Days Of Incorporation Research Articles

Preparation and properties of metakaolin-fumed-silica geopolymer modified with sodium silicate and potassium silicate activators

Geopolymers, which are environmentally friendly materials with aluminosilicates as raw materials, are expected to replace cement in construction materials. Here, the effect of fumed silica (FS) on the properties of metakaolin (MK)-based geopolymer materials was investigated with MK, sodium silicate, and potassium silicate as the main raw materials; their microstructures were characterized, and their performance was tested. The geopolymer's compressive strength, particle size, and curing characteristics were measured with X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy for microstructural analysis. The total dissolved solids (TDS) method was employed to study the geopolymer and evaluate the effect of the resulting gel products on TDS. The results revealed that the strength of 4% FS could reach 56.3MPa after 7 days of incorporation, and the strength increased by 20% and 12% compared with the 0% and 2% groups, respectively. Meanwhile, studying the microstructure of kaolin revealed that the best mechanical and physical properties were obtained when kaolin was calcined at 700°C. In addition, the mixture of alkaline activators increased the reactivity of MK, and the mixed alkaline-excited geopolymer from sodium silicate and potassium silicate exhibited enhanced matrix strength properties compared to the single alkaline activators. Overall, the inclusion of the FS material resulted in the optimization of the mechanical properties, confirming the improvement in the mechanical properties.

Effects of Pesticides on Selected Vegetable Crops Grown in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State Nigeria

The study analyzed the effects of pesticides on selected vegetable crops grown in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State Nigeria. The pesticide Dichlorvos (DD Force) was used to treat sites planted with Amaranth, cucumber, and okra. Soil and vegetable samples were randomly collected after 30 days of incorporation and tested for traces of chloride and phosphate. The results of the analysis showed that amaranth, cucumber, and okra residue concentration exceeded the maximum residual limit. Chloride and phosphate residues exceed the Maximum Residue Limit in vegetable crops. The amount of chloride in the soil sample exceeded the Maximum Permissible Limit. The amount of phosphate in the soil samples was lower than the Maximum Permissible Limit. The fact that vegetables are often grown and used with pesticides to control pests requires caution. Therefore, it is recommended that there should be limits and controls on the use and production of pesticides.

The Effect of Organic Manure and Days of Incorporation on the Growth and Yield of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Grown in Jos Plateau State. Nigeria

The experiment aimed to evaluate effect of organic manure on the growth and yield of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) grown in Jos Plateau State, Nigeria. The treatments used are organic manure source (Poultry dropping, Cow dung, goat manure, dung site and control) and time of inclusion (5, 10 and 15 days before transplanting) was adopted for the experiment. The experiment is laid in a randomized complete block design with three replications, with 12 plots in a block and 45 plots for the whole experiment. Data were collected from the following parameters, plant height, plant diameter, number of leaves, leaf area (LA), net assimilation rate (NAR), crop growth rate (CGR), fresh weight, and dry weight. All the study parameters of lettuce were significantly different (P<0.05) on both organic manure, days of inclusion and season. Poultry droppings produce plant height (25.73), plant diameter (8.42), number of leaves (32.02), leaf area index (16.75), net assimilation rate (4.67), crop growth rate (3.20), fresh weight (6.65 ha-1), and dry weight (4.23 ha-1) when compared with other sources of nutrient. Similarly maximum plant height (23.32), plant diameter (6.66), number of leaves (31.86), leaf area (15.19), net assimilation rate (3.32), crop growth rate (3.54), fresh weight (5.79 ha-1), and dry weight (4.00 ha-1) was recorded in lettuce plant treated with organic manure of 5 days of inclusion. On seasons, higher plant height (25.83), plant diameter (8.23), number of leaves (31.34), leaf area (15.32), net assimilation rate (4.00), crop growth rate (3.61), fresh weight (7.01 ha-1), and dry weight (5.99 ha-1)  was obtained in 2021 as against 2020 season. Based on the results obtained, it can be recommended to lettuce farmers in the locality the use of poultry manure and 5 days of inclusion for optimum growth and yield of lettuce.

ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF CONSTRUCTION WASTE AS SOIL ACIDITY CORRECTIVE

The construction and demolition waste (CDW) can be used as soil acidity corrective, which allow its final destination as an input of agricultural and environmental interest, beyond pollution control. This alternative of final destination makes possible the reduction on the amount of solid waste disposed in landfills, which will reduce the environmental impact and increase the useful life of the landfills. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the use of the construction waste to correct the pH of an acidic soil, typical of the southeastern region of Brazil. The CDWs used were collected in static buckets positioned next to building sites in Belo Horizonte, MG; sifted at less than 0.297 mm diameter and incorporated into an oxisol (red yellow latosol) collected on an exposed slope at Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG). Then, an incubation curve (after 21 days of incorporation of the waste to the soil) was performed varying the dose of the construction waste to the soil, aiming to obtain a pH x dose curve. Using logarithmic regression, the equation pH = 0.5454 ln(Dose) + 6.9646 was defined as ideal to describe this relationship. Thus, for the agricultural use it will be necessary a dose of 1,71 t ha-1, while, for pollution control, it will be necessary a dose of 46,28 t ha-1.

Plant Growth Inhibitory Activity of Goniothalamus andersonii Bark Incorporated with Soil on Selected Plants

Phytotoxic effects of soil incorporation with Goniothalamus andersonii bark powder against Cucumis sativus (cucumber), Trifolium repens (white clover), Lactuca sativa (lettuce), and Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass) were evaluated under the greenhouse condition for possible utilization as weed suppression. The growth of tested plants was reduced significantly after 14 days of incorporation where the degree of inhibition was dose dependent. A monocotyledonous plant, L. perenne was greatly inhibited by 94.8% when exposed to the bark powder concentration of 2% (w/w). After 21 days of incorporation, the length and fresh weight of both root and shoot part of tested plants were decreased significantly. These results indicate that G. andersonii bark possess inhibitory activity against various tested plants, suggesting that the bark powder is very beneficial as natural herbicide in weed control management.

Rendimento do coentro (Coriandrum sativum L) adubado com esterco bovino em diferentes doses e tempos de incorporação no solo

RESUMO O uso de esterco bovino é de suma importância para os agricultores familiares que produzem coentro na região de Mossoró-RN, pois esse insumo é amplamente disponível e utilizado pelos agricultores. Objetivando-se avaliar o Rendimento do coentro fertilizado com esterco bovino em diferentes doses e tempos de incorporação ao solo foi conduzido um experimento no período de setembro a novembro de 2011, na Fazenda Experimental Rafael Fernandes, da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido - UFERSA, Brasil. Os tratamentos consistiram da combinação de quatro doses de esterco bovino incorporadas ao solo: 15,0; 30,0; 45,0 e 60,0 t ha-1 em base seca, com quatro tempos de incorporação: 28; 49; 64 e 80 dias antes da semeadura do coentro - DAS, mais um tratamento controle (ausência de adubação). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos completos casualizados com os tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial 4 x 4 + 1 com 3 repetições. A cultivar de coentro utilizado foi a Verdão e as variáveis determinadas foram altura e número de hastes por planta e rendimento de coentro. O coentro respondeu à aplicação de esterco bovino, produzindo rendimentos máximos de 6453 e 6349 kg ha-1 de massa verde, com a dose de 60 t ha-1 e aos quarenta e seis dias de incorporação antes da semeadura, respectivamente.

Chemometrics applied to the incorporation of omega-3 in tilapia fillet feed flaxseed flour

This study evaluated the effect of adding flaxseed flour to the diet of Nile tilapia on the fatty acid composition of fillets using chemometrics. A traditional and an experimental diet containing flaxseed flour were used to feed the fish for 60 days. An increase of 18:3 n-3 and 22:6 n-3 and a decrease of 18:2 n-6 were observed in the tilapia fillets fed the experimental diet. There was a reduction in the n-6:n-3 ratio. A period of 45 days of incorporation caused a significant change in tilapia chemical composition. Principal Component Analysis showed that the time periods of 45 and 60 days positively contributed to the total content of n-3, LNA, and DHA, highlighting the effect of omega-3 incorporation in the treatment containing flaxseed flour.

DESEMPENHO DO RABANETE SOB DIFERENTES QUANTIDADES E PERÍODOS DE INCORPORAÇÃO DO MATA-PASTO (SENNA OBTUSIFOLIA L.) AO SOLO

Spontaneous species of the existent savanna in the production areas are constituted an alternative sou rce for they be used as green fertilizer. Therefore, th e objective of this work was to study the acting of the radish under different amounts and periods of incorporation of t he forest-pasture ( Senna obtusifolia L.) to the soil, in the conditions edafoclimaticas of Catole do Rocha - PB. The used e xperimental desing was it of complete blocks at ran dom with the treatments arranged in factorial outline 4 x 3, wit h three repetitions. The treatments consisted of th e effect of the combination of four amounts of forest-pasture (2,7; 5,4; 7,1; 9,8 t ha -1 in base it dries) with three incorporation periods (14; 28 and 42 days before the sowing). To cultivat e used was Long White Radish (Feltrin). The apprais ed characteristics were: plant height; root diameter; total income and commercial income. The best acting of the radish was observed in the amount of 9,8 t ha -1 and in the period of 14 days of incorporation of t he forest-pasture to the soil. The forest-pasture was shown efficient in the evaluatio n of the organic cultivation of the radish.

Contributions of Short Duration Legume Fallow to Maize (Zea mays L.) Varieties Under Different Nitrogen Levels in a Semi-Arid Environment

Aims: To evaluate the contributions of short duration legume fallow to maize (Zea mays L.) varieties under different nitrogen levels in a semi-arid environment of Nigeria. Study Design: Split-plot design. Place and Duration: This study was carried out at the Research Farm of the Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria, during rainy seasons of 2005, 2006 and 2007. Methodology: The treatments consisted of two maize varieties (SAMMAZ 12 and SAMMAZ 27) and five rates of nitrogen (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120kg N ha) in the main plots, while three green manure crops (Lablab (Lablab purpureus), Mucuna (Mucuna pruriens) and Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill)) and a weedy fallow were accommodated in the sub-plots. The treatments were laid out in a split-plot design with three replications. The green manure crops were incorporated at 49 days (7weeks) after planting. After 3 days of incorporation, maize seeds were planted. Results: SAMMAZ 12 and SAMMAZ 27 were similar on grain yield and most of the yield components studied. Nitrogen fertilization significantly increased yield components and Research Article American Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 3(3): 542-556, 2013 543 grain yield. In combined mean, application of 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg N ha gave 81.4, 127.2, 151.6 and 165.5% increases in maize grain yield over zero N treatment, respectively. Increasing N rate beyond 90 kg N ha did not significantly increased maize grain yield. Incorporation of mucuna, lablab and soybean significantly increased yield components and grain yield. In combined mean, incorporation of mucuna, lablab and soybean gave 68.8, 73.7 and 59.4% increases in maize grain yield over weedy fallow, respectively. Conclusion: Although, application of nitrogen gave marked increases in maize grain yield as did green manure, however, incorporation of short duration legume, which is environmentally friendly and a soil improver, will be a better option for sustainable maize production in northern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria.

BIOMASS PRODUCTION AND NODULATION OF GREEN MANURE LEGUMES IN COCONUT BASINS IN LATERITE SOIL AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON SOIL FERTILITY

Biomass production, nitrogen yield and nodulation by ten species of green manure legumes were compared in coconut basins in a root (wilt) affected garden under laterite soil type. Pueraria phaseoloides, Calopogonium mucunoides and Mimosa invisa were superior to others and yielded 28.45, 27.21 and 24.97 kg of biomass and 196.2, 186.5 and 187.6 g of nitrogen basin-1, respectively. The performance of Mucuna bracteata Crotalaria juncea and Macroptilium atropurpureum were also better with a biomass production of 16‑21 Kg basin-1 and nitrogen yield of 108‑140 g basin-1. Incorporation of green manures obtained from C. mucunoides, P. phaseoloides and M. invisa resulted in an increase in the level of major nutrients viz. N, P and K in coconut basin soils. Mineralisation of carbon was also greater in green manured coconut basin soils when compared to that in control. The increase in nutrient levels and mineralisation of carbon was more in treated basins at 30 days of incorporation of green manures when compared to the levels before the harvest of the legumes and at 60 days of incorporation.

Gangliosides and regeneration of the goldfish optic nerve in vivo and in vitro

One to forty days after optic nerve transection, goldfish received an i.p. injection of [ 3H]proline (proteins), 3HNAcGluc (gangliosides) or [ 3H]thymidine (DNA). After 1 or 2 days of incorporation, both optic systems were analyzed by biochemical and autoradiographical procedures. In the regenerating retina an enhanced retinal mitotic activity, protein synthesis (up to 2-fold) and ganglioside synthesis (up to 1.5-fold) was found. Simultaneously, a transiently enhanced accumulation (up to 4.5-fold) of axonally transported protein- and ganglioside-bound radioactivity in the regenerating optic nerve stump occurred. These regeneration-related proliferative and metabolic changes were found to be maximal at 6–8 days post lesion, but still measurable after 40 days. Concerning the endogenous ganglioside metabolism, in the regenerating retina no obvious change in ganglioside synthesis and composition could be observed, while in the regenerating optic nerve there was an enhanced accumulation of the ganglioside GPIc. Daily i.p. application of a ganglioside mixture from bovine brain (GMix) or of the monosialoganglioside GM1, did not alter significantly the degree and time course of the above regeneration induced metabolic changes or the regain of visual acuity. Sprouting activity of goldfish retinal explants was found to strongly depend upon a conditioning lesion of the optic nerve, reaching a maximum 8 days after nerve transection. This result strictly coincided with the profile of metabolic changes observed in vivo. Again, daily i.p. or i.o. injection of exogenous gangliosides did not influence the lesion induced increase of retinal sprouting activity. However, in normal, not regenerating animals, a local i.o. injection of GMix or GM1 led to a significant enhancement of the “basal” sprouting activity, normally occurring after lesion of the retina after injection of 0.9% NaCl. This ganglioside related stimulation was maximal at low concentrations (3 μg/eye) and did not occur at high concentrations (> 30 μg/eye). Injection of the phospholipid phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylserine had no or a slightly inhibitory effect, when compared to NaCl controls. These data suggest an involvement of gangliosides in the complex process of induction of axonal sprouting.

Retinal synthesis and axonal transport of gangliosides during regeneration of the goldfish optic nerve

In the present study, the left optic nerve of the goldfish was transected between eye bulb and optic chiasm. One to 39 days after lesion, the fish received an intraperitoneal injection of [3H]proline or [3H]NAc-glucosaraine. After one or two days of incorporation, both retinae and optic nerves were analyzed for protein- and ganglioside-bound radioactivity. A transient enhancement of label incorporation into proteins (up to 2-fold) and gangliosides (up to 1.5-fold) of the regenerating retina was found. Simultaneously, a transiently enhanced accumulation (up to 4.5-fold) of protein- and ganglioside-bound radioactivity in the regenerating optic nerve took place. These regeneration-related 'metabolic' changes came to a maximum at 6-8 days after nerve transection and were still measurable after 40 days. In the regenerating retina, there were no changes either of the ganglioside pattern or of the relative distribution of radioactivity of individual gangliosides. In the regenerating optic nerve, however, ganglioside GPlc, identified by immuno-TLC, and a fraction migrating like GD3/GM1 were enhanced with respect to their relative proportion of total ganglioside sialic acid and radioactivity. The radioactivity proportion of a ganglioside migrating like GDlb was decreased.