Day Of Menses Research Articles

Menstrual health and hygiene practices of adolescent girls attending school in rural parts of South India and its effect on school attendance in the year 2020: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Menstruation is a normal and natural process that occurs during a female’s reproductive years, misperceptions surrounding menstruation, which can negatively impact the mental, emotional, and physical health of adolescent girls, as well as their academic performance. Our objective was to describe the menstruation practises among rural school going adolescent girls and its effect on school attendance. Materials and Methods: In the present descriptive and cross-sectional study included 495 students from government and government-aided schools a total of 7 schools. Results: Almost 90% of the girls had regular periods, 59% of these girls’ attained menarche at the age of 13 – 15 years. Out of these students 9% of them skip school frequently during menstrual period due to pain, 3% skip school due to excessive bleeding, and the rest skip school during this period either due to parent’s beliefs (1%) or because they think the sanitation facility at their school is not adequate (0.2%). Conclusion: The mean age of menarche in our study was 12.6, on an average the girls had 35 days of periods, with 5 days of menses, close to 99% of the girls used sanitary pads but most of them did not obtain it from schools, and 13% of girls had been absent often during their menstrual period. Keywords: age of menarche, reproductive health, menstrual health, menstrual hygiene, school going adolescent girls

SUCCESSFUL MANAGEMENT OF PRIMARY INFERTILITY ASSOCIATED WITH POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME BY AYURVEDA- A CASE REPORT

Infertility is when male or female failure to achieve a pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. Infertility is commonly increasing problem which any gynecologist has to face in their gynecological carrier. It interferes with a woman's social life, family life, and mental and physical well-being. In this case report a patient of primary infertility was treated with Uttarbasti with Phalghrita from 7th day of menses for 5 days and Rason tail Matra Basti 60ml from 7th day to 14th day of menses for 3 months. Patient conceived after three cycles with combined ayurvedic protocol of Panchkarma Uttarbasti and Matrabasti.

Prevalence, Characteristics, and Treatment Pattern of Menstrual-Related Headache Among Undergraduate Health Sciences Students at Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia

Prevalence, Characteristics, and Treatment Pattern of Menstrual-Related Headache Among Undergraduate Health Sciences Students at Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia

ROLE OF TRIVIDHA AUSHADHA IN THE MANAGEMENT OF INFERTILITY DUE TO BILATERAL TUBAL BLOCKAGE AND ABNORMAL ENDOMETRIUM RECEPTIVITY ALONG WITH THE PREVENTION OF CONGENITAL ANOMALY: A CASE STUDY

Introduction: Infertility is the failure to naturally conceive a child even after one or more years of regular unpro-tected coitus. Primary infertility (absence of prior conception) and secondary infertility (infertility following at least one previous conception) are two categories under which infertility can be classified. Here, it is the case of secondary infertility caused by tubal and endometrial factors. Tubal factor and Endometrial factor come under four essential factors for conception described by Acharya Sushruta, i.e. Ritu, Kshetra, Ambu, Beeja as if the Kshetra is not formed correctly, it causes vandhyatva. In this case study, Ayurvedic management successfully treated secondary infertility caused by tubal and endometrial factors. Main clinical finding: A married Hindu female patient of 29 years of age visited OPD of the National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur, on 3 March 2021 with a chief complaint of wants issue since 1-year Diagnosis: Her HSG scan on 25 Feb 2021 suggestive of bilateral fallopian tube blockage. Her USG scan is suggestive of a simple cyst in her right ovary of size 31x19mm and endometrium thickness of 4mm on the 12th day of menses. Inter-ventions: Treatment given was Daivavyapashraya, Yuktivyapashraya (Ksheera basti, Uttarbasti and Yoga basti along with oral medication), and Satvavajaya. Outcome: She conceives after taking 20 months of treatment and delivered a healthy male child of weight 3.04kg on 21 July 2023 without any congenital anomaly. Conclusion: This case study shows the efficacy of Uttar Basti for treating bilateral tubal blockage and Ksheera Basti for en-hancing endometrial receptivity. It also highlights the significance of Daivavyapashraya, Yuktivyapashraya, and Satvavajaya Chikitsa in the management of infertility and the prevention of congenital anomalies.

Sugar craving and stress levels during different phases of menstrual cycle among university students

Introduction: The menstrual cycle in women is often associated with appetite control, mood, and behavioural changes due to hormonal imbalance. However, levels of sugar craving and stress during pre- and post-menstrual periods have not been thoroughly studied. This cross-sectional study aimed to compare levels of stress and sugar cravings during different phases of menstrual cycle among university students. Methods: Participants aged 19–25 years were assessed for sugar craving and stress during pre- and post-menstrual periods. They were requested to fill out the Sugar Craving Assessment Tool (SCAT) and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) questionnaires on the first day of menses (the pre-menses phase) by recalling how they felt throughout the past seven days. The participants completed the same set of questionnaires again two days after their menses ended (post-menses phase) by recalling how they felt within the previous two days. Results: Ninety-three students participated in the study. Pre-menstrual SCAT score (40.0±19.6) was higher than post-menstrual SCAT score (32.1±19.4), t(91)=4.82, p<0.001. Mean PSS-10 score was also higher before menstruation (22.8±6.2) than after menstruation (17.5±6.1), t(91)=6.26, p<0.001. There was no significant difference in mean sugar craving scores of different stress categories, either during pre-menses [F(2,90)=1.39, p=0.256] or post-menses [F(2,90)=0.89, p=0.415]. Conclusion: The findings indicate that levels of sugar craving and stress were higher during pre-menstrual phase compared to post-menstrual phase in young adults. However, whether sugar cravings are linked to stress during the menstrual cycle is inconclusive and requires further investigation.

IMPACT OF COVID-19 INFECTION AND mRNA VACCINATION ON MENSTRUAL CYTOKINE PROFILES

Reports have emerged on changes in length and amount of menstrual flow after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination.1 While there is documentation of serum immune marker elevations with COVID-19 infection,2 similar menstrual symptom changes after infection have not been reported. To evaluate this discrepancy in symptoms, we examined differences in menstrual cytokine expression in women who have had COVID-19 and/or mRNA vaccination. Menstrual blood from the first heavy day of menses was collected using a modified menstrual pad with an embedded dried blood sample collection strip. Women 20-40 years old with no gynecologic conditions, use of intrauterine birth control or smoking history, were included. Samples were collected from four groups: 1) controls (COV-/Vax-) who provided samples prior to The Pandemic, 2) vaccinated with no known COVID-19 (Cov-/Vax+), 3) unvaccinated with a history of COVID-19 (Cov+/Vax-), and 4) vaccinated with a history of COVID-19 (Cov+/Vax+). Samples were extracted and run on a H48 plex immune assay and analyzed for cytokine expression. We found notable trends in the expression of nine cytokines when compared to cytokines from control women with no infection or vaccination (table below). Notably, vaccination-only is associated with upregulation of EGF, IL-1ra, Il-2, MDC, and MIP-1b and downregulation of IL-1b and Il-6. Cov+ patients shared similar cytokine profiles whether they received the vaccine or not, with the exception of EGF, IL-6 and VEGF.Tabled 1Differential expression compared to controls (COV-/Vax-)COV-/Vax+COV+/Vax-COV+/Vax+EGF↑↑=↑IL-1b↓↓↓↓↓IL-6↓↑↓MIP-1b↑↑↑↑↑VEGF=↑↑=IL-1ra↑↑↑IL-2↑↑↑MDC↑↑↑↑↑IP-10=↑↑ Open table in a new tab Both COVID-19 infection-only and vaccination-only groups presented with differential cytokine profiles compared to the control (COV-/Vax -) group. The cytokine profile of these two groups showed similar trends in five out of the nine cytokines that were differentially expressed suggesting that the vaccine may be inducing COVID-like immune responses that can be detected in menstrual blood. Increased expression of EGF, a cytokine involved in the regulation of endometrial angiogenesis, in the vaccinated groups may be associated with the transient changes in quality of menstrual flow.

Menstrual symptoms variation among Lebanese women before and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Pandemic diseases and the confinement measures due to COVID-19 infection have introduced acute and persistent psychosocial stressors for different individuals with a greater influence on females manifested through changes in the menstrual cycle. The objective of this study was to assess Lebanese female of reproductive age about their menstrual cycle, their mental health, and their lifestyle, throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, Beirut blast, and the economic crises. A cross-sectional online study conducted between October and December 2021, enrolled 398 Lebanese women using the snowball technique. The Menstrual Symptom Questionnaire (MSQ) was used to assess menstrual symptoms. A repeated measures ANOVA was used to assess factors associated with the variation in MSQ scores after vs before the pandemic. Our results showed that a significantly higher number of days of menses, number of pads per day and total MSQ score were significantly found after the pandemic compared to before it. More distress (Beta=0.68), more post-traumatic stress disorder due to COVID-19 (Beta=0.19), a higher number of waterpipes smoked per week (Beta=1.20) and being infected by COVID-19 compared to not (Beta=3.98) were significantly associated with an increase in the MSQ score after the pandemic compared to before it. Our main findings indicate that females had irregular menstrual cycles, unpredictable bleeding pattern, and intense symptoms severity post COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, stress post COVID-19 and Beirut blast tended to be associated with increased menstrual symptoms. Thus, vulnerable women should be identified and offered appropriate care, information, and awareness regarding their menstrual period during a pandemic.

Using behavior and genital swellings to monitor social dynamics and track reproductive cycling in zoo-housed lion-tailed macaques (Macaca silenus).

Though lion-tailed macaques are managed ex situ as an assurance population, little information is available on the relationship between behavior and reproductive physiology to ensure successful management and evaluate welfare. To facilitate social and reproductive management in a group of one male and three female lion-tailed macaques at Disney's Animal Kingdom®, we observed behaviors associated with dominance and reproduction, rated genital swellings, recorded menses, tracked ovarian cycles as determined by measurement of fecal immunoreactive progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2), and monitored fecal cortisol (CORT). We analyzed the dominance hierarchy of females, compared hormone patterns of ovarian cycles with genital swellings and copulations relative to menses, and tested for correlations between hormones and behavior. The strength of the dominance hierarchy indicated moderate linearity, but relaxed after the dominant female received anxiolytic medications to reduce intraspecific aggression. Fecal P4 and E2 patterns revealed ovarian cycle lengths averaging 29.7 ± 0.8 days. The timing of single-day E2 peaks varied between and within females' cycles. However, on average, E2 peaks occurred 6-10 days after the first day of menses, with maximum genital swellings and copulations occurring slightly thereafter in uncontracepted females. Female-to-female aggression and sexual behaviors with the male were related to ovarian cycle phase, but correlations between behaviors and hormones varied between females. Initiated aggression was positively correlated with E2 in the dominant and mid-ranked females, while aggression received was positively correlated with P4 or negatively correlated with E2 in the mid-ranked and subordinate females. In one uncontracepted female, sexual behaviors with the male were negatively correlated to P4. CORT was positively correlated to aggression in the dominant and mid-ranked females and negatively correlated to grooming in the subordinate female. Results indicate observations of visual and behavioral cues can be used to track ovarian cycles and evaluate social dynamics and welfare in zoo-housed lion-tailed macaques.

Evaluation of pregnancy outcomes using medroxyprogesterone acetate versus gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist in ovarian stimulation: A retrospective cohort study.

Background Limited studies have compared pregnancy outcomes with medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) vs. gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist (GnRH antagonist) in ovarian stimulation protocols. The results show heterogeneity.ObjectiveThis study aims to assess pregnancy outcomes with the use of MPA instead of GnRH antagonist for ovarian stimulation in donor-recipient cycles.Materials and MethodsThis retrospective study was carried out from June 2016 to May 2019. The study included 250 donors receiving ovarian stimulation with 2 different protocols: group 1 (n = 109) receiving GnRH antagonist (0.25 mg/day) from the 5 or 6 day of menses and group 2 (n = 141) receiving MPA (10 mg/day) from the second day of menses. In 384 recipients, 2 good-quality blastocysts were transferred after endometrial preparation. The primary endpoint was live birth in recipients.Results The results showed that live birth was comparable in both recipient groups (59% vs. 60%, OR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.13-2.99, p = 0.559). The number of live-born fetuses (adjusted OR: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.31-1.05, p 0.01) showed no significant difference in both groups. However, the implantation rate with twin sacs was significantly lower in group 2 (adjusted OR: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.33-0.99, p = 0.05). The regression analysis for good-quality blastocyst proportion was comparable (OR: 0.63, 95% CI: -4.33-5.60, p = 0.802) in both donor groups. The mean stimulation cost in group 2 was less than in group 1.ConclusionMPA had a comparable live birth and embryological outcomes in both groups. Oral administration makes it convenient, acceptable, and patient-friendly. Its cost-effectiveness and convenience open new possibilities in ovarian stimulation protocols.

0109 Working Memory across Sleep and the Menstrual Cycle in Young and Midlife Women

Abstract Introduction The menses phase of a woman’s menstrual cycle, compared to other phases, is more likely to be associated with poorer sleep quality and alterations in cognitive performance, specifically impaired working memory. However, the relationship among these factors has been poorly investigated, and how age impacts these relationships is currently unknown. The present study examines the effect of menstrual cycle phase and sleep on working memory performance in young and midlife women. Methods Fifty-five young and midlife women (n = 29, 18 – 35 years; n = 26, 45 – 56 years) completed four remote assessments at different phases of their menstrual cycle: menses, late-follicular, mid-luteal, and late-luteal, defined based on days of menses and ovulation. On each visit, participants completed the operation span (OSPAN) working memory task in the evening and were re-tested for sleep-related performance change in the morning. In addition, participants wore an Oura ring, a multi-sensor wearable sleep tracker, throughout the night. Mixed linear regression, correlation models, and paired t-tests were used to determine the relationship between menstrual phase, sleep, and OSPAN outcomes in both groups. Results In midlife women only, OSPAN performance improvement significantly changed across menstrual cycle phases (p < .05). The greatest post-sleep improvement in OSPAN performance was detected during the mid-luteal and late-follicular phases of the cycle, while lower performance gains were detected during menses and late-luteal phases. Post-hoc paired t-tests confirmed that post-sleep performance was significantly worst during menses compared to each of the other phases (p < .05). Additionally, during the mid-luteal phase, time spent in deep sleep positively correlated with post-sleep performance in midlife women (r = .55, p < .05). No significant effects were detected in young women. Conclusion These findings suggest a complex interaction between sleep, menstrual cycle phase, and cognitive performance in midlife women. Our data suggest that deep sleep may mediate post-sleep performance during specific cycle phases. Reasons why these results are not evident in younger women are yet to be determined. Support (If Any) Supported by: RF1AG061355 (Baker/Mednick)

Female Reproductive Health Disturbance Experienced During the COVID-19 Pandemic Correlates With Mental Health Disturbance and Sleep Quality.

The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected population mental health. Periods of psychological distress can induce menstrual dysfunction. We previously demonstrated a significant disruption in women’s reproductive health during the first 6 months of the pandemic. The present study investigates longer-term reproductive and mental health disturbances. A cross-sectional online survey was completed by 1335 women of reproductive age in April 2021. It included validated standardized measures of depression (PHQ-9), anxiety (GAD-7) and sleep quality (PSQI). 581 (56%) of women reported an overall change in their menstrual cycle since the beginning of the pandemic. There was no change in median cycle length [28 days (28-30)] or days of menses [5 (4-5)], but there was a wider variability in minimum (p<0.0001) and maximum (p<0.0001) cycle length. There was a significant increase in heavy menstrual bleeding, painful periods and missed periods compared to pre-pandemic (all p<0.0001). 64% of women reported worsening pre-menstrual symptoms. Rates of severe depression, anxiety and poor sleep were more than double those from large scale representative community samples. Poor sleep quality was an independent predictor of overall change in menstrual cycle (OR=1.11, 95%CI 1.05-1.18), and missed periods (OR=1.11, 95%CI 1.03-1.19) during the pandemic. Increased anxiety was independently associated with a change from non-painful to painful periods (OR=1.06, 95%CI 1.01-1.11) and worsening of pre-menstrual symptoms (OR=1.06, 95%CI 1.01-1.07) during the pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic continues to bear a significant impact on female reproductive health. Increased levels of psychological distress and poor sleep are associated with menstrual cycle disruption.

Descriptive analysis of the relationship between progesterone and basal body temperature across the menstrual cycle

ObjectiveDescribe the relationship between basal body temperature (BBT) and pregnanediol-3 alpha-glucuronide (PDG, the urine metabolite of progesterone) across the menstrual cycle.Design: Observational study.Setting: Study carried out from 1996 to 1997 in eight European family planning clinics.Participant(s): One hundred and seven normally fertile and cycling women.Main outcome measure(s): BBT and PDG level on each day of 283 cycles and ultrasound determination of the day of ovulation. Result(s): In comparison with previous end-of-cycle levels, decreases in PDG and BBT on the first day of menses were seen in nearly 90% and 80% of cycles, respectively. In a non-negligible percentage of cycles, luteolysis would continue during menses: between the second and the third day after menses, small but significant decreases in PDG and BBT were seen in 76% and 48% of cycles, respectively. During the peri-ovulatory phase, between the third and the second day before ovulation, PDG and BBT began to rise in 56% and 41% of cycles, respectively. There was a medium degree of correlation between PDG levels and BBT (r = 0.53; 7,279 days with available measurements). The relationship between PDG levels and BBT was linear at low PDG levels but BBT increased no longer when PDG levels continued to rise above a threshold of nearly 10 mcg/mg Cr. Conclusion(s): PDG and BBT had parallel increases at low PDG rates but diverged at higher rates.

The timing for initiating estrogen stimulation in artificial cycle for frozen-thawed embryo transfer can be flexible

BackgroundThere remains a lack of evidence to demonstrate whether the initiation time of estrogen stimulation is flexible in the proliferative endometrial phase during the artificial cycle for frozen-thawed embryo transfer (AC-FET).MethodsFET records were retrospectively reviewed from a large university-affiliated reproductive medicine center. Only the patients who were undergoing their first embryo transfer with a single blastocyst in the AC-FET cycles were included: thereby 660 cycles were recruited, and the patients were grouped according to their day of estrogen usage initiation as early initiation group (estrogen stimulation initiated during days 2–5 of menses, n = 128) and the late initiation group (estrogen stimulation initiated on or after the 6th day of menses, n = 532). The primary outcome was the ongoing pregnancy rates (OPR).ResultsThe rates of biochemical and clinical pregnancies were significantly higher in the late initiation group relative to those in the early initiation group, however, no significant differences were noted between the two groups for OPR. Furthermore, after adjusting for the results of the potential confounders, no impact was observed in the initiation time of estrogen stimulation on the OPR.ConclusionsThis study provides evidence that initiating the estrogen stimulation on after days 2–5 of menses do not exert adverse effects on the OPR in AC-FETs. Thus, AC-FET can be scheduled in a flexible manner without compromising on the pregnancy outcomes.

079 Sleep Quality Prediction During the Menstrual Cycle based on Daily Sleep Diary Reports

Abstract Introduction Estrogen and progesterone cycle through two main phases across a typical 28-day menstrual cycle: a perimense phase, when both hormones are low; and a non-perimenses phase, when both hormones are high. These fluctuations affect a range of daily activities, including sleep, mood, and physical feelings such as bloating. Here we aimed to predict differences in sleep quality during the perimenses and non-perimenses phases based on their daily reports. Methods We analyzed over 1200 nights of sleep diaries collected from 20 (18–35 yo) women across two months. We categorized days into perimenses when a night fell within 4 days prior to and 6 days after their self-reported first day of menses, and non-perimenses when a night fell 4 days before and 4 days after their reported positive ovulation. A random forest model was utilized in three different cases: 1) including the data associated with perimenses days 2) non-perimenses days and 3) considering the full data. Results Using the full data set we predicted subjects’ sleep quality with 70% accuracy. For the perimenses group our model predicted sleep quality with more than 80% accuracy while the prediction accuracy for non-perimenses was as high as 75%. Further, we observed that for perimenses women, overall alertness and alcohol consumption were among the most important features extracted from daily reports, while for the non-perimenses group, subjective happiness ratings and physical feelings of bloating were predicting sleep quality. Together our result showed that sleep quality reported on a daily basis can be predicted more accurately based on the phase of the menstrual cycle, where different daily features may play differential roles. Conclusion Sex hormones’ fluctuations across a month of menstrual cycle can affect a range of women’s daily functioning. We showed that the phase in menstrual cycle can influence women’s daily reports of their routines. Furthermore the fluctuations in these reports can be used to predict females’ sleep quality with higher accuracy compared to when the phase of menstrual cycle is not accounted for. Our results show the importance of considering the role of menstrual cycle when investigating sleep quality. Support (if any):

MANAGEMENT OF ASRIGDARA WITH KUTAJASHTAKA AVALEHA AND YASHTIMADHU GHRITA MATRA BASTI - AN OPEN LABEL, DOUBLE ARM, RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL

Introduction: The word Asrigdara explains about prolonged, cyclic or acyclic excessive menstrual bleed-ing in Ayurveda. 9-14% of women in their reproductive age lose 80 ml of blood in each cycle. It is the most common cause of Anemia. Traditionally, Heavy Uterine Bleeding is managed with medical therapy and surgical intervention with associated side effects. But due to limitation of medical therapy as well as surgical interventions, it becomes the necessity of time to find out a permanent, easy, effective and less side effect producing care which can be easily administered and accepted by the patient. Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of Kutajashtaka Avaleha orally and combination of Kutajashtaka Avaleha and Yashtimadhu Ghrita matra basti in combating the signs and symptoms of Asrigdara. Materials and Methods: 56 patients were selected from the Stri Roga and Prasuti Tantra OPD, All India Institute of Ayur-veda, New Delhi and randomly divided into 2 groups. Group A was administered with Kutajashtaka Ava-leha orally regularly for the period of 3 months with the doses of 5gm BD after meal with water, while in Group B, Combination of Yashtimadhu Ghrita Matra Basti (60 ml for 7 days in 3 consecutive cycles after meal through rectal route after 7th day of menses) for 3 months and Kutajashtaka Avaleha was given and the follow up period of 1 month without medication was same for both the groups. Results: Kutajashtaka Avaleha orally alone and Combination of Yashtimadhu Ghrita Matra Basti &amp; Kutajashtaka Avaleha oral both gave statistically highly Significant results (P&lt;0.001) but with better results when the treatment was combined and Markedly Improved (51-75% relief) the signs and symptoms. Conclusion: Combination of Yashtimadhu Ghrita Matra Basti &amp; Kutajashtaka Avaleha oral gave more statistically significant results than Kutajashtaka Avaleha orally alone. No adverse effects were reported during the entire trial period.

Clinical evaluation of Tukhm-e-Sambhalu (Vitex negundo Linn. seed) in Usr-e-Tams Ibtedayee (primary dysmenorrhoea)

Primary dysmenorrhoea is painful menstrual cramps of uterine origin during menstruation without any identifiable pathological lesion. It is commonly seen in menstruating and lasting 12-24 h. Its prevalence is wide, as more than 70% of teenagers and 30-50% of menstruating women suffer from varying degree of discomfort. Tibbe-e-Unani claims to possess safe and effective therapeutic substances which are commonly prescribed in the management of primary dysmenorrhoea (Usr-e-Tams Ibtedayee), but despite being used in the treatment successfully, most of them have yet not been studied scientifically. Therefore, an attempt has been made in the present study to evaluate a single Unani drug Tukhm-e-Sambhalu (Vitex negundo) on 30 patients for its efficacy in primary dysmenorrhoea. The patients were administered test drug in powder form (5 g), by oral rout, twice a day for 7 days, starting 2 days before the onset of menstruation up to 5th day of menses, for three consecutive cycles. The important clinical features like pain in suprapubic region, pain in thigh, backache and headache were significantly reduced in patients treated with test drug. Thus, findings of this study suggested that Tukhm-e-Sambhalu is safe and effective in ameliorating the disease primary dysmenorrhoea.

The Effect of Feeding Date Palm Fruit (Phoeix dactylifera L.) on Energy, Macronutrient, and Fiber Intakes of a Convenient Sample of Females

Background: Female menstrual changes in hormone concentration influence appetite and eating behavior. As well, eating pattern has some influences on menstrual hormonal status. Feeding date palm fruit has been found in our previous report to affect menstrual hormones and some menstrual parameters. Objective: The aim of this research is to study the effect of feeding dates on energy, macronutrient, and fiber intakes, body weight, and body fat%. Additionally, this study aims to find any correlation between menstrual hormone concentration and the above-mentioned parameters. Methods: A convenient sample (n=37) of not-sexually active females aged 20-30 were divided into two groups; one group (dates group) was fed 7 dates and the other served as a control group. The participants of the control group were exposed to the same experimental conditions except for eating dates. Throughout the feeding trial, the volunteers filled a 3-day food record; one menses day and two non-menses days. Results: There was a significant effect of the menstrual status-feeding duration interaction in terms of protein and fat intakes. Additionally, menstrual status, as well as feeding duration, affected energy and macronutrient intakes significantly. Furthermore, feeding duration affected fiber intake significantly. Despite the above-mentioned differences in energy and macronutrient intakes, these effects didn’t affect the body weight and body mass index of the study participants, neither their body fat%. Moreover, we have found significant correlations between nutrient intakes and menstrual hormone concentration. Conclusion: Feeding dates affected energy, macronutrient, and fiber intakes significantly. These effects were related to the changes in menstrual hormone concentration.

Menstrual Cycle Effects on Exercise-Induced Fatigability.

Estrogen and progesterone have distinct concentrations across the menstrual cycle, each one promoting several physiological alterations other than preparing the uterus for pregnancy. Whether these physiological alterations can influence motor output during a fatiguing contraction is the goal of this review, with an emphasis on the obtained effect sizes. Studies on this topic frequently attempt to report if there is a statistically significant difference in fatigability between the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. Although the significant difference (the P-value) can inform the probability of the event, it does not indicate the magnitude of it. We also investigated whether the type of task performed (e.g., isometric vs. dynamic) can further influence the magnitude by which exercise-induced fatigue changes with fluctuations in the concentration of ovarian hormones. We retrieved experimental studies in eumenorrheic women published between 1975 and 2019. The initial search yielded 921 studies, and after manual refinement, 46 experimental studies that reported metrics of motor output in both the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle were included. From these retrieved studies, 15 showed a statistical difference between the luteal and follicular phases (seven showing less fatigability during the luteal phase and eight during the follicular phase). The effect size was not consistent across studies and with a large range (-6.77; 1.61, favoring the luteal and follicular phase, respectively). The inconsistencies across studies may be a consequence of the differences in the limb used during the fatiguing contraction (upper vs. lower extremity), the type of contraction (isometric vs. dynamic), the muscle mass engaged (single limb vs. full body), and the techniques used to define the menstrual cycle phase (e.g., serum concentration vs. reported day of menses). Further studies are required to determine the effects of a regular menstrual cycle phase on the exercise-induced fatigability.

Effect of Tukhme Khurfa (Purslane seeds) in abnormal uterine bleeding: A prospective study

ObjectivesAbnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB) is used to describe any type of bleeding from the female genital tract that does not fall within the normal ranges for amount, frequency, duration, or cyclicity. The study aimed to determine the efficacy and safety of the Unani treatment Tukhme khurfa (Purslane seeds; Portulaca oleracea) in istehaza (abnormal uterine bleeding). MethodsThe study was designed as single group prospective clinical study. 30 women of age 18–45 years suffering from heavy irregular vaginal bleeding were included and roasted Purslane seed powder of in the form of a capsule (2 gm) was given three times a day for two consecutive menstrual cycles starting from first day of menses till 10th day. Subjective outcome parameter was heavy bleeding during menses and objective parameter of AUB (PBAC score) was used to assess the amount of blood loss before and after every cycle, during and after treatment. SF-12 score was also used to assess improvement in quality of life. ResultsThere was significant improvement in the subjective and objective parameters i.e. PBAC score after intervention. HRQoL of all patients was also noted by change in SF-12 score before and after intervention. Hb% was maintained, no significant reduction was observed. Menstrual regulation was also achieved in 86.7% of patients. ConclusionPurslane seeds may clinically effective in AUB, safe and easily available; and may provide a potential treatment option in the management of AUB.

Ormeloxifene versus oral contraceptive pills in the management of DUB

Background: DUB is defined as abnormal uterine bleeding without any clinically detectable pelvic pathology. The present study was conducted to compare the efficacy and safety of ormeloxifene and combined oral contraceptive pills in medical management of DUB. Methods: 110 cases of DUB aged between 25 and 45 years were randomly assigned into two groups. Group A received Ormeloxifene 60mg twice a week for 3 months and then once a week for next 3 months. Group B received combined oral contraceptive pills (Levonorgestrel 0.15mg and Ethinylestradiol 20mcg) one tablet from the 5th day of menses for 21 days given for 6 cycles. Regular follow up was done to assess response, compliance and side effects of drug. The treatment was evaluated by measuring menstrual blood loss by PBAC (Pictoral Blood Loss Assessment Chart), Haemoglobin g/dl and endometrial thickness before and after treatment. Results: Ormeloxifene was found to be significantly more effective (P< 0.0001) than OC pills in controlling menorrhagia. There was significant decrease in endometrial thickness and improvement in Haemoglobin level in ormeloxifene group. Conclusion: Ormeloxifene is more effective and well tolerated than OC pills in treatment of DUB.