Days In Room Temperature Research Articles

Formulation of Blush On Cream from Hibiscus Sabdariffa (L.) Flower Extract

Natural dyes have become more popular as a result of the harmful and carcinogenic effects of syntheticdyes. Anthocyanins are natural dyes that are widely used to replace synthetic dyes and can also act asantioxidants that can be found in rosella (Hibiscus sabdarrifa L.). This study aimed to obtain blushon cream from rosella flower extract (RFE) with olive oil and to determine the effect of olive oilconcentration on the evaluation results. The blush on cream was made in 3 formula, F1 (13,5%),F2 (15,5%), and F3 (17,5%). The cream was evaluated for 28 days in room temperature (15–30⁰C)which included organoleptic, pH, homogeneity, spreadability, adhesion, cream type, and viscosity.The results of the evaluation of RFE blush on cream with olive oil showed that F1, F2, and F3 metthe requirements for evaluating the preparation for organoleptic tests, pH, homogeneity, spreadability,adhesion, cream type, and viscosity. Variations concentration of olive oil gave no significant effect(p>0,05) on the organoleptic, pH, homogeneity, spreadability, and cream type and had significant effect(p<0,05) on the adhesion and viscosity test. The findings demonstrate that RFE can be made in blushon cream formulations with olive oil as emollients.

Tingkat Kesukaan Panelis Terhadap Teh Kombucha Dengan Menambahkan Apel Hijau Malang Dan Bit Merah Melalui Uji Organoleptik

One of the well-known functional drinks using tea is kombucha tea. Kombucha tea is a traditional drink fermented from a solution of tea and sugar using a kombucha microbial starter called SCOBY (Symbiotic Culture of Bactery and Yeast), which contains bacteria and yeast (acetobacter xylinum, several types of yeast, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae) which is fermented for 14 days in room temperature. Other ingredients that can be used as innovations in making kombucha tea are poor green apples and red beets. Malang green apples have a sweet and refreshing taste, but the health benefits of apples are also unquestionable. In addition to the poor green apple, an ingredient that can be used as an innovation in adding flavor and color to kombucha is red beet. Red beet or better known as beetroot is a tuber plant that belongs to the Amaranthaceae-Chenopodiaceae family, this makes beetroot a family with radish and other root vegetables. This study aims to determine the preference level of 15 panelists through organoleptic test. The assessment indicators in this study are sweetness, acidity, bitternes, aroma and colour. Based on the results of organoleptic tests on kombucha tea by adding Malang green apples and red beets, that of the five assessment indicators of kombucha tea namely sweetness, acidity, bitterness, aroma, and color obtained results that really liked kombucha tea by adding Malang green apples and red beets.

Insecticidal Activity of Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia L.) Leaf Extract on Mung Bean Weevil (Callosobruchus chinensis L.)

Infection of mung bean weevil (Callosobruchus chinensis) might cause weight loss of mung bean seeds up to 55-69% and loss of protein content up to 45.6-66.3%. An eco-friendly strategy to manage this storage pest could be performed through the utilization of botanical pesticide, such as the leaf extract bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.). This study was aimed to investigate the insecticidal activity of bitter melon leaf extract (BMLE) against mung bean weevil. This study was conducted using Completely Randomized Design consisting of 5 dosages of BMLE application (0, 1.4, 2.7, 5.3, and 9.6%) with 5 repetitions. BMLE was applied to 100 g of mung bean seeds, then 10 mung bean weevils were infested into the treated seeds and stored for 38 days in room temperature. Both insecticidal activity and seed quality were carefully observed during the storage period. Results showed that application of 5.3 and 9.6% BMLE exhibited similar mortality of mung bean weevil. Both dosages also showed no negative effect on the seed quality indicating that BMLE might also contribute in maintaining the seed during the storage. Therefore, these results emphasized the promising potential of BMLE to be developed as the botanical insecticide for storage pest.

Aliphatic polyester biodegradation by coral-associated bacteria from Karimunjawa Marine National Park, Java Sea

Plastic waste is one of the environmental pollutants that is difficult to degrade. The spread of plastic waste is almost everywhere even in the ocean, especially in coral reef ecosystem. Non-degradable plastic like polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene begins to be partially replaced with biodegradable plastic materials (i.e polycaprolactone) as a strategy to reduce non-degradable polymer materials. Hence, this study aims is to find the potential of polycaprolactone biodegradation from coral associated-bacteria from Karimunjawa National Park. Coral samples were isolated in July 2020 from areas with influence by anthropogenic. Bacterial isolates were screened using tributyrin and polycaprolactone as substrates to reveal potential polyester degradation enzymes. The result obtained only one active bacterial isolate that potential to degrade polycaprolactone from a total of 18 isolates bacteria. LBB 2 showed that strain can degrade polycaprolactone by 8 days incubation period with 4 days in room temperature and 4 days in a 4°C incubation room. Bacterial identification by 16S rRNA sequences showed that strain LBB 2 refers to the bacteria Bacillus subtilis. The similarity level in the database of National Center Biotechnology Information by 99.45%. These results prove that associated bacteria from stony coral might play a role in degrading aliphatic polyesters.

Comparative Strength of Fibre Reinforced Peat and Clayey-Silt by Using Shredded Scrap-Tire

The strength comparison of fibre reinforced peat and clayey-silt for the compacted sub-grade by using the fibre reinforcement technique from the scrap tire is presented. The scrap tires are extracted and shredded into a standard size, i.e., rubber-chip, rubber-crumb, rubber-powder and fibre-polyester for the consistency and homogeneity of the design mix. In this study, two types of fibres are used, which are fibre polyester and rubber crumb. The fibres at various designated percentage are mixed with the clayey-silt and peat with the addition of a minimum 5% cement content as a binder to achieve the targeted strength. The specimens were prepared by compacting at the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density. The compacted treated specimens were prepared and air cured for 7 and 28 days in room temperature (23C to 26C). In evaluating the strength and durability effect of fibres between the untreated (no fibres) and treated specimens (with fibres and cement), the Unconfined Compression Strength (UCS) and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests are executed. The findings indicate that the shear strength increases with the curing period. The addition of fibre-polyester and shredded rubber-crumb exhibits an increment in the contact area and bonding between the fibre reinforced materials and soil particles, which then significantly improved the compressive strength of the design mix.

Chemical preservation for increasing shelf life of Chrysanthemum indicum L. cut flower

Chrysanthemum indicum L. is the second most important ornamental and marketable flower from Asteraceae family in the world. Vase life is a main factor for evaluating the post-harvest quality of cut flowers that determine their marketability. Chrysanthemum is one of the top most cut flowers sold in international flower markets. The post-harvest study was carried out on chrysanthemum cut flower to observe the effect of different chemical preservatives solution for vase life. Here, the different chemical preservative treatments consisting of sucrose, salicylic acid, citric acid, aluminum sulphate and their combination were used to increase the vase life and the petal discoloration of chrysanthemum cut flowers. It was observed that all the preservatives treatments (expect T3) extend the vase life and reduced petal discoloration over the control. The result showed in containing T2 [sugar (4%) + salicylic acid (100ppm)] and T6 [citric acid (150ppm) + aluminum sulphate (500ppm) +7% sucrose] resulted in maximum vase life 18 days and 16 days in room temperature and reduced leaf browning more than control. Cite as Dhrumi Patel, Rachana Suthar, & Hiteshkumar A. Solanki. (2021). Chemical preservation for increasing shelf life of Chrysanthemum indicum L. cut flower. Research and Reviews: Journal of Environmental Sciences, 3(1), 1–7. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4668605

Evaluation of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) Calyx Extract Stability for Intestinal Nematode Egg Staining

Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) calyx extract is rich in anthocyanin and it has been widely used as a natural colouring agent, for example as an alternative dye for eosin 2% in intestinal nematode egg staining. However, as a natural colour, the temperature and storage time are often altered anthocyanin activity. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate stability of Roselle calyx extract using various time and temperature storage and its staining properties on the intestinal nematode eggs. The Roselle calyx was extracted using maceration technique for ± 3 days and then made 80% concentration of extract. Extracted is stored within 1, 7, 14, and 21 evaluation days in room temperature (25°C) and cold temperature (4°C) for extract characterization, absorption of anthocyanin, pH, and staining observation. The result showed that natural extract from Roselle calyx stained intestinal nematode eggs and stable within 21 days storage in cold temperature (4°C).

Heat Treatment of SS 316L for Automotive Applications

Stainless steel 316L (SS 316L) is a low carbon-chromium-nickel-molybdenum austenitic stainless steel. Its application in automotive industry include as exhaust housings for catalytic converters and turbocharger. In this research, the tempering heat treatment was conducted by using SS 316L samples. These steels were austenitized at 860°C for 1 hours before doing two tempering process. Austempering was conducted at 360°C for 15 min in the muffle furnace then air cooled while martempering was conducted at 160°C for 15 min in a muffle furnace then quench in water. The corrosion test was carried out using 1.0 M oxalic acid solution for 30 days in room temperature. Hardness test and microstructural observation were carried out for SS 316L before and after corrosion test. Experimental result showed that untreated sample have highest hardness value before and after corrosion test which were 232 HV and 225 HV respectively. The hardness value before corrosion test is 199.7 HV for austempered sample, and 201.3 HV for martempered sample. Untreated sample shows the lowest corrosion rate (0.94×10-3 mpy), followed by austempered sample (1.89x10-3 mpy) and the highest corrosion rate is for martempered sample (2.36×10-3 mpy). After corrosion, under optical microscope observation, martempered steel has more pits than austempered steel. In summary, austempering is the best heat treatment for SS 316L in automotive applications that give high ductility and toughness after heat treatment with high corrosion resistance.

Validation of UV-Vis Spectrophotometric Method for Stability Evaluation of 5% Extemporaneous Vancomycin Eye Drops in Various Vehicles

UV-Vis spectrophotometric method was validated for the stability assessment of 5% extemporaneous vancomycin eye drops in different vehicles. The eye drops were extemporaneously prepared by dissolving vancomycin in various vehicles, including sterile water for injection (SWI), 0.45% normal saline (0.45%NSS) and artificial tear. The solutions were stored at room temperature and in refrigerator for 30 days. The content of vancomycin was measured by UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 280 nm. UV-Vis Spectrophotometric method was validated according to ICH guideline. The results indicated that the method was precise and accurate. The calibration curve was linear with r2 = 0.9997 in the range of 40-160 μg/mL. LOD and LOQ were 3.39 and 10.26 μg/mL, respectively. The results showed that the percentage of vancomycin residual concentation in SWI and 0.45%NSS was decreased to less than 90% after storage at room temperature for 8 days, whereas the residual concentration of vancomycin in artificial tear was less than 90 % after 10 days in room temperature. Meanwhile the percentage of vancomycin residual concentation in all formulations was remarkably decreased to less than 90% after storage in refrigerator for 17 days. The physical appearance of eye drops in artificial tear remained unchanged. However the observed color of other formulations was gradually changed to yellow in day 7 at room temperature and day 17 in refrigerator. The pH values of all preparations were within the general U.S. pharmacopeia national formulation range of 2.5-4.5. In conclusion, the eye preparations of 5%w/v vancomycin in all selected vehicle were stable for 17 days in refrigerator (2-8°C).

EUPHORBIA CADUCIFOLIA HAINES, EUPHORBIA NIVULIA BUCH. HAM AND EUPHORBIA TIRUCALLI LINN. LATEX SHELF-LIFE ASSESSMENT OF EUPHORBIA ANTIQUORUM LINN.

Objective: In the present study, an attempt was made to assess the shelf life of the Snuhi latex which is frequently used in fresh condition for the preparation of Ksharasutra, a medicated thread, used in Ayurveda.
 Methods: The latex of E. antiquorum, E. caducifolia, E. nivulia and E. tirucalli were collected individually and stored in air tight glass vials during the month of May, 2018. Physical attributes like Colour, odour, appearances, pH and microbial load of all four samples were assessed as per standard protocol. Assessment was made every day, 9 AM, for 7 d in room temperature and for 10 d in refrigerated samples.
 Results: Result shows that, pH range (start-end day) was 4.25-5.18, 4.79-5.12, 4.48-4.76 and 4.40-5.42 in case of E. antiquorum, E. caducifolia, E. nivulia and E. tirucalli at room temperature. It was found that, Aspergillus niger was found in Euphorbia antiquorum, Euphorbia caducifolia whereas Candida albicans was found in Euphorbia tirucalli latex in fungal culture on the 7th day after collection, when the samples were stored at room temperature. All the samples were free from microbial growth up to 10thday when stored at 4-5 °C in a refrigerator.
 Conclusion: Temperature, and moisture affects the quality of fresh snuhi latex. The latex remains free from microbial growth up to six days in room temperature and up to 10 d under at refrigerated temperature (4-5 °C).

GC-MS Analysis of Metabolites from Aspergillus tamarii and Trichoderma sp. Detected Promising Biological Compounds

Fifteen multicellula r fungi previously isola ted from rice paddies were evalua ted for their a ntibacterial activities aga inst test orga nisms using the aga r plug method. Only seven of the fungal isola tes showed activity aga inst the test orga nisms Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, a nd Staphylococcus aureus. These seven fungi were subsequently grown on yeast extract sucrose aga r (YES), pota to dextrose aga r (PDA), a nd Sa boura ud dextrose aga r (SDA) to determine their radial growth a nd time of sporula tion over a period of seven days. The fastest sporula tion was achieved by Penicillium funiculosum (three days), Aspergillus tamarii (five days), a nd Trichoderma sp. (six days). Spore suspensions (150 spores/mL) of these fungi were sepa ra tely inocula ted in 100 mL of Yeast Extract Broth (YEB), Pota to Dextrose Broth (PDB), a nd Sa boura ud Dextrose Broth (SDB), a nd cultured for 35 days in room tempera ture (24–27oC) a t sta tiona ry condition. Culture filtra tes were extracted with ethyl aceta te (1:1 v/v) a nd used for herbicidal assay using Vigna radiata a nd for gas chroma tography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). No herbicidal activity was observed with wa ter as control. Compounds identified (>90% simila rity with Na tional Institute for Sta nda rds a nd Technology [NIST] libra ry) included bis (2-ethyl hexyl) phthala te (a ntifungal a nd a nti-infla mma tory), dehydromevalonic lactone (fragra nce production), benzene acetaldehyde (fragra nce production), a nd n-hexadeca noic acid (a nti-infla mma tory). Meta bolomics da ta provide the basis for future optimiza tion studies to genera te utiliza ble bioactive compounds.

Processing Technology of Ketupat

Indonesia has a typical rice processing method as part of the nation’s culture, namely ketupat. Ketupat is typical food made of rice wrapped in diamond shaped-woven coconut leaves and boiled in water. This article reviewed the variety of processing ketupat as well as changes in ketupat during storage of ketupat according to the results of research and related references. Traditionally, ketupat is cooked in boiling water for 5 hours. This is considered inefficient in terms of cooking fuel and time required for cooking. The efforts of modifying ketupat cooking method have been done to shorten processing time, such as cooking ketupat in pressure cooker for 30 minutes. The development of ready-to-cook ketupat or quick-cooking product in attractive package becomes a promising opportunity. Quick-cooking ketupat was made by immersing ketupat in salt, steaming, freezing and drying. The package of quick-cooking ketupat was designed using HDPE plastics made square shape that requires boiling period for 30 minutes. Ingredients and the amount of rice, the size of coconut leaves, immersion process and cooking technic affected the texture of ketupat produced. Ketupat is normally stored for 2 days in room temperature and 4-7 day if it is refrigerated. Spoilage of ketupat is due to microbiological and physical changes during storage. Starch retrogradation and increase in RS III may occur when ketupat is stored at low temperature.

Fabrication of N-acetyl-l-cysteine and l-cysteine functionalized chitosan-casein nanohydrogels for entrapment of hydrophilic and hydrophobic bioactive compounds

In this work, we present self-assembly nanohydrogels (NGs) systems for controlled and sustained release of hydrophilic as well as hydrophobic bioactive compounds. Specifically, N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) and l-cysteine (CYS) functionalized chitosan (CS) and NaOH modified casein (CA) were synthesized by layer-by-layer electrostatic interaction to enhance the bioavailability of egg white derived peptides (EWDP) and curcumin. The NAC–CS–CA NGs and CYS-CS-CA NGs exhibited pH-sensitive properties with the smallest particle size of 89 and 86 nm by dynamic light scattering, respectively. The NGs showed excellent storage stability for 21 days in room temperature. The entrapment efficiency (EE) of EWDP and curcumin ranges from 39 to 67% and 51–63% in NAC–CS–CA NGs, 45–58% and 48–63% in CYS-CS-CA NGs at different pH values. The NGs had been characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to investigate chemical interactions as well as to evaluate the entrapment mechanism of the drug-loaded formulations. The in vitro release kinetics of EWDP and curcumin showed prolong drug release up to 56 h and 80 h from the NGs, respectively. Moreover, the NGs inhibited the burst release of EWDP and curcumin at gastric media and enhanced the sustained release at intestinal media. The current study exhibited the promising novel method for designing delivery systems for commercial production of encapsulated bioactive compounds with improved functional attributes.

Interaction study of clay-bearing amphibolite–crude oil–saline water: Molecular level implications for enhanced oil recovery during low saline water flooding

Low saline water flooding (LSWF) had proved to be an efficient method for enhanced oil recovery in clay-bearing hydrocarbon reservoirs, but the interaction mechanisms among in-situ rocks – fluids and injection fluids within the reservoir – are not yet known properly. Understanding the molecular level interaction among these components is critical for designing and field scale implementation of LSWF in clay-bearing crystalline reservoir rocks, which is very limited in the existing literature. A weathered amphibolite rock and one dead crude oil from the Bakrol field (Cambay basin, India) have been used in this study. The presence of clay minerals in the weathered amphibolite rock was observed using a polarising microscope and characterised by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques. The crude oil and its fractionated SARA components have been extensively studied by spectroscopic techniques for their characterisation. The interaction study among the rock powder, hydrocarbon crude oil and saline water has been performed in the present work for gaining better insight for designing the injection fluid for LSWF. The weathered amphibolite rock powder was mixed with the dead crude oil and kept for 30 days in room temperature (T) and pressure (P) for proper interaction. The XRD, FTIR and cation exchange capacity results clearly demonstrated the incorporation of crude oil components in the interlayer surfaces of clay minerals. The oil removal efficiency, from the oil-treated rock powder of three saline water samples having NaCl concentration of 3000, 5000 and 8000 ppm, was investigated using the UV–Vis and fluorescence spectroscopies. The low saline NaCl water is capable of removing the maximum amount of polar components from the oil-treated rock powder. These molecular level insights are valuable for designing effective injection fluid for enhancing the oil recovery from the clay-rich crystalline reservoir rock.

Penile erection responses of Nigella sativa seed extract on isolated rat corpus cavernosum

Nigella sativa L. (NS) from Ranunculaceae family is known as black cumin in Indonesia. The seed has been used as an aphrodisiac in ethnobotanical studies and reported to have pharmacological activities such as antihypertensive through the relaxant effect of vascular smooth muscles but the direct effect to the blood vessels of the corpus cavernosum is still unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the response of NS seed extract on penile erection in vitro. NS seeds were macerated in ethanol solvent for three days in room temperature and repeated for two times. Penile erection responses was assessed using isolated rat corpus cavernosum in Krebs-Henseleit solution, temperature 37°C, pH 7.4, aerated with carbogen gas. After acclimation, corpus cavernosum was contracted with a phenylephrine solution. Ethanolic extract of NS seeds or control solution were given after reaching the plateu phase of the highest contraction. This study showed that the contraction response of the corpus cavernosum decreased after addition of NS extract and this action was increased with the addition of the extract concentration. This study concluded that NS seed ethanol extract affects the penile erection response directly through the relaxation of blood vessels in the corpus cavernosum.

SETTLEMENT REDUCTION OF DREDGED MARINE SOILS (DMS) ADMIXED WITH CEMENT & WASTE GRANULAR MATERIALS (WGM): 1-D COMPRESSIBILITY STUDY

Dredged marine soils (DMS) are considered as geo-waste and commonly disposed far into the sea. Environmental impacts raised from dredging such as turbidity and disturbance of marine ecosystem had increased the social demand to reuse DMS in engineering application. Typically, DMS have low shear strength and low bearing capacity. Hence, the DMS could be strengthened up by soil solidification. In present study, waste granular materials (WGM) such as coal bottom ash (BA) and palm oil clinker (POC) were utilized as additional binder to cement. The DMS were solidified with 3 series of admixtures; namely cement and/or WGM. The factor that influenced the compressibility of the soil sample such as percentages of admixtures were considered. Proportioned samples of 10, 15 and 20 % of cement, and/or 50 and 150 % of WGM of dry weight of DMS were subjected to one-dimensional oedometer test. The test samples were cured for 7 days in room temperature. Results show that cement- and WGM-admixed DMS have reduced the soil’s compressibility considerably than the untreated sample. As expected, the cemented soil had significantly reduced the settlement better than WGM-admixed soil. Hence, homogeneous samples of 15C50BA and 10C100POC produced almost similar reduction of compressibility as sample 20C. Therefore, reusing WGM as partial replacement of cement in DMS could provide beneficial reuse of these materials.

Ekstrak Air Rumput Kebar (Biophytum petersianum Klotzch) sebagai Penghambat Perkembangan Telur Cacing Gastrointestinal Ruminansia Secara in Vitro

Gastrointestinal worm disease in cattle is scathing for the breeder’s as it lowers cattle’s productivity and inflict major economic loss. Furthermore, the interraction between cattle, man and the environment might bringout the risk of zoonotic diseases (diseases which can spread between man and animals). Kebar grass contains phytochemical elements such as alkaloid, saponin, tanin, glycoside and flavonoid. Those elements have the potentialas an alternate anthelmentic in the effort to utilize the endemic biodiversities of Papua. This research is performed at Faculty of Animal Husbandry Animal Health Laboratory and Faculty of Math and Natural Science MicrobiologyLaboratory of Universitas Papua, for 8 months. The leaves and the stems of the kebar grass were collected and stored at room temperature. The Kebar grass extract was divided into 3 parts, i.e. fresh extract, wind dried extractand sun dried extract. Fresh fecal samples were collected and examined with the native method. The samples where nematodes eggs are found is treated with kebar grass extract. As a comparison, positive control is made withoxfendazole and negative control is made nematodes larvae fertilization. Fecal cultures and grass extract mixture is left alone for 7 days in room temperature and examined under microscope with 400x fortification to see whetnerthere is any development of the nematodes’ eggs. The obstained data is analyzed by tabulation and descriptive method. The result is the samples mixed with kebar grass extract show no development of nematodes’ egg. As acomparison, the negative control which is observed with baerman method shows development of nematodes’ eggs. It can be concluded that the effect of kebar grass extract can deters nematodes’ egg development.

Response of ascorbic acid content and acidity to different storage temperatures and durations in oranges

Oranges were kept at ambient condition (20 ± 2oC), 2oC, 6oC and 10oC for 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days, respectively. Mean percent difference in each interval was calculated and analyzed. Highest decease in ascorbic acid content (1.24 mg/100 ml) was observed at 60 days in room temperature followed significantly (0.68 mg/100 ml) at 2oC in same storage period whereas lowest reduction of .02 mg/100 ml was witnessed in zero storage period plus SMT (SMT stands for What?) at 2oC. The highest reduction in acidity (0.47 %) was recorded at room temperature after 60 days storage significantly followed by (0.42% ) at 2 oC in same storage period while it was lowest (0.03 %) at 2oC in zero storage duration with additional 72 hours of SM (?) followed non-significantly (0.04 %) in room temperature having same storage period. The mean percent reduction in acidity was more at higher temperatures during storage whereas the percent acidity reduction was more at lower storage temperatures during shelf life of sweet orange fruits. The highest decline in acidity in sweet orange fruits stored at 2oC after 72 hours of simulated marketing is a manifestation of the chilling injury. It was observed that in cold storage conditions the oranges could be kept for 45 days. Beyond this, the quality deteriorates resulting chilling injury, however, at 10oC the oranges can be kept for longer durations. Keywords: Citrus; Chilling injury; Ascorbic acid; Acidity; Storage http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2017.60028

Lactobacillus plantarum as Biopreservative Agent in Paneer for Dietary Food of Diabetic and Coronary Heart Disease Patients

Paneer is a food product that is obtained by heating milk followed by acid coagulation. It is known as a diet food that is recommended for diabetic and coronary heart disease patients. A relatively shorter shelf life of paneer is considered to be a major hurdle in its production. The present preliminary study was conducted to determine antibacterial activity of Lactobacillus plantarum against Eschericia coli and Bacillus cereus, to develop it as biopreservative agent in paneer before using it for dietary food of diabetic and coronary heart disease patients in next clinical study. The antibacterial activities were tested through Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) using microdilution well method. Biopreservative activity in paneer was tested using total plate count method based on time and temperature variations. Result showed that Lactobacillus plantarum inhibited Bacillus cereus and Eschericia coli with MIC of 3125 and 1562.5 μg/mL whereas MBC was in a value of >6250 and >3125 μg/mL, respectively. As a biopreservative agent, addition of Lactobacillus plantarum to paneer showed no bacterial growth until 7 days in room temperature and 9th day in cold temperature. It is concluded that Lactobacillus plantarum could be used as a natural biopreservative agent for extending the shelf life of paneer. The paneer with addition of Lactobacillus plantarum as biopreservative will then be consumed by diabetic patient and coronary heart patients in next clinical study.

Fecal neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a biomarker for inflammatory bowel disease.

Accurate, noninvasive biomarkers are needed to diagnose and monitor inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), also known as lipocalin 2, is expressed in inflamed colonic epithelium and neutrophilic granulocytes. This study explores its properties as a biomarker in feces and plasma and, for the first time, compares fecal NGAL systematically with the existing fecal biomarker calprotectin. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin was measured in feces from 73 patients with IBD, 21 patients with infectious enterocolitis, 21 patients with irritable bowel syndrome, and 23 healthy subjects using ELISA. The results were correlated to calprotectin, clinical score, endoscopic score, and high-sensitive C-reactive protein. Plasma from 119 patients with IBD and 28 healthy controls was analyzed for NGAL. Fecal NGAL levels (median and interquartile range) were significantly elevated in active ulcerative colitis (UC) 6.05 (3.6-15.1) mg/kg and Crohn's disease (CD) 4.9 (1.5-7.7) mg/kg, compared with patients with inactive UC 1.3 (0.4-2.6) mg/kg, inactive CD 1.5 (0.5-1.7) mg/kg, irritable bowel syndrome 0.4 (0.2-0.6) mg/kg, and healthy controls (HC) 0.3 (0.1-0.4) mg/kg. Patients with infectious enterocolitis had significantly higher fecal-NGAL levels, 2.7 (1.4-5.6) mg/kg than HC. Sensitivity and specificity was 94.7% and 95.7%, respectively, for distinguishing between active IBD and HC. Stability of NGAL in stool was excellent for 7 days in room temperature. Plasma NGAL was significantly elevated in UC and CD compared with HC. Fecal NGAL is a promising biomarker for IBD. As existing biomarkers are expressed mainly in granulocytes, NGAL's epithelial localization may give supplementary diagnostic information.