Day Of Menstrual Period Research Articles

Knowledge and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of young women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) in Jolo

The study aimed to evaluate the knowledge and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of young women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) in Jolo during the Fiscal Year 2023. The study involved 33 respondents, mostly single with college level, aged between 20 and 30 years, and with a menstrual cycle of once in 9-12 months with 2-7 days of menstrual period. The findings showed that on average, respondents agreed that there was a high extent of knowledge about PCOS and a high quality of life. However, variables such as age, civil status, educational level, frequency of menstruation, and length of menstruation did not significantly mediate the assessment of knowledge and health-related quality of life. This study support the theory of Adaptation Model of Nursing that has been promulgated by Sister Callista Roy in 1976. Roy explained that adaptation occurs when people respond positively to environmental changes, and it is the process and outcome of individuals and groups who use conscious awareness, self-reflection, and choice to create human and environmental integration. The key concepts of Roy’s Adaptation Model are made up of four components: person, health, environment, and nursing (Kozier, 2020).

Ovarian artery Doppler velocimetry effects after myoinositol and lipoic acid therapy in PCOs patients

Background: Polycistic ovary syndrome (PCOs) is one of the most common endocrine and metabolic disorders in premenopausal women. This is the second part of an extended report regarding the significant effects of the therapy based on an Alfa Lipoic Acid (ALA)/Myoinositol (Myo) combined drug on adnexal parameters, as assessed by ultrasound technique. Methods: A prospective cohort trial. Data regarded thirty four italian nulliparous women considered for the study, control cases were chosen from an initial group of sixty-nine healthy women group paired by age and nulliparous status. Patients underwent a Myoinositol plus ALA regimen twice a day in a continued fashion in a twenty four months period. Ultrasound examinations were coincident with the fifth day of menstrual period and were set as follows: Time 0 (first evaluation), Time 12 (after twelve months) and finally Time 24 (after 24 months). Results: The mean age was 31.4 years old. Results regarding any significant change in the endometrial width, number of follicles, and the ovarian volumes within the time of the trial, showed no significant changes in the intervals considered. Conversely, the parameters dealing with color Doppler velocimetry waves of the ovarian arteries showed a significant decreasing trend, considering the first values and after 12 and 24 months. Conclusions: Considering a consistent and significant decrease in ovarian arteries resistance, we may hypothesize that Inositol plus ALA therapy may block the vascular effects of hyperadrogenism, maybe playing a role in the anti oxidant and anti inflammatory pathways

Adnexal and clinical effects of myoinositol and lipoic acid in PCOs patients

Background: Polycistic ovary syndrome (PCOs) is one of the most common endocrine and metabolic disorders in premenopausal women. Our team aimed to know an eventual significant effect of the therapy based on an Alfa Lipoic Acid (ALA)/Myoinositol (Myo) combined drug on adnexal parameters as assessed by ultrasound and follow up clinical analysis. Methods: The following represents the results of a prospective trial considering data from thirty italian nulliparous women considered for the study, chosen from an initial group of fifty-eight women, compared to data taken from a healthy women group paired by age and nulliparous status. The mean age was 30.1 years old. Patients underwent a Myoinositol (400 mg) plus ALA (800 mg) regimen twice a day in a continued fashion in a twenty four months period. Ultrasound examinations were coincident with the fifth day of menstrual period and were set as follows: Time 0 (first evaluation), Time 12 (after twelve months) and finally Time 24 (after 24 months). Results: Comparisons were performed between Time 0 and Time 12 paired data, No significant ultrasound parameters differences were found between paired patients regarding: endometrial width, number of follicles and ovarian volume at the time of the trial. Regarding clinical symptoms, menstrual pelvic pain significantly decreased after a mean time of about four months and menstrual cycle tended to be regular in 12 from 30 patients after eight months under therapy. Parameters dealing with ultrasound color Doppler velocimetry status were studied considering other twelve months and will be described in a further report considering only ultrasound parameters. Conclusions: Considering the preliminary results of this study, we may hypothesize that Inositol may block the vascular effects of hyperadrogenism, and that the ALA in addition may play a role regarding anti oxidant and anti inflammatory pathways

Effect of varash oil to decrease menstrual pain in primary dysmenorrhea of senior high school student at Palu City

Objectivemenstrual pain is a common gynecological symptom at women on or near their menstrual period. Two third of them experienced moderate to severe pain. However, just several seek for medical help. This research aims to know the effect of ginger oil used on decreasing menstrual pain scale. Materials and methodsthis cross over experimental study was held from February until May 2020 on 64 grade XI high school students at Palu city. Participants were grouping cluster randomly into group A which applied 5ml ginger oil five days before until the second day of the first menstrual period, and group B that given the same treatment in the next period. A visual pain scale measured the pain scale on the second day of the menstrual period. Resultmost participants were in the age of 17 years old. The study found a lowering of pain scale significantly at both groups after treatment. The main menstrual pain scale were 6.87 ± 1.817 and 6.46±1.362 decreased to 3.48±1.928 and 4.24±2.010 after treatment (p=0.0001). Differences between the two groups were significant in the first period (p=0.0001) but not significant in the second period (p=0.410). Conclusionthe use of ginger oil several days before menstruation can reduce menstrual pain scale on students with primary dysmenorrhea; therefore, its use can be recommended to prevent the pain.

Changes in Resting-State Cerebral Activity in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Functional MR Imaging Study.

BackgroundPrevious studies have found that women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have some degree of brain function change as well as cognitive function and emotions, such as poor executive functioning and memory, anxiety and depressive symptoms. However, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying these alterations have not yet been clarified.MethodFasting serum hormone testing, neuropsychological testing and resting-state magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) were performed in 41 women with newly diagnosed PCOS and 41 healthy controls matched by age and education during their 2–5 days of menstrual period. Analysis of the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) was used to calculate the seed points. Then, the functional connectivity (FC) values between these abnormal seed points and other voxels in the whole brain were calculated. Finally, the correlations among clinical indexes, neuropsychological evaluation scores, and neuroimaging data were analyzed.ResultsCompared with the control group, the PCOS group showed higher luteinizing hormone (LH) and serum insulin levels, worse sleep quality, increased depressive and anxiety state scores, and memory and executive function impairments. Pearson’s correlation analysis showed that the decreased ALFF value in the left middle frontal gyrus (MFG.L), which is related to poor executive performance and depressive disorders, was negatively correlated with the plasma insulin level in subjects with insulin resistance. Furthermore, the increased FC strength between the MFG.L and left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG.L) was positively correlated with the serum testosterone level. The enhanced FC strength between the left posterior cingulate gyrus (PCG.L) and triangular part of the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFGtriang.L) was negatively correlated with the plasma LH level. When use the right middle occipital gyrus (MOG.R) as the seed point, the FC strength with the right inferior occipital gyrus (IOG.R), which is associated with impaired memory, was decreased.ConclusionThe ALFF and FC results elucidated brain functional abnormalities at the regional and network levels in women with PCOS, while correlation analyses simultaneously demonstrated that these alterations were associated with serum hormones and cognitive function. These results may provide useful information regarding the potential mechanisms of cognitive impairment and emotional changes in this population.

Perbandingan Cadangan Ovarium Sebelum Dan Setelah Tindakan Laparoskopi Kistektomi “Fertility Sparing” Pada Penderita Kista Endometriosis

Laparoscopy Cystectomy still remains the first line as the treatment of endometriosis cyst. A “fertility sparing” laparoscopy is a procedure that preserve uterus and ovaries of endometrioma patient. Objective: was to compare the ovarian reserve before and after laparoscopic cystectomy “fertility sparing” using three marker of ovarian reserve which are AMH, FSH and Estradiol on 2nd or 3rd day of menstrual period and counting the AFC by Transvaginal Ultrasound.Methods: This study is an experimental study on 25 endometrioma patient. Ovarian reserve values was taken before and after laparoscopy using three markers which are AMH, FSH and Estradiol and AFC. All patient included to group performed laparoscopy cyctectomy with several techniques which are no or less use of electrocoagulation, using vassopresin injected to the cyst wall, using stripping of the membrane technique on cyst, without suturing, using compression to control bleeding, avoiding hillus cut. Statistical Analysis was using paired t test method.Result: There was average differences on AMH value before 1,77 ± 0,39 ng/ml and after laparoscopy 1,54 ± 0,38 ng/ml. FSH value before was 6,91 ± 4,59 mlU/ml and after was 10,13 ± 6,51 mlU/ml, for estradiol before was 99,65 ± 77,18 mlU/ml and after was 63,67 ± 35,22 mlU/ml. There were 15 samples before laparoscopy has AFC <4, 10 samples has AFC 4-6, after laparoscopiy there was 8 samples has 8 AFC, 8 samples has 4-6 AFC, and 9 samples has 7-10 AFC. There was a statistical significance on the reduce of ovarian reserve before and after laparoscopic cystectomy “fertility sparing” (p=0,001).Conclusion: There was the affect of laparoscopy cystectomy to the decrease of ovarian reserve which sre 13% decreaed of AMH (p+0,001), 31,6% increased of FSH (p=0,001), estradiol was 47,8% decreaed (p=0,001) and AFC has increased 47.9% (p=0,003). Keywords: Laparoscopic Cystectomy, Endometriosis, Anti Mullerian Hormone, Antral Follicle

Perbandingan Cadangan Ovarium Sebelum Dan Setelah Tindakan Laparoskopi Kistektomi “Fertility Sparing” Pada Penderita Kista Endometriosis

Laparoscopy Cystectomy still remains the first line as the treatment of endometriosis cyst. A “fertility sparing” laparoscopy is a procedure that preserve uterus and ovaries of endometrioma patient. Objective : was to compare the ovarian reserve before and after laparoscopic cystectomy “fertility sparing” using three marker of ovarian reserve which are AMH, FSH and Estradiol on 2nd or 3rd day of menstrual period and counting the AFC by Transvaginal Ultrasound. Methods : This study is an experimental study on 25 endometrioma patient. Ovarian reserve values was taken before and after laparoscopy using three markers which are AMH, FSH and Estradiol and AFC. All patient included to group performed laparoscopy cyctectomy with several techniques which are no or less use of electrocoagulation, using vassopresin injected to the cyst wall, using stripping of the membrane technique on cyst, without suturing, using compression to control bleeding, avoiding hillus cut. Statistical Analysis was using paired t test method. Result : There was average differences on AMH value before 1,77 ± 0,39 ng/ml and after laparoscopy 1,54 ± 0,38 ng/ml. FSH value before was 6,91 ± 4,59 mlU/ml and after was 10,13 ± 6,51 mlU/ml, for estradiol before was 99,65 ± 77,18 mlU/ml and after was 63,67 ± 35,22 mlU/ml. There were 15 samples before laparoscopy has AFC <4, 10 samples has AFC 4-6, after laparoscopiy there was 8 samples has 8 AFC, 8 samples has 4-6 AFC, and 9 samples has 7-10 AFC. There was a statistical significance on the reduce of ovarian reserve before and after laparoscopic cystectomy “fertility sparing” (p=0,001). Conclusion : There was the affect of laparoscopy cystectomy to the decrease of ovarian reserve which sre 13% decreaed of AMH (p+0,001), 31,6% increased of FSH (p=0,001), estradiol was 47,8% decreaed (p=0,001) and AFC has increased 47.9% (p=0,003). Keywords: Laparoscopic Cystectomy, Endometriosis, Anti Mullerian Hormone, Antral Follicle

Tracking the implantation window: Synchronizing endometrial preparedness for implantation with stage of blastocyst to be transferred in antagonist IVF cycles involving single blastocyst transfers

Introduction The day of menstrual period is usually not taken into account during embryo transfer in IVF cycles. Aim We sought to track the relevance of ‘implantation window’ by contemplating a correlation between stage of blastocyst transferred and endometrial preparedness for implantation with respect to day of menstrual period in antagonist in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles. Design, Materials and Methods This study involved retrospective analysis of 443 cycles in women undergoing antagonist treatment protocol followed by oocyte-retrieval approximately between days 12 and 16 (rarely on days 17 and 18 in case of long follicular phase) of their menstrual period. All cycles involved day 5/6 single blastocyst-transfer (sBT) of top (AA) or good (AB/BA) quality blastocysts of various stages. Slightly modified Gardner’s system for blastocyst-stage grading was followed. Inner cell mass, trophectoderm, were graded as A, B, C as per Gardner’s system. Clinical pregnancy rate (CPR) and live birth rate (LBR) were main outcome measures. Results Overall CPR = 26.64% (118/443), whereas LBR was 21.67% (96/443). CPR was influenced by transfer of various stages (1–6) of the blastocysts on different days of menstrual period (days 17–24, covering the implantation window). Our results indicate that as day of menstrual period advances during the window period, higher stage blastocyst-transfer enhances the odds of a live birth. Conclusion Synchrony between stage of blastocyst transferred and the endometrial preparedness for implantation with respect to day of menstrual cycle has a definitive influence on LBR in IVF cycles. Asynchrony and out of phase BT may lead to missing out the implantation window and unnecessarily hamper CPR/LBR.

Discrepancy in Menstrual Cycle Relates to Diverse Profession and Age Cluster of District Mardan Khyber PakhtoonKhwa, Pakistan

Menstruation cycle is the discharge of blood from the inner uterine lining of female reproductive tract. About 500 Females from 6 different professions from district Mardan were included in this study. These 500 working females were divided into different age groups starting from 13 to 50 years to examine the length of menstrual cycle in relation to different professions and age. Number of Menstruating days of each female was recorded. Observation was recorded from the 1st day of menstruating till the end of menstruation period. An unlimited relation of profession and menstruation period was observed in this study, a decreased or prolonged menstrual period was observed in those women who were having more physical or mental activities as compare to sedentary ones. The same case is also found in start of teenage and in aged women. In different professional females about 29.2% respondents were reported with 3-4 days of menstrual period, 40.4% respondents were observed with 5-6 days of menstrual period, 23.2% respondents were reported with 7-8 days of menstrual period while only 7.2% respondents were observed with the longest menstrual period i.e. 9-10 days. About 15.49% Teachers and 15.39% Maids had the longest menstruation periods i.e. 9-20 days. A fairly normal menstruation (5-6 days) period of 69.31% respondents was observed in house hold females while in students about 48.63% respondents had least days of menstruation period i.e. 3-4 days. In different age groups about 32.8% female population had 3-4 days’ menstruation period which is measured to be short period, a total of 44.4% female population had 5-6 days’ menstruation period, 15.6% female population had 7-8 days’ menstruation period while only 7.2% female population of this study had the longest (9-10days) menstruation period. About 11.11% aged female population had the longest menstruation periods i.e. 9-20 days. A comparatively normal menstruation (5-6 days) period of 59.09% respondents was observed in age group 26-30. About 37.41% respondents of age group 21-25 and 37.70% respondents of age group 31-35 had least days of menstruation period i.e. 3-4 days. This reveals that the mental activity as well as the age has also an effect on menstruation period. This study reveals that the menstrual period is also reliant upon the nature of the job / profession of a female. Period may be shortened as 3 days or prolonged as 10 days depend upon the nature of physical and mental activity.

Observation of the effect of vaginal repair diverticulum of uterus after cesarean section

Objective To observe the therapeutic effect of transvaginal repair of uterine diverticula after cesarean section.Methods The clinical data of 12 patients underwent transvaginal repair (group A) with uterine incision diverticulum treatment were retrospectively analyzed.13 cases underwent transabdominal repair of the uterine incision diverticulum were selected as group B.The operation time,intraoperative bleeding volume,postoperative exhaust time,hospital stay and the next days of menstrual period were compared between the two groups.Results In group A,the operation time was 48 min,the amount of bleeding was 30 ml,postoperative exhaust time was 9 h,the length of hospital stay was 4.5 d,the next time menstruation was 3-5 days,Those of group B were 120 min,120 ml,16 h,7.8 d and 3-5 d.The differences of operation time,bleeding volume,postoperative exhaust time,hospitalization days between the two groups were significant(P ＜ 0.05).There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in the days of the next menstrual period (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion The effect of transvaginal,transabdominal repair on uterine diverticula formation after cesarean section is clear,but the transvaginal operation can shorten the operation time,reduce intraoperative bleeding volume,shorten postoperative exhaust time and decrease the hospitalization days,thus reduce the cost of hospitalization. Key words: Uterine incision diverticulum ; Cesarean section; Reoperation

A case of cyclic esotropia with menstrual cycle

Cyclic esotropia, alternatively called ‘day squint’, is an intermittent disorder. It usually occurs in repeated cycles of every 48 hr (Hutcheson & Lambert 1998). The fusion and binocularity are usually defective on the strabismic days; in contrast, it remains normal during the straight days. Many studies have tried to clarify the pathophysiology of this rare condition, but exact mechanisms remain unknown (Metz & Searl 1984). We present a monthly cycle of these squints with misalignment associated with the days of the menstrual period that has never been reported yet. A 46-year-old female was referred for ocular pain. She had already been diagnosed with orbital pseudotumor at another clinic and took oral steroids for this condition. She was noted to have 45PD esotropia with diplopia. Six months later, her esotropia had improved without diplopia. We could not see her again until 4 years later when she presented to our clinic for a history of a squint, which was worse during her menstrual period. It typically lasted for 2 weeks each month. At that time, her ocular examination showed orthotropia and no diplopia, and visual acuity was 20/20. Two weeks later, she was noticed to have 35PD esotropia, but no change of visual acuity or refraction error was seen (Fig. 1). Her ocular motility was normal, but binocularity did not evaluated. We suggested a self-diary should be started, so she recorded daily whether she had straight eyes or a manifest squint. The diary clearly showed that the manifest deviation did predictably present during her menstrual periods. The cycle started on the first day of menstrual period, and it terminated at the end of menstrual period. Cyclic fluctuation usually occurred over one-month time frame. For evaluating the recurrence of orbital pseudotumor, she received CT scans, but we did not find any abnormalities on the CT scans (Fig. 1). The cycle had lasted for 4 months, and the strabismic period became more prolonged as time went on, and at last, her esotropia has lasted for 1 month. Finally, the periodic squint became a constant 40PD esotropia. The patient underwent bilateral medial rectus muscle recession (right, 5.5 mm; left, 5.0 mm). Following the surgery, she has remained orthotropic and free of diplopia during her menstrual period. Cyclic esotropia can be idiopathic or consecutive and also occur with defects of the central nervous system (CNS) (Pillai & Dhand 1987). The proposed mechanism of cyclic esotropia is a disruption of the innate biological clock associated with the CNS (Hutcheson & Lambert 1998). Some authors have suggested that a lesion of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus could disrupt the biological clock and lead to cyclic esotropia (Pillai & Dhand 1987). Our case supports this possible mechanism in that the suprachiasmatic nucleus plays an important role in the course of menstruation (Norman et al. 1976). Several authors proposed that patients with cyclic esotropia have a basically strabismic condition with appended ‘bursts of orthophoria’ (Hutcheson & Lambert 1998). After visual maturity, late-onset cyclic esotropia could develop from conditions that disrupt fusion or cause diplopia (Hutcheson & Lambert 1998). The trigger event could be ocular surgery or CNS problems (Pillai & Dhand 1987). In this case, we could propose that constant esotropia by orbital pseudotumor might disrupt fusion. It is hypothesized that underlying this strabismic condition, our patient had entire days except her menstrual period where she experienced an orthotropic burst; therefore, a trigger factor to suppress orthotropic burst condition might also exist. The trigger factor could be menstrual hormones or unknown endogenous CNS transmitters stimulated by menstrual hormones. In conclusion, we present the first unique case of periodic esotropia with a monthly cycle and onset along with the menstrual period. In our patient, the development of cyclic esotropia could be related to the disruption of an innate biological clock, and the cycle was probably the result of some interacting factors related to the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus.

Elimination of high-risk human papillomavirus type HPV16 infection by ‘Praneem’ polyherbal tablet in women with early cervical intraepithelial lesions

'Praneem', a polyherbal formulation developed by us, has successfully completed Phase II efficacy study for treatment of abnormal vaginal discharge due to reproductive tract infections that act as co-factors for HPV persistence. In the present study we evaluated potential anti-HPV activity of Praneem in women infected with high risk HPV type 16. Twenty women molecularly diagnosed positive for HPV16 infection without or with low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) or inflammation were assigned to receive intra-vaginal, topical application of either Praneem tablet or placebo for 30 days excluding the days of menstrual period and were evaluated for persistence of HPV infection using HPV L1 consensus and HPV type 16-specific PCR as primary outcome. One course of Praneem treatment resulted in elimination of HPV in 6 out of 10 (60%) cases. A repeat treatment of four patients with persisting HPV infection resulted in clearance of HPV in two additional cases resulting in an overall 80% clearance of HPV 16 as against a spontaneous clearance of 10% (1/10) seen in the placebo arm. The elimination of HPV DNA was found to be accompanied by marked improvement in clinical symptoms and cytological abnormalities of Praneem-treated patients. Our results showed for the first time that a 30-day intra-vaginal application of the Praneem can result in elimination of HPV infection from the uterine cervix.

Management of menorrhagia in women with inherited bleeding disorders: general principles and use of desmopressin

The haemostatic system has a central role in controlling the amount and the duration of menstrual bleeding, thus abnormally prolonged or profuse bleeding does occur in most women affected by inherited bleeding disorders. Whereas irregular, premenarchal or postmenopausal uterine bleeding is unusual in inherited or acquired heamorrhagic disorders, severe acute bleeding and menorrhagia at menarche and chronic menorrhagia during the entire reproductive life are common manifestations. Prevalence and morbidity of menorrhagia in inherited bleeding disorders have been poorly investigated. It can be estimated that 40% to 60% of currently menstruating women with type 1 or 2 and more than 60% of women with type 3 VWD complain of menorrhagia with a significant impact on their quality of life. Menorrhagia may be particularly distressing in adolescents because of their delicate emotional equilibrium. Similar epidermiology has been described in other inherited disorders like factor XI deficiency, platelet functional defects and in carriers of haemophilia A and B. Women presenting with ''isolated'' menorrhagia, that is without significant additional bleeding symptoms, a situation reported by up to 15% of healthy women, do not demand investigation to exclude an occult bleeding disorder. A multidisciplinary approach is required for diagnosis and treatment. Gynaecological supervision is always required to exclude organic causes unmasked by the bleeding disorder. Treatment options are similar to those for menorrhagia in general with the addition of desmopressin and replacement therapy and the exclusion of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The therapeutic plan should take into consideration the patient's preferences, age and severity of bleeding. Iron supplementation is of paramount importance. Remedies used in clinical practice for menorrhagia in general (tranexamic acid, combined oral contraceptives [COC], levonorgestrel intrauterine system [LNG-IUS]) are first tried. In case of failure or contraindication (COC and LNG-IUS are best avoided in adolescents), before considering surgical options, treatment with desmopressin becomes the preferred choice in patients known to be responsive. The availability of desmopressin preparations for self-administration makes home treatment feasible in well selected cases. The treatment is efficacious and safe provided that patients are instructed to self-administer the agent only during the first two or three more heavy days of menstrual period, for a maximum of three to four doses and no more than two consecutive administrations at a 12-h interval.

A study of the association between squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma in the lung, and history of menstruation in Shanghai women, China

The menstrual history of 162 cases of female lung adenocarcinoma and 19 cases of squamous cell carcinoma was compared with 187 age-matched female controls, and analyzed for statistical significant differences that may exist between the two groups using the Epi-infor program, the Chi-square test, and the Bartlett test for homogeneity of variance. Parameters related to menstrual history included: age of menarche, menstrual cycle, number of days of menstrual period, amount of menstrual flow, menstrual pain, breast bloating/tenderness, and total number of menstrual cycles prior to menopause or diagnosis of lung cancer. The results show that cases of squamous cell carcinoma have a higher total number of menstrual cycles than controls, raising the possibility that estrogen may play a role in the induction of squamous cell carcinoma. Cases with adenocarcinoma were found to have shorter menstrual periods than controls, suggesting that activity of the corpus luteum may be related to the occurrence of adenocarcinoma. Progesterone (PR) and estrogen (ER) receptor levels were also measured in 21 adenocarcinoma surgical specimens. A positive ER and PR receptor expression was correlated with later menarche and earlier menopause.

A study of the association between squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma in the lung, and history of menstruation in Shanghai women, China

<h2>Abstract</h2> The menstrual history of 162 cases of female lung adenocarcinoma and 19 cases of squamous cell carcinoma was compared with 187 age-matched female controls, and analyzed for statistical significant differences that may exist between the two groups using the Epi-infor program, the Chi-square test, and the Bartlett test for homogeneity of variance. Parameters related to menstrual history included: age of menarche, menstrual cycle, number of days of menstrual period, amount of menstrual flow, menstrual pain, breast bloating/tenderness, and total number of menstrual cycles prior to menopause or diagnosis of lung cancer. The results show that cases of squamous cell carcinoma have a higher total number of menstrual cycles than controls, raising the possibility that estrogen may play a role in the induction of squamous cell carcinoma. Cases with adenocarcinoma were found to have shorter menstrual periods than controls, suggesting that activity of the corpus luteum may be related to the occurrence of adenocarcinoma. Progesterone (PR) and estrogen (ER) receptor levels were also measured in 21 adenocarcinoma surgical specimens. A positive ER and PR receptor expression was correlated with later menarche and earlier menopause.

Glomerular development in the kidney as an index of fetal maturity

T HE stage of bodily development which is attained before birth varies greatly among different mammalian species, but before being born each fetus must attain a state of development commensurate with the demands which will be placed upon it ilmnediately after birth. Prior to birth all fetuses lead a protected, parasitic life, and little is required of them except that their constituent cells be able to multiply and differentiate. Anatomic and physiologic development are so integrated that progression of one is invariably associated with equivalent elaboration of the other. The human fetus must ordinarily cope with the exigencies of extrauterine life in approximately 265 days after conception, or, as generally calculated, 280 days after the first day of the menstrual period which immediately preceded pregnancy. There is some variation in this length of time, but over 75 per cent of all infants are delivered within two weeks of the expected date. The average birth weight of all infants exclusive of twins is in excess of 3,000 Gin. At the Chicago Lying-in Hospital the average weight of 4,000 unselected infants was between 3,300 and 3,400 Gin. Some variation has been found in different parts of the world, but in practically all studies where live infants were weighed the average is between 3,100 and 3,500 Gin. The average normal human fetus thus appears to attain a weight between 3,000 and 3,500 Gin. in approximately 280 days from the first day of the last menstrual period and to have, by this time, acquired the ability to control its own body processes in the extrauterine environment to which it is ordinarily exposed. The fetus is mature and capable of undertaking a new mode of life. The question arises as to how long the average fetus may be con~ sidered ma tu re before delivery actually takes place. We know that prior to the expiration of twenty-eight weeks, the infant almbst invariably dies soon after birth because of incomplete development. The body weight at the end of the twenty-eighth week averages about I,O00 Gin. Further growth gradually improves the ability of the various organs to function, and the fetus gradually becomes able to exist independently. Why premature infants of equal weights that are born of apparently healthy mothers and subjected to the same care after birth vary in their ability to survive is unknown. One may postulate that the intrauterine environment is not adequate in all, even if deviations from the normal