the present day. It takes up the baton from Ann Alston’s 2008 study, The Family in Children’s Literature, which examined ideological assumptions about the family in youth literature, and explicitly extends the scope to the field of YA literature. The inclusion of YA novels in this current volume affords it great scope for exploring more subversive portrayals of family life.

Observation-Constrained Climate Change in China over 1850–2014 by Aerosols in CMIP6 Models

Abstract Aerosols play a very important role in climate change with large uncertainties. Using the multimodel results from CMIP6, we analyzed the aerosol effective radiative forcing (ERF) and aerosol-induced surface air temperature (SAT) change in China in the present day (PD; 11-yr mean of 2004–14) relative to the preindustrial (PI) time (11-yr mean of 1850–60). With the increase in the anthropogenic emissions, the simulated surface PM2.5 concentration and aerosol optical depth (AOD) averaged over eastern China (EC; 18°–44°N, 103°–122°E) increased by 21.43 ± 7.58 μg m−3 and 0.47 ± 0.33, respectively, from PI to PD. The simulated aerosol ERFs in EC were −4.91 ± 2.56 and −5.35 ± 2.40 W m−2 from equilibrium and transient simulations, respectively. The simulated change in SAT caused by the increases in aerosols was −1.37° ± 0.38°C in EC from PI to PD. The simulated values of equilibrium and transient climate sensitivity to aerosols (CSA; aerosol-induced SAT change per unit aerosol ERF) in EC were 0.236° and 0.222°C (W m−2)−1, respectively. By using the observed AOD from MODIS to constrain aerosol ERF, the constrained aerosol equilibrium and transient ERFs over EC were −4.66 and −4.93 W m−2, respectively, which were smaller in magnitude than the simulated values directly from the models. By using the observed SAT from the Climatic Research Unit temperature version 5 to constrain aerosol-induced cooling, the surface cooling caused by aerosols was magnified to −1.47°C. The adjusted CSA after the constraint was calculated by dividing adjusted aerosol-induced SAT change by adjusted aerosol ERF. Adjusted equilibrium and transient CSA values in EC were 0.32° and 0.34°C (W m−2)−1, respectively.

Canada's Intangible Economic Cultural Capital (Outline for Characterization)

Canadian society is the product, if not a fusion, then a close coexistence of two cultures - English, Protestant and French, Catholic. It is natural that its cultural capital – values, traditions, perceptions, norms, etc. – is composed of elements of the cultural capitals of England (Britain) and France, or a mixture of them. Thus, Canada has inherited from them statism and communitarianism, while the United States has come to be dominated by anti-statist and individualistic sentiments. The harsh living conditions and remoteness from metropolitan areas have been instrumental in producing a "garrison mentality" and a "survival" orientation among Canadians, which provoked a more communitarian lifestyle. Direct observers of life in New France in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries noted a sharp contrast between the French and the English – the former imitating the local nobility in trying to keep up with it in luxury, while the latter sought to toil hard and to invest their earnings in business. Differences in work and consumer ethics between English-speaking (Protestants) and French-speaking (Catholics) Canadians seem mostly to be a thing of the past, however, the rejection of mercantile orientation in some segments of Canadian society still persists to the present day. Canadian managers are not as aggressive and assertive as Americans and are more ready to take into account the public interest. True to some of its historical European roots, Canada has adopted many social democratic practices – a fairly developed welfare state (with free healthcare) and large-scale state entrepreneurship (however, its size has been significantly reduced lately). Proximity to such an economic giant as the USA has both pluses and minuses. The southern neighbor is suspected of trying to format the Canadian economy to suit its own goals and objectives, which causes rejection and resistance.

Euroscepticism in the Russian-Speaking Community of Estonia: Modern Trends and Prospects

The attitude of Russian-speaking people living in the Republic of Estonia towards the processes of European integration has undergone some transformation since the restoration of Estonia’s independence in 1991 to the present day. A significant part of the representatives of national minorities in this state governed by Eurooptimistic political elites is attributed to a quite widespread Euroscepticism. This article is an attempt to analyze the features of Eurosceptic views among the modern large Russian-speaking community of Estonia, as well as to assess the extent of the spread of Eurosceptic ideas there. A typical portrait of a Eurosceptic Russian-speaking voter in Estonia is addressed, especially one who lives in areas of compact settlement of Russian speakers in this state. A circle of Eurosceptic parties in Estonia has been identified that have influenced the attitude of Russian-speaking residents of Estonia towards the EU. The content of the Eurosceptic beliefs of the Russian-speaking voter is revealed. The reasons for the traditional popularity of Eurosceptic ideas among the Russian- speaking population are determined, as well as the extent of anti-EU sentiment in the Russian-speaking community of Estonia. A number of factors have been identified that traditionally influence the sustainability of Euroscepticism in regions of Estonia with a significant Russian-speaking population. It is concluded that if in the 1990s an impressive part of the Russian-speaking residents experienced neutral or even Euro-optimistic sentiments ( largely due to their unfulfilled hopes for a qualitative improvement in their discriminatory situation after Estonia joined the EU), then while they gradually discovered that no radical transformations were expected (largely due to Brussels’ reluctance to put appropriate pressure on Tallinn), their generally pro-EU position transformed into Euroscepticism. The paper concludes that currently the Euroscepticism of the Russian-speaking population of Estonia is characterized by a trend towards a relative stabilization of the Eurosceptic sentiments of voters. The author using institutional and discursive methods makes a forecast on the future development of Eurosceptic sentiments among Russian-speaking residents in the medium term.

Andalusian and Classical Ottoman Mosque Architecture Features

Cultures have met and influenced each other throughout history, and new and original products have emerged. Andalusian works, which were formed under the influence of Islamic and Christian architectural culture in history, and Ottoman architectural works, which were put forward by considering aesthetics and symmetry, are worth examining and are the subject of many scientific studies. In this study, the characteristics of Andalusian and Ottoman mosque architectures, which represent two peaks in Islamic civilization, were examined and compared. There is a perfect harmony between the multi-column and horseshoe-shaped arches in Andalusian mosques, but this situation creates a dim image. In terms of external appearance, it is reported that the mosques face north, and there is one square-based minaret here. The minarets, which have survived to the present day, have the appearance of a high building and terraces on the upper parts used for observation purposes. In the Ottoman Empire, minarets were built more than once in mosques built by dynasty members and in sultanate mosques, giving the city an aesthetic appearance and being symmetrical with the mosque. In this study, architectural features of mosques in terms of columns, plan, facade arrangement, light order and amount, mortar figures, plant and flower figures, tile decoration, Kufic script, use of bricks, number of minarets, the shape of minarets, arch, color type, and construction process. These features were compared and discussed in the light of social and cultural effects. Keywords: Andalusia; Ottoman; Architecture; Mosque; Culture.

History of the plyometric training: A review in sport

Background and Study Aim. From 1919 to 1930, the athletics coaches prescribed the first sessions of plyometric training for their athletes in Nothern and Eastern Europe. The objective of the review was to present the history of the development of plyometric training. Material and Methods. This study followed the methodology proposed by PRISMA statement (Moher et al., 2009). The articles were selected from January to September of 2024 in 10 databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, Research Gate, Scielo, Redalyc, Scopus, DOAJ, ScienceDirect, Semantic Scholar, and Latindex) with the following keywords: (“plyometric training” AND “stretch-shortening cycle” AND “sportive strength training”). The articles were selected from January to September of 2024 in 10 databases. The printed books the author used in your library and the printed articles were sent by e-mail to the author by his Italian friend G. B. Results. Plyometric training has three historical moments. The empirical period was of the ancient people until the year 60, the moment that the coaches prescribed the plyometric training based on observation of the sessions. The scientific period was from 1960 to 1999, the moment that occurred in the technological evolution of exercise physiology and biomechanics laboratories, this allowed sports scientists to conduct research with plyometric training. The modern period was from 2000 until the present day, the moment that the scientists need to study some questions this training. Conclusion. In conclusion, plyometric training is a strength training practiced by most high-performance athletes because increases explosive and reactive strength which are important for various sports.

EDUCATION POLICY AND KNOWLEDGE BASED ECONOMY: CASE OF

Georgia is gradually shifting to a Knowledge Based Economy (KBE). The following study examines the relationship between the government’s expenditure on education and enrollment rates in Georgia, which focuses on the ongoing education reforms in the country. The research aims to assess the extent view to which increased public investment in education has influenced enrollment rates across the three levels of education (primary, secondary, and tertiary levels). Due to a lack of historical and inaccurate statistics from 1990 to 2006, a longitudinal analysis is conducted data from 2006 to the present day, with particular attention to two distinct periods: 2006–2016 and 2016–present, it is also important to note that Georgia has joined Bologna Process in 2005 and establish EHEA (European Higher Education Area). Methodologically, regression analysis is used to quantify the impact of educational spending on enrollment rates, while controlling for other socio-economic variables. The findings reveal a positive, albeit delayed; correlation between education expenditure and enrollment rates increased, with the most significant improvements observed in the post-2016 period, coinciding with intensified reform efforts and the government’s prioritization of education. However, the study acknowledges that it may not fully capture the true dependency of enrollment rates on spending, as other influential factors, such as demographic shifts and economic conditions, are not included. Despite these limitations, the analysis provides a partial yet substantive explanation of the core relationship between government spending and enrollment rates.

Efficacy of biomarkers and imaging techniques for the diagnosis of traumatic brain injury: challenges and opportunities.

Concussion is a pervasive health issue in the present day. Increased prevalence in recent years has indicated a need to improve the current understanding of minor traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Effort has been devoted to understanding the underlying pathophysiology of TBIs, but some mechanisms remain unknown. Potentially lethal secondary effects of concussion include second impact syndrome and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), introducing long-term considerations for the management of mTBI. Post-concussion syndrome is another long-term consequence of concussion and may be influenced by both neuroinflammation and hormonal imbalances resulting from head trauma. Genetically mutated apolipoprotein E may also contribute to the severity and persistence of concussion symptoms, perhaps even acting as a risk factor for CTE. As it stands, the diagnosis of concussion is nuanced, depending primarily on subjective diagnostic tools that incorporate patient-reported symptoms and neurocognitive tests. Diagnostic tools provide some assistance in concussion diagnosis, but still lack accuracy and inherently leave room for uncertainty. To mitigate some of this uncertainty, considerable research has been devoted to the development of methods to diagnose concussions objectively. Biomarkers such as S100 calcium binding protein B (S100B), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), neurofilament light protein (Nf-L), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and microRNAs (miRNAs) as well as imaging techniques including diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and blood-oxygen level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD-fMRI) show great promise in this regard. This review aims to compile the relevant literature in these areas in the hopes of being used as a reference point for future research regarding concussions.

Exploration and Research on "Creative Thinking" in Dance Education at Training Institutions

Dance is an art form that uses the human body's artistic movements as a medium to convey life experiences and express inner emotions. Dance has existed since prehistoric times, even before the development of language, and has continued to the present day. In recent years, with the guidance of national policies and the influence of the new media industry, dance has garnered increasing attention and popularity. As a result, public-oriented dance training institutions have rapidly developed. Xi'an, China, has emerged as an attractive "internet-famous" city in recent years, providing a large capacity and substantial opportunities for the dance training market. A variety of training institutions have flourished, displaying diverse educational approaches. Given this context, we conducted research on three typical institutions through interviews and hands-on experiences to explore their approach to "creative thinking" in dance education. Before conducting formal research, we provided a subjective definition of "creative thinking" from the perspective of our field of study, specifically in the area of "dance education" with which we are personally familiar. This definition entails breaking away from traditional "demonstrative teaching" methods, transforming the "teacher-authority" dynamic, and establishing an "open" learning atmosphere. Under this framework, we conducted our investigation.

Geochemical Characteristics and Origin of Crude Oils from Sunda and Asri Basins, Indonesia

The Sunda and Asri Basins are back-arc basins located SE of Sundaland at the present day. These basins contain Cenozoic sediments deposited in a Paleogene half-graben system. This rifing was followed by sagging during the Neogene associated with a north-south major fault system in the eastern part. The Sunda and Asri Basins constitute significant petroliferous basins in Indonesia which have produced more than a billion barrels of oil equivalent. Some studies conducted focus on geochemistry only in Sunda or Asri Basins, but a comprehensive geochemical study integrating data from both basins have never been conducted. This is the first paper to integrate the geochemical characteristics and the origin of crude oils from Sunda and Asri Basins. A total of eighteen crude oils were investigated to delineate their characteristics. The results provide an explanation about the origin of the organic matter and the genetic relationship between crude oils from Sunda and Asri Basins, and their probable source rocks. This study presents an in-depth geochemical characterization. The crude oils were classified as aliphatic oils, as indicated by their high saturated hydrocarbon fractions (>50 %). The API gravity values of the crude oils range from 25.3 to 39, and their sulfur content was low (0.01 %). Geochemistry analysis reveals a novel interpretation of crude oils originating from shale source rock deposited under oxic-suboxic conditions. Sunda and Asri crude oils exhibited relatively similar stable carbon compositions. The modest concentrations of biomarker 18α(H)-oleanane (OL) indicate that the source age is younger than Late Cretaceous. The crude oil in the Sunda and Asri Basins were charged from source rocks that reached early to peak maturity. The results of the current study strongly indicate the differentiation in lacustrine organofacies of crude oils from the Sunda and Asri Basins. The source rock for these crude oils were shales from the Paleogene syn-rift Banuwati Formation.