Daily Leisure Research Articles

Socio-demographic and other factors contributing to excessive leisure screen time in preadolescent children.

Excessive screen use in early school age is associated with worsened health habits and negative child development in later age. We aimed to assess the time spent on modern and traditional screen-based devices and examine its associations with socio-demographic characteristics. This population-based cross-sectional observation study was conducted in Czechia, Slovakia and Finland between April and June 2021. Participants (N = 1,915) were parents/caregivers of children attending elementary school grades 1 to 3, selected by stratified random sampling. Children's daily leisure screen time (LST) based on parental reports was the main outcome. Descriptive statistics, mean comparison and linear regression analysis were used for the analysis. The average daily LST was found to be as high as 3.5 hours and significantly associated with most socio-demographic variables. Eighty percent of children exceeded the threshold of two hours of LST per day, which was formerly introduced by the American Academy of Pediatrics. The most important predictor of LST in children was having their screen-based device(s) for their exclusive personal use (EPU). Linear regression with all predictors assessed together confirmed the significant effect of the screen-based devices' EPU, the child's sex and grade, the child's birth order and the parent's education, even when controlled for media parenting practices. Given the widespread availability of smartphones for exclusive personal use among young children, the regulation of EPU and the reinforcement of effective media parenting practices, particularly in families with lower education and income, are critical public health strategies to mitigate the negative impact of excessive screen time on child development and overall well-being.

Factors Affecting Successful Aging of Older Adults and the Relationship Between Leisure Activities Duration and Successful Aging.

The study was conducted with older adults who lived in a nursing home and applied to the geriatric outpatient clinic of a university hospital between April and August 2022. The study sample was 516 older adults and the data were collected by using the Older Information Form and Successful Aging Scale (SAS). It was determined that the mean duration of daily leisure activities was 6.61 ± 3.69 hours, and their mean SAS score was 58.31 ± 15.21. A moderate positive correlation was found between the SAS scores of the older adults and the activities of shopping; whereas a low positive correlation was found between their SAS scores and activities of walking, visiting friends and relatives, growing flowers, listening to music, reading, hand knitting, spending time on social media, exercising, and puzzles (p < .05). The main results of our study revealed that planned leisure activities that older adults engage in would contribute to their successful aging.

Severity of inattention symptoms, experiences of being bullied, and school anxiety as mediators in the association between excessive short-form video viewing and school refusal behaviors in adolescents.

Recent years have seen an increase in school refusal behavior among adolescents, potentially due to factors like excessive short-form video viewing, bullying, and school anxiety. Limited research has investigated how these factors contribute to school refusal behavior. This study used random forest regression, path analysis, and network analysis to identify key variables and pathways leading to school refusal behavior. In this cross-sectional questionnaire-based study, 2,056 (996 male, 1,060 female, mean age: 14.79 ± 1.24 years) middle and senior high school students were asked to complete the School Refusal Behavior Assessment questionnaire to assess school refusal behavior features, the Excessive Short-Form Video Viewing Scale as well as self-reported viewing times during leisure days to assess excessive short-form video viewing, the SNAP-IV Rating Scale to assess the severity of inattention symptoms, and the self-administered questionnaires to assess experiences of being bullied and school anxiety. The prevalence of school refusal behavior in the surveyed adolescents was found to be 31.9% [95% confidence interval (CI): 29.8-33.9%]. In terms of significance, the severity of inattention symptoms exhibited the greatest predictive power, while excessive short-form video viewing accounted for the most variance. Path analysis revealed that excessive short-form video viewing not only directly affects school refusal behavior features but also does so indirectly through severity of inattention symptoms and school anxiety. Key bridge factors in this pathway include intense fear and anxiety associated with school attendance, manifesting as somatic symptoms and avoidance behaviors. The findings indicate that not only does excessive short-form video viewing directly influence school refusal behavior features in adolescents, but it also indirectly impacts these features through mechanisms involving severity of inattention symptoms and school anxiety. The bridge factors highlight potential targets for interventions among the SRB features and predictors.

Swiping more, thinking less: Using TikTok hinders analytic thinking

The rapid rise and widespread use of short video applications (SVA) have significantly reshaped our understanding of social media, technology, and human social behavior. Particularly among young users, frequent social media usage and continuous swiping through endless video feeds have become pervasive phenomena. Using dual-process theory, this experimental study explored the psychological consequences of using SVA from two studies. Our findings contributed to the understanding of the cognitive implications of SVA use in young adults in the following ways. Watching short videos predicted less analytic thinking that could go beyond initially flawed intuitions in reasoning (Study 1). Additionally, the process of swiping through the short video feeds, rather than the video content itself, negatively influenced users’ propensity to think analytically; and the decreased positive affect mediated the effect of TikTok usage on analytic thinking (Study 2). These results showed that users should be aware that the common daily leisure activity of using short video applications increases one’s inherent tendency to fast and automatic thinking processing, which can impair their judgment and decision-making in other tasks, such as information discernment. This study indicated the negative implications of artificial intelligence agencies for young adults’ thinking processing in psychological and social domains.

Work commitment, motivation, and job satisfaction on the quality of life of teachers

One of the many challenges the institution has to face is to keep the teachers stay or remain in school organizations. This mixed-method research aimed to determine the work commitment, motivation, and job satisfaction on the quality of life of teachers. The participants were one-hundred eighteen (118) teachers. Data were collected using the researcher-made and standardized questionnaires and focus group interview. The independent variables in the study were the work commitment, motivation, and job satisfaction while the dependent variable was the quality of life of teachers. The findings revealed that the level of work commitment was high. The level of work motivation was high. The level of job satisfaction was high. The level of quality of life was good. The daily leisure, physical health, psychological well-being, social relations were good while the salary was fair. There was a significant difference in the quality of life based on the work commitment, motivation, and job satisfaction of teachers. There was a positive, strong association, and significant relationship among work commitment, motivation, job satisfaction, and quality of life of teachers. The study concluded that the teachers who are more fulfilled in their work have stronger attachment to their job, colleagues, and school.

Evaluation of Recreational Facilities in Guandu section of Baoxiang River Basin Under the Background of Big Data: Based on POI

As the most important place for residents' daily leisure, the planning, layout and service level of urban recreational facilities are closely related to the quality of urban life. Taking national leisure as the benchmark and big data as the background, through the integration of POI data, vector building contour data and OSM road system data, combined with field survey, Tyson polygon is introduced to partition the urban recreational facilities in Guandu section of Baoxiang River Basin, build the urban recreational facilities system, and carry out the evaluation dimension from three aspects: quality, accessibility and coverage of urban recreational facilities, According to the main problems existing in this area, optimization suggestions are put forward, including improving the type of recreational facilities, adding the number of recreational facilities, paying attention to the fairness of recreational facilities and so on. This study has some limitations in the research scope, service scope and service population, but in view of the complex construction of the research scope, rich cultural types and certain representativeness, it can provide some reference for the evaluation and optimization of recreational facilities in similar regions.

Daily leisure activities of provincial townspeople of Kazan and Vyatka provinces at the turn of the XIX – early XX century: balls, masquerades, dance evenings

Everyday life is a problem that requires detailed study. It is in the way people's leisure activities were organized that the prerequisites for the formation of the worldview and worldview of the people are revealed. Women's daily life at the turn of the XIX – early XX century is worthy of a separate study, because during this period there is a rethinking of the gender issue, which allowed a woman to be on an equal footing with a man in a difficult period of national history. The purpose of the research is to study the leisure everyday life of provincial townspeople at the turn of the XIX – early XX century on the example of archival materials of the Kazan and Vyatka provinces. Leisure activities are often determined by how representatives of the upper classes spend their free time. They are the ones who lay the foundations of etiquette, fashion, rules of summing up, places to visit and much more. The following methods were used in the study: analysis of historical literature in the aspect of the problem under study; comparative method, which is an analysis of various sources from the point of view of their comprehensive consideration; selective method used for a more detailed study of the issue under consideration. Scope of the results: the research material can be used for a more in-depth study of women's everyday life, the study of the evolution of the gender issue, in the process of a comprehensive study of the history of the Kazan and Vyatka provinces, as well as the history of Russia as a whole. The daily life of the townspeople of the Kazan and Vyatka provinces is an issue that has not been fully studied, a lot of archival materials were out of the field of view of researchers. The author focuses on how girls occupied themselves at the turn of the century. It is noted that balls, dance evenings and masquerades were a favorite form of leisure. During these events, an unspoken hierarchy in society was established, deals were made, etc. Women had to carefully select their toilet when attending such events, which took place in various clubs. Clubs have become the center of public life not only in the capital, but also in provincial cities.

The Value of Leisure Synchronization

This paper explores the extent to which workers are willing to trade hours worked for leisure time shared with their spouse. We use the fact that the number and timing of paid vacation days to which French employees are entitled vary in a quasi-random way from year to year along with the dates of public holidays. Self-employed workers do not benefit from public holidays, but we show that a large fraction of them substitute a day of unpaid leisure for a day of paid work whenever their spouse gets an extra day of paid leave. (JEL D12, D91, J22, J23)

РОЛЬ ИНФОРМАЦИОННОЙ СРЕДЫ В ДЕТСКОЙ КАРТИНЕ МИРА

Preschool-aged children actively develop their sense of time based on the routine and cyclical moments of daily life, leading to the emergence of not only a present awareness but also primary concepts of the future. The informational environment, as one aspect of a children’s image of the world, becomes integrated into their life at the level of routine components (daily leisure activities surrounded by gadgets, media, and video broadcasts on various devices). The informational environment, being a part of the routine moments of a preschooler’s daily life, can significantly influence the formation of a child’s worldview (including the present and near future), coloring it with different tones (creating confidence in tomorrow or anxieties and fears). The article presents results of an empirical studying the specifics of children’s world image under the influence of information environments of varying intensities. It shows that a high-intensity information environment influences the formation of a negatively tinted worldview and future outlook in preschool children, leading to low life satisfaction and a pronounced need for stability in the external world. Boys were found to be more engaged in the informational environment than girls. It was observed that children in low-intensity information environments pay more attention to direct communication with parents and siblings, experience positive emotions from family interactions, have a positively tinted worldview, and are optimistic about their future in it.

PERSONAL FACTORS AFFECTING OLDER ADULTS’ INTERPRETATION OF STRESS: MODERATING ROLE OF DIFFERENT LEISURE TYPES

Abstract Holistic stress model (Nelson &amp; Simmons, 2003; 2011) offers the most updated framework to understand how individuals’ differences in characteristics (e.g., locus of control, optimism, hardiness) determines their interpretation of the given stressor, whether as eustress or distress. However, dearth of literature exists to further validate this framework, and barely any study has been conducted among older adult population. While daily leisure engagement is one of the most valued activities among older adults, which helps them navigate healthy aging process (An et al., 2022), it also has positive relationships with older adults’ sense of control, positive emotions, and resilience (Son et al., 2021). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine whether individual differences (sense of control, optimism, social support, spiritual belief) have effects on how older adults respond to given stressor and to investigate whether there is a moderating effect of participating in different types of leisure activities. This study used the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) data and study participants (n=3,038) aged 64.52 years old on average. Multiple linear regression was used for analyses using SPSS. Findings indicated that higher social support, optimism, and sense of control were significantly associated with lower response to chronic stress, whereas higher spiritual belief was related to higher response to chronic stress. In terms of specific moderator effects, physical leisure was a significant moderator between social support, optimism, sense of control, and spiritual belief and response to chronic stress. Further discussion, implication, and future recommendations will be presented.

The Promotion of Women's Leisure Sports Behavior Based on Improved Decision Tree Algorithm

In women's daily leisure choices, sports is an important content that cannot be ignored. In this context, this paper studies the promotion of women's leisure sports behavior based on improved decision tree algorithm. Based on the simple analysis of the research progress of leisure sports and decision tree algorithm, a female leisure sports behavior model based on decision tree is constructed. Based on the decision tree algorithm, the calculation method of information gain rate is optimized to avoid logarithmic operation, and the continuous attributes are discretized. Simulation results show that in terms of classification accuracy, the improved decision tree algorithm is significantly higher than the classical decision tree algorithm, and can significantly shorten the running time, which has high application value in the realization of accurate classification analysis of female leisure sports behavior.

The Impact of Exercise Training on Physical Activity among Elderly Women in the Community: A Pilot Study.

According to a survey conducted by the Taiwanese government, the elderly spend most of their time watching TV for their daily leisure activities, and most do not pant or sweat during exercise. Relevant studies have shown that physical activity has benefits and importance for the physical functions of the elderly. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of exercise training on the functional fitness of elderly females in the community. The women subjects were from the community of Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. In total, 34 females were randomly divided into an intervention group and a control group. The ages of the subjects ranged from 65 to 80 years old, with an average age of 75.13. The experimental group continued their physical activity intervention for 20 weeks. The control group had no training plan. The results of the study showed that after 20 weeks of intervention, participants in the intervention group experienced improvements in back grasping, right-hand grip strength, sitting to standing, right hip flexion, right knee extension, right ankle dorsiflexion, right sitting forward extension balance, and sitting back around objects. Six-minute walking distances also showed a significant difference in all cases. The results demonstrated that the 20-week physical activity program intervention used in this study can assist in improving back grasping, right-hand grip strength, sitting to standing, right-hand sitting posture, forward balance, sitting back around objects, and six-minute walking distance among older women in the community. In summary, we recommend a moderate-intensity physical activity exercise program for older women in the community.

Daily links between leisure activities, stress, and well-being during the transition to university

Leisure activities engagement could promote freshmen’s well-being by providing social support and improving positive mood. Little is known about the day-to-day variability in leisure activities and stress and their links to daily well-being. Using a month-long daily diary design among 273 Canadian freshmen (M age = 18, 73% female, 32% White), this study investigated the relations between daily leisure activities, stress, and well-being. Multilevel modeling revealed that daily leisure activities showed concurrent positive effects on daily well-being, whereas daily stress had negative effects. There were substantial inter-individual differences in these links, which were partly explained by coping orientations and person-average levels of stress. Engaging in more diverse leisure activities was related to better well-being. The findings demonstrate the immediate beneficial effects of leisure activities on well-being in everyday life and provide interventions with amendable targets to promote freshmen’s positive socioemotional development during their transition to university.

The Impact of a Circadian Lighting Intervention on Sleep, Mood, &amp; Engagement: Two Case Studies

Abstract Date Presented 04/22/2023 Circadian lighting, indoor light that simulates the solar day, was explored as a means to help regulate sleep in a person living with dementia and a college student. Results indicate that a daily, 1-hour circadian lighting exposure helped to regulate sleep and improve mood and engagement for both cases. Implementation was facilitated by integrating lighting into a daily leisure or instrumental routine. Findings contribute to OT knowledge on means to promote the occupation of sleep. Primary Author and Speaker: Martha Sanders Contributing Authors: Samantha Barnaba, Luke Bowerman, Kayla Cicero, Alexandra Muzzio, Alexis Silverstein, Taylor Demarco

The diurnal course of salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase on workdays and leisure days in teachers and the role of social isolation and neuroticism.

Teachers are among the occupational groups with the highest sick leave rates due to workplace stress and burnout symptoms. A substantial body of research has suggested social isolation and neuroticism to be related to physiological stress activity. However, the relationship between such characteristics and stress experiences has rarely been studied in conjunction with physiological stress indicators in the teachers' natural settings. Thus, the present study examines salivary cortisol and α-amylase as physiological stress indicators on teachers' work and leisure days and their relationship with social isolation. Furthermore, we test whether neuroticism moderates the relationship between social isolation and salivary biomarkers. Forty-two teachers completed questionnaires assessing social isolation (Trier Inventory for the Assessment of Chronic Stress) and neuroticism (Big-Five Inventory). Participants collected eight saliva samples on three days, two workdays, and one leisure day to measure the concentration of cortisol and α-amylase as biomarkers of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the autonomic nervous system (ANS), respectively. Results showed a significantly higher Cortisol Awakening Response (CAR) and diurnal cortisol slope (DCS) on workdays than on the leisure day but no significant differences regarding measures of α-amylase. We found a significant positive relationship between social isolation and the CAR on the leisure day but no association with the α-amylase measures. Furthermore, after controlling for confounders, social isolation was unrelated to neuroticism, and the latter did not moderate between social isolation and the CAR. Our findings suggest an association between social isolation and the HPA axis, i.e., the CAR, but do not support an association with the ANS, which would be indicated by the α-amylase assessments. Finally, our findings could not support an association of neuroticism with the HPA axis and ANS.

Early cognitive dysfunction after stroke and related risk factors in the high-altitude and multi-ethnic region of Qinghai, China: A multi-center cross-sectional study

ObjectiveCognitive impairment is a common outcome of stroke, but there is limited evidence regarding its prevalence at high altitude, especially within the context of specific ethnic groups or lifestyle habits. This prospective exploratory study investigated early cognitive impairment after stroke in Qinghai Province, 3000 m above sea level. MethodsPatients with acute stroke (n = 1047) were enrolled from 3 hospitals in Qinghai Province. Cognitive performance was measured by Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores within 5 days of stroke symptom onset; MoCA < 26 defined impairment. Patient data included demographics, education, vascular risk factors, diet, and activities of daily living rated by Barthel index. ResultsCognitive impairment within 5 days of stroke symptom onset affected 77.65% of these patients. The factors independently associated with early cognitive impairment were: older age (mean difference [MD]: –4.857, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.685–3.030, P < 0.001); female gender (odds ratio [OR]: 1.674, 95% CI: 1.212–2.313, P = 0.002); and a diet containing yak butter (OR: 1.587, 95% CI: 1.247–2.021, P < 0.001). Progressively lesser odds were accounted to beef (Yak) and mutton consumption (OR: 0.804, 95% CI: 0.655–0.987, P = 0.037); fruit (OR: 0.792, 95% CI: 0.672–0.933, P = 0.005); status as an immigrant (OR: 0.666, 95% CI: 0.445–0.996, P = 0.048); education (OR: 0.514, 95% CI: 0.400–0.660, P < 0.001); and multiple daily leisure activities (OR: 0.999, 95% CI: 0.999–0.999, P < 0.001). ConclusionPersons in Qinghai province who experience stroke are likely to show signs of early cognitive dysfunction. Preventive modifiable features include diet and daily activities.

Annual indirect costs savings in patients with episodic or chronic migraine: a post-hoc analysis of phase 3 galcanezumab clinical trials in the United States

BackgroundGalcanezumab (GMB) improved quality-of-life and reduced disability of patients with episodic (EM) and chronic migraine (CM) in Phase 3 trials.AimTo estimate indirect cost savings associated with GMB treatment in patients with migraine in the United States (US).MethodsWe analyzed data of patients from the US from three randomized, Phase 3, double-blind, placebo (PBO)-controlled GMB studies: EVOLVE-1 and EVOLVE-2 (EM patients), REGAIN (CM patients). Annual indirect costs were calculated using items of the Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) questionnaire: lost time/productivity at work/school, household work, and leisure time. All costs were annualized and expressed in 2019 US dollars. While the main analysis considered lost time/productivity at work/school and household work as a full day, a sensitivity analysis was performed by discounting them by half. For EM, annual indirect costs savings were estimated using mixed model repeated measures analysis. For CM, ANCOVA models were used to estimate annual indirect costs savings as change from baseline.ResultsThe analysis included 805 patients with EM (mean age = 41.4 years; PBO = 534; GMB = 271) and 423 patients with CM (mean age = 38.9 years; PBO = 279; GMB = 144). Compared to PBO, GMB significantly reduced annual indirect costs among patients with EM at 3 months (least square mean [95% confidence interval] work/school = $1,883.6 [603.64–3,163.65], p = .0040, household work = $628.9 [352.95–904.88], p <.0001, and leisure activity = $499.17 [42.36–955.98], p = .0323) and 6 months (work/school = $2,382.29 [1,065.48–3,699.10], p = .0004, household work = $559.45 [268.99–849.90], p = .0002, and leisure activity = $753.81 [334.35–1,173.27], p = .0004), whereas a significant difference was not observed among patients with CM. Sensitivity analysis results were similar to primary analysis results.ConclusionsGMB treatment versus PBO resulted in significantly greater indirect cost savings in patients with EM through improved productivity at work/school, household work, and leisure days. Patients with CM receiving GMB versus PBO attained greater cost savings, although not statistically significant, through reduced lost productivity at work/school.

Urban Forest Visit Motivation Scale: Development and Validation

Due to the importance of the positive effects of urban forests on urban dwellers and the limitations of prior studies, which have mainly dealt with motivations involving rural or tourism-oriented forests, this study aims to develop a scale of visit motivation for an urban forest specifically as a way to deal with more diverse and specific motivations. The first step is to develop a draft version of the Urban Forest Visit Motivation Scale (UFVMS) through experts’ discussions of important factors from prior studies and the analysis of Big Data. Then, to confirm the reliability and validity of these items, 878 valid data of visitors of urban forests living in Seoul and Incheon were collected to conduct EFA and CFA to validate the final version of the scale. As a result of factor analysis, seven dimensions (Experience Activities, Healing and Rest, Health, Environmental Experience, Daily Leisure, Family, Eco-Friendly) with 24 items for the UFVMS were drawn after deleting 5 items that had a low standard regression weight on CFA or were unsuitable for the characteristics of a dimension. The results of this study are expected to provide academic and practical implications for urban forest visit motivation. In particular, unlike common purposes such as healing and health, the results indicate that the purpose of daily leisure-related activities is a notable factor of visiting urban forests, showing that there is also a high need for good-quality facilities such as food suppliers, toilets, and so on. This study will contribute to the academic development of research on UFVMS and the practical development for managers of urban forests in terms of planning a better management of the urban forest with a full understanding of visitors’ motivations. This improving management will contribute to the development of the social sustainability of urban citizens while giving various benefits.

How Do Block Built Environments Affect Daily Leisure Walking among the Elderly? A Empirical Study of Gaoyou, China

Currently, the major global economies have entered an aging society. The promotion of physical activity is an important way to improve the health level of the elderly, and the study of health geography is a popular interdisciplinary research topic. This study selected 12 representative districts in Guoyu City, Jiangsu Province, to conduct a questionnaire survey on the activity range and behavior pattern of leisure walking among the elderly. We analyzed the relationship between the environment factors of different blocks and the walking activities of the elderly. The results showed that: (1) A range of 800 m from home is the most important leisure walking space for the urban elderly, and a distance between 800 and 1500 m is an important optional leisure walking space. (2) The density of open green space, commercial facilities, and public service facilities has a significant impact on the elderly’s leisure walking activities. (3) The socioeconomic background and health status of the elderly have a significant impact on their leisure walking activities. Healthy physical conditions can motivate the elderly to form good exercise habits. The government must optimize the built environment elements in a targeted living space to encourage physical activity among the elderly.

HEALTHY LEISURE: ADVANCING UNDERSTANDING OF LEISURE DECISIONS, ACTIVITIES, AND HEALTH CONSEQUENCES

Abstract Leisure activities promote healthy aging, yet aging poses new challenges to engagement in active, meaningful, health-promoting leisure. This stalemate wherein people need to but struggle to engage in healthy leisure as they age calls for further research describing what healthy leisure entails, decision processes predicting it, and long-term consequences over the lifespan. This symposium brings together five rigorous studies aimed at understanding diverse aspects of leisure – how adults make daily leisure decisions, the health-promoting or demoting consequences of specific leisure activities as a person ages, and unique challenges faced by vulnerable populations. Paper 1 describes how daily energy and affect conjointly influence the types and variety of leisure activities midlife adults choose. Paper 2 identifies specific leisure activities that protect against cognitive decline in older adults, with consideration of vulnerable subgroups (illiterate, rural residents). Paper 3 investigates how seven leisure activities longitudinally predict cognitive impairment in older adults and differences by life course SES. Paper 4 identifies social interactions with friends as a key aspect of healthy leisure that longitudinally associates with cognitive function in older adults. Paper 5 focuses on a vulnerable population, older breast cancer survivors, and examines whether participating in cognitively stimulating leisure activities is associated with cognitive function (vs. non-cancer controls). These papers use different samples and datasets to describe the nature, causes, and consequences healthy leisure by specific population groups. The discussant, Dr. Allison Bielak will integrate key findings from these studies, discuss their theoretical and methodological contributions, and consider opportunities for future research.