Daughter's Age Research Articles

A Black Feminist Study of Black Mother-Daughter Sexual Communication

ABSTRACT There is a well-established body of literature on parent-child sexual communication (PCSC) among Black families. Still, most of this work focuses on reducing sexual risk behaviors among Black girls and focuses less on the multidimensionality of PCSC among Black parents and their daughters. In this qualitative study, we explored Black mother-daughter PCSC by analyzing interviews with 29 Black mothers in the U.S. with daughters ages 6–11. We used consensual qualitative research methods to analyze mother’s responses to questions about the messages and strategies they used when educating their daughters about sex-related topics, such as pleasure and sexual identity. We identified the following themes related to mothers’ goals with their messages: (1) increasing awareness through neutral information, (2) building daughter’s sense of self, (3) challenging societal norms and White heteropatriarchy, and (4) upholding societal norms and White heteropatriarchy. We also developed five themes for mother’s strategies for PCSC: (5) direct and open PCSC, (6) modeling, (7) integrating real-life examples, (8) centering the child, and (9) monitoring and tailoring daughters’ experiences with others. Our findings add to existing research on sex-positive practices among Black families, highlight the need to use critical lenses when exploring PCSC, and have important implications for parent education.

Shared Minds, Shared Feedback: tracing the influence of parental feedback on shared neural patterns.

Parental feedback affects children in multiple ways. However, little is known about how children, family, and feedback types affect parental feedback neural mechanisms. The current study used functional near-infrared spectroscopy-based hyperscanning to observe 47 mother-daughter pairs's (mean age of mothers: 35.95 ± 3.99yr old; mean age of daughters: 6.97 ± 0.75yr old) brain synchronization in a jigsaw game under various conditions. Between parental negative feedback and praise conditions, mother-daughter brain in supramarginal gyrus, left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, right inferior frontal gyrus, and right primary somatic (S1) differed. When criticized, conformity family-communication-patterned families had much worse brain synchronization in S1, left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and right Wernicke's region than conversational families. Resilient children had better mother-child supramarginal gyrus synchronicity under negative feedback. This study supports the importance of studying children's neurological development in nurturing environments to assess their psychological development.

A Case-Control Study on Factors of HPV Vaccination for Mother and Daughter in China.

(1) Background: To explore the influencing factors of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination among mothers and daughters so as to provide evidence and strategies for improving the HPV vaccination rate of 9-18-years-old girls. (2) A questionnaire survey was conducted among the mothers of 9-18-year-old girls from June to August 2022. The participants were divided into the mother and daughter vaccinated group (M1D1), the mother-only vaccinated group (M1D0), and the unvaccinated group (M0D0). Univariate tests, the logistic regression model, and the Health Belief Model (HBM) were employed to explore the influencing factors. (3) Results: A total of 3004 valid questionnaires were collected. According to the regions, Totally 102, 204, and 408 mothers and daughters were selected from the M1D1, M1D0, and M0D0 groups, respectively. The mother having given her daughter sex education (OR = 3.64; 95%CI 1.70, 7.80), the mother's high perception of disease severity (OR = 1.79; 95%CI 1.02, 3.17), and the mother's high level of trust in formal information (OR = 2.18; 95%CI 1.26, 3.78) were all protective factors for both the mother and her daughter's vaccination. The mother's rural residence (OR = 0.51; 95%CI 0.28, 0.92) was a risk factor for vaccination of both mother and daughter. The mother's education of high school or above (OR = 2.12; 95%CI 1.06, 4.22), the mother's high level of HPV and HPV vaccine knowledge (OR = 1.72; 95%CI 1.14, 2.58), and the mother's high level of trust in formal information (OR = 1.72; 95%CI 1.15, 2.57) were protective factors of mother-only vaccination. The older the mother (OR = 0.95; 95%CI 0.91, 0.99) was classed as a risk factor for mother-only vaccination. "Waiting until the daughters are older to receive the 9-valent vaccine" is the main reason why the daughters of M1D0 and M0D0 are not vaccinated". (4) Chinese mothers had a high willingness to vaccinate their daughters with the HPV vaccine. The higher education level of the mother, giving sex education to the daughter, the older ages of mothers and daughters, the mother's high level of HPV and HPV vaccine knowledge, a high level of perception of the disease severity, and a high level of trust in formal information were promoting factors of HPV vaccination for mother and daughter, and rural residence was a risk factor to vaccination. To promote HPV vaccination in girls from 9-18 years old, communities could provide health education to rural mothers with low education levels; the government could advocate for HPV vaccination through issuing policy documents; and doctors and the CDC could popularize the optimal age for HPV vaccination to encourage mothers to vaccinate their daughters at the age of 9-14 years old.

Factors associated with HPV vaccine acceptability and hesitancy among Black mothers with young daughters in the United States.

Compared to other-race peers, Black women are disproportionately impacted by human papillomavirus [HPV] infection, related health outcomes, and cervical cancer mortality as a result of suboptimal HPV vaccine uptake during adolescence. Few studies in the United States have examined psychosocial determinants of HPV vaccine acceptability and hesitancy among Black parents. The current study integrated the health belief model and the theory of planned behavior to evaluate the extent to which psychosocial factors are associated with pediatric HPV vaccination intentions among this population. Black mothers (N = 402; age range = 25 to 69 years, M = 37.45, SD = 7.88) of daughters ages 9 to 15 years completed an online survey assessing HPV infection and vaccine beliefs and attitudes across four domains: Mother's HPV Perceptions, Mother's Vaccine Attitudes, Cues to Action, and Perceived Barriers to HPV Vaccination. Participants indicated their willingness to vaccinate their daughter on a 5-level ordinal scale ("I will definitely not have my daughter get the vaccine" to "I will definitely have my daughter get the vaccine") which was dichotomously recoded for binomial logistic regressions. Half of the sample (48%) intended to vaccinate their daughter. Number of daughters, mother's HPV vaccine status, perceived HPV vaccine benefits, HPV vaccine safety concerns, pediatric HPV vaccine peer norms, and doctor recommendations emerged as independent factors of Black mothers' intentions to vaccinate their daughters against HPV when controlling for all other factors. In addition to medical training to increase doctor recommendation of the HPV vaccine for Black girls, population-tailored public health messaging aimed at promoting HPV vaccine acceptance among Black mothers is urgently needed. This messaging should engage community support and emphasize the benefits of vaccination for adolescent Black girls while also addressing parental concerns regarding the safety of pediatric HPV vaccination.

Learning from Their Daughters: Family Exposure to Gender Disparity and Female Representation in Male-Led Ventures

We build on recent studies on daughter-to-father influence to explore how male founders’ fatherhood of daughters impacts female representation in their ventures. We find that, conditional on the total number of children, fathering an additional daughter versus a son is associated with a 4% (11%) increase in female director (employee) representation. This daughter-to-father effect gradually matures as daughters grow up and socialize in schools and workplaces, and it increases as daughters age, suggesting that male founders vicariously learn from their daughters about the constraints women face throughout the daughters’ life cycles. Heterogeneity analyses (regarding founder cohort, divorce status, and social class), combined with qualitative evidence, further substantiate the plausibility of vicarious learning as a potential yet understudied mechanism underlying daughter effects. In addition, daughter effects on employee recruitment are concentrated in microbusinesses (number of employees is ≤10) where the founder is close in decision authority to all employees. These findings add important nuances to our understanding of daughter effects in organizational contexts and extend theory of gender homophily in organizations. This paper was accepted by Olav Sorenson, organizations. Funding: K. Wennberg acknowledges funding from the Swedish Royal Academy of Letter. Supplemental Material: The data files and online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4727 .

Knowledge and attitude regarding human papillomavirus vaccine and its associated factors among parents of daughters age between 9-14 years in central Ethiopia, 2021.

BackgroundHuman Papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted disease and the major cause of cervical cancer, which threatened the lives of several women and remains a critical concern in Africa and around the world. Ethiopia initiates the human papillomavirus vaccines on 3rd December 2018 for the primary time to vaccinate six million girls.ObjectiveThis study assessed knowledge and attitudes toward the human papillomavirus vaccine among parents of daughters aged between 9 and 14 years in the Central EthiopiaMethodsA community-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 619 parents whose daughters were aged between 9 and 14 years old from February 01 to February 30, 2021. A multistage sampling method was employed to select study participants. Data were collected using an interview administered questionnaire adapted from related literature. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate binary logistic regression analyses were done by using SPSS v. 20.0.ResultsA total of 619 parents participated in the current study of whom, only 242 (39.1%) and 249 (40.2%) of the respondents were knowledgeable and had a favorable attitude toward the HPV, respectively. Age (AOR 1.98, 95% CI: 1.07, 3.69), place of residence (AOR 3.6, 95% CI: 1.45, 8.92), and wealth status (AOR 1.89, 95% CI: 1.09, 3.26) was independently associated with the knowledge of parents toward the HPV.ConclusionPolicymakers and other stockholders require more effort to provide a resource to enhance knowledge and attitudes toward the HPV through the mass media and other health education outlets. Keywords: Knowledge, HPV Vaccine, Attitude, Cervical cancer, Central Ethiopia.

Nonmedical prescription drug use among female adolescents: the relative influence of maternal factors, social norms, and perceptions of risk and availability

Increasing understanding of the risk and protective factors for adolescent nonmedical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) could inform prevention efforts. Several correlates have been identified, including parental factors, perceptions about use and accessibility, social norms, and age. However, these constructs have rarely been simultaneously examined using paired data from parents and adolescents. We aimed to examine the relative influence of these correlates among dyads (N = 349) of mothers and adolescent daughters. Using multiple logistic regression, daughters’ past NMUPD and inclination for future NMUPD were regressed onto descriptive norms for friend use, perceived drug accessibility and risk of harm from use, daughter age, mothers’ disapproval about use, mothers’ past NMUPD and inclination for future NMUPD, and the mother-daughter relationship quality. Akaike weights and lasso regressions were also estimated to evaluate the relative importance of each correlate. Higher descriptive norms for friend use, older age, and mothers’ inclination for NMUPD were risk factors for daughters’ NMUPD, while a closer mother-daughter relationship and mothers’ disapproving attitudes towards NMUPD were protective factors. The three analysis approaches were corroborative. Results suggest friend descriptive norms, mother-daughter relationship quality, and mothers’ attitudes about NMUPD are important prevention targets.

Persisting Effects of a Social Media Campaign to Prevent Indoor Tanning: A Randomized Trial.

A social media campaign for mothers aimed at reducing indoor tanning (IT) by adolescent daughters reduced mothers' permissiveness toward IT in an immediate posttest. Whether the effects persisted at 6 months after the campaign remains to be determined. Mothers (N = 869) of daughters ages 14-17 in 34 states without bans on IT by minors were enrolled in a randomized trial. All mothers received an adolescent health campaign over 12 months with posts on preventing IT (intervention) or prescription drug misuse (control). Mothers completed a follow-up at 18 months post-randomization measuring IT permissiveness, attitudes, intentions, communication, and behavior, and support for state bans. Daughters (n = 469; 54.0%) just completed baseline and follow-up surveys. Structural equation modeling showed that intervention-group mothers were less permissive of IT by daughters [unstandardized coefficient, -0.17; 95% confidence interval (CI), -0.31 to -0.03], had greater self-efficacy to refuse daughter's IT requests (0.17; 95% CI, 0.06-0.29) and lower IT intentions themselves (-0.18; 95% CI, -0.35 to -0.01), and were more supportive of bans on IT by minors (0.23; 95% CI, 0.02-0.43) than control-group mothers. Intervention-group daughters expressed less positive IT attitudes than controls (-0.16; 95% CI, 0.31 to -0.01). The social media campaign may have had a persisting effect of convincing mothers to withhold permission for daughters to indoor tan for 6 months after its conclusion. Reduced IT intentions and increased support for bans on IT by minors also persisted among mothers. Social media may increase support among mothers to place more restrictions on IT by minors.

The Predictors Influencing the Mothers Health Beliefs and Intentions Towards the Determination of their Daughter to be Vaccinated with the Human Papillomavirus Vaccine in the Indigenous Communities, St. Vincent and the Grenadines

Since the integration of the HPV vaccine in the National Immunization Programme in 2017, little is known regarding Vincentian mothers’ health beliefs, attitudes and intentions. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection can cause cervical cancer however, this can be prevented with the HPV vaccine which is given to girls in grade 6. The study aimed to evaluate mother’s health beliefs, attitudes and intentions towards HPV vaccine administration to their daughter and factors involved with these intentions in Indigenous Communities in St. Vincent and the Grenadines. An online-based community cross-sectional survey was conducted in the six main villages in the Indigenous Community from April to May 2020. The structured and pilot-tested questionnaire was distributed to 342 mothers who had a daughter age 7-11 years old who were not vaccinated with the HPV vaccine and the youngest daughter if the mother has more than one daughter in the age group. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were used for data analysis to investigate factors associated with mothers’ intention. For health beliefs and attitudes, descriptive analysis was performed. Majority of the respondent had positive attitudes towards the HPV vaccine and for health beliefs there was a high susceptibility, severity and benefit towards HPV and the HPV vaccine among the mothers included there was a high (95.6%) maternal intention for their daughter to received the HPV vaccine, with 9 out of every 10 mothers agreeing to have their daughter be vaccinated in the future. The factors influencing the intention of vaccinating were the source of information-health professionals (AOR= 10.14, 95% CI= 2.88-35.60), high health beliefs (AOR= 3.35, 95% CI= 1.03-12.20), knowing women with cervical cancer (AOR= 5.05, 95% CI= 1.50-16.95), education- primary and secondary (AOR= 4.62, 95% CI= 1.31-16.24) and ethnicity- Indigenous (AOR= 4.13, 95% CI= 1.02-16.69), employed mothers (AOR=2.32, 95% CI =1.36- 3.96), and high level of knowledge towards HPV and HPV vaccine (AOR=2.27, 95% CI =1.25- 4.13), employed mothers (AOR=2.32, 95% CI =1.36- 3.96) were significantly associated with mothers’ health belief towards HPV vaccination (p-value<0.01). Health professionals are an important source of HPV and HPV vaccine, therefore, they must be knowledgeable with updated information to promote the HPV vaccination using a multifaceted and culturally sensitive approach among key populations to improve uptake. There will be the need for intervention to increase awareness and health education about HPV and the HPV vaccine by health professionals.

Could maternal thyroid function during pregnancy affect daughters’ age at menarche through child growth? A mediation analysis

Early menarche is associated with adverse health outcomes during adolescence as well as breast and other reproductive cancers later in adulthood. However, the causes of early menarche and the pathways through which they operate are not fully understood. Though maternal thyroid function during pregnancy affects child growth, and rapid childhood growth is associated with a decreased age at menarche, the relationship between prenatal maternal thyroid function and daughters’ age at menarche has not been examined. We conducted a mediation analysis in a historical cohort of 260 mother-child pairs to estimate the total and indirect effects of maternal prenatal thyroid function on daughters’ age at menarche. No association was observed between thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) or anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (ATPO) and daughters’ age at menarche. Using a sample-specific, a-priori cutoff at the 10th percentile, low levels of maternal free thyroxine (FT4) were associated with earlier daughter age at menarche, with a hazard ratio (95 % CI) of 1.70 (1.02, 2.84) comparing the bottom 10th percentile with the top 90th percentile of exposure levels. Higher maternal FT4 was associated with rapid child weight gain from ages 5–9, and rapid child weight gain from ages 5–9 was associated with earlier age at menarche; the estimated indirect effect of this pathway was null. While maternal FT4 is associated with earlier age at menarche in daughters, this is not mediated by rapid weight gain in our study population, suggesting that maternal FT4 is operating through a different pathway.

Farmers Suicide Causes and Remedies to avoid of Hingoli District in Maharashtra State : A Geo-Political View

The present research carried out with an exploratory design of social research on farmer’s suicide of Hingoli District in Maharashtra State . These districts were The Hingoli consists of the Five Talukas (Hingoli, Kalamnuri, Basmat, Aundha, Sengaon). The average rainfall in the district is 895 mm. About 83% of the rainfall occurs during June to September and July is the rainiest month. The maximum temperature of the district is 42.6 degree Celsius and minimum temperatures are 10.6 Degree Celsius. Over 192 farmers have committed suicide in Hingoli District between 2008 and 2017. In Hingoli District the farmer 56.25per cent, The majority of the farmers had medium extension contact 38.75per cent, Medium level of cropping intensity 83.75per cent, Medium level of economic motivation 57.50%, deferred gratification were found 70.00 per cent in middle category, management orientation of the farmer is middle level 67.50per cent, farmers found in middle level of the indebtedness 80.00per cent, Majority of the farmer engaged in farming and farm labours 72.50per cent. Indebtedness is negative significant. The relationship was significant at 0.05 level. Major causes of farming distress is failure of crops due to drought/ lack irrigation, failure of crop due to insect disease. Indebtedness related causes increase in indebtedness is major region of distress. Major Social causes of farmer dowry and marriageable age of daughter and sister. Farmer suggests that there should be minimum support price for all crops.

Second to fourth (2D:4D) digit ratio and their relationships among a mother and child population in Ghana

The study aimed to determine the relationship between digit ratios among a mother–child population in Ghana. This was a cross-sectional study from December 2020 to April 2021 involving 272 mothers, their daughters (n = 132) and their sons (n = 140). The right (2D:4DR) and the left (2D:4DL) digit ratios were measured using computer-assisted analysis. The data were analysed in SPSS (v23) and GraphPad Prism (v8) at an alpha value of 0.05. The mean ± SD age of the mothers was 23.9 ± 3.67 years while the median (IQR) age of daughters was 116(54–240) days and sons, 134(54–240) days. The mean ± SD 2D:4DR were 0.94 ± 0.04, 0.91 ± 0.04 and 0.90 ± 0.04 respectively for mothers, daughters and sons. The mean ± SD 2D:4DL was 0.93 ± 0.04, for mothers, 0.92 ± 0.05 for daughters and 0.92 ± 0.05 for sons. The daughters and sons showed leftward asymmetry while the mothers showed rightward asymmetry in digit ratios. The 2D:4DR of sons was significantly lower than daughters (P = 0.031). There were negative correlations between the 2D:4DL and age of daughters (r = −0.182, P = 0.043) and sons (r = −0.221, P = 0.012). The 2D:4DR of mothers was positively correlated with that of daughters (r = 0.332, P = 0.000) and that of sons (r = 0.233, P = 0.008). There are significant relationships between digit ratios in a mother–child population.

Evaluation of the effects of sire and dam calving group on age at first calving in Brahman heifers

This study evaluated the possible effects of sire and dam calving groups on age at first calving in Brahman heifers. A total of 570 heifers born between the years 2004 and 2017 were exposed as yearlings to fertile bulls through time of pregnancy determination. A calving group was determined by calculating the mean (993 d) and standard deviation (187 d) of heifer age at first calving. Heifers considered to calve early (≤899 d; calving group = 1) or late (≥1087 d; calving group = 3) were at least half a standard deviation (94 d) away from the mean. All other heifers were considered to have an intermediate age at first calving (900–1086 d; calving group = 2). Of the 570 heifers, only heifers from a dam (n = 182) with a known age at first calving and from a sire (n = 35) with 5 or more daughters were kept to determine the effect of dam calving group and the effect of sire calving group on age at first calving and calving group in daughters, resulting in a total of 284 heifers available for analysis. Variables included were dam and sire calving groups of the heifer, heifer age at first calving, heifer calving group, heifer season of birth, and heifer year of birth. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedures of SAS and proportions were tested using Chi-square. Sire calving group did affect (P < 0.01) age at first calving and calving group in heifers, but dam calving group did not affect (P > 0.10) daughter age at first calving or calving group. Analysis of dam calving group and sire calving group effects identified a year of birth effect (P < 0.01) on daughter age at first calving and calving group, whereas there was no significant season of birth effect. The proportion of daughters calving early for sire calving groups differed significantly from the expected proportion (P < 0.01), whereas the proportion of daughters calving early for dam calving groups did not differ. An effort to produce a greater proportion of Brahman heifers capable of calving early will not be effective from the dam side but may be effective from the sire side.

Intergenerational cycle of disease: Maternal mastitis is associated with poorer daughter performance in dairy cattle

Adverse prenatal environments, such as maternal stress and infections, can influence the health and performance of offspring. Mastitis is the most common disease in dairy cattle, yet the intergenerational effects have not been specifically investigated. Therefore, we examined the associations between the dam's mammary gland health and daughter performance using somatic cell score (SCS) as a proxy for mammary health. Using data obtained from Dairy Records Management Systems (Raleigh, NC), we linked daughter records with their dam's records for the lactation in which the daughter was conceived. Linear and quadratic relationships of dam mean SCS with the daughter's age at first calving (AFC; n = 15,992 daughters, 4,366 herds), first- (n = 15,119 daughters, 4,213 herds) and second-lactation SCS (n = 3,570 daughters, 1,554 herds), first- and second-lactation mature-equivalent 305-d milk yield, and milk component yields were assessed using mixed linear regression models. We uncovered a phenomenon similar to those found in human and mouse models examining prenatal inflammation effects, whereby daughters born from dams with elevated SCS had poorer performance. Dam mean SCS was positively associated with daughter's AFC and first- and second-lactation mean SCS. Furthermore, for every 1-unit increase in dam mean SCS, daughter's first- and second-lactation mature-equivalent fat yield declined by 0.34% and 0.91% (-1.6 ± 0.49 kg, -4.0 ± 1.0 kg, respectively), although no effect was found on first- or second-lactation milk or milk protein yield. When accounting for genetics, daughter SCS, and AFC (first lactation only), dam mean SCS was associated with reduced second-lactation milk fat yield (-3.5 ± 1.8 kg/unit SCS), and a tendency was found for first-lactation milk fat yield (-1.9 ± 1.0 kg/unit SCS). Taken together, the association of greater dam mean SCS with lesser daughter milk fat yield is likely due to a few underlying mechanisms, in particular, a predisposition for mastitis and alterations in the epigenome controlling milk fat synthesis. As such, future studies should examine epigenetic mechanisms as a potential underpinning of this phenomenon.

Prenatal exposure to mixtures of persistent endocrine disrupting chemicals and early menarche in a population-based cohort of British girls.

Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is ubiquitous. EDC exposure, especially during critical periods of development like the prenatal window, may interfere with the body's endocrine system, which can affect growth and developmental outcomes such as puberty. Most studies have examined one EDC at a time in relation to disease; however, humans are exposed to many EDCs. By studying mixtures, the human experience can be more closely replicated. We investigated the association of prenatal exposure to persistent EDCs (poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs)) as mixtures with early menarche among female offspring in a nested case-control study within the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) recruited in the United Kingdom in 1991-1992. Concentrations of 52 EDCs were quantified in maternal serum samples collected during pregnancy. Daughter's age at menarche was ascertained through mailed questionnaires sent annually. We used repeated holdout weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) to examine the association between prenatal exposure to multiple EDCs and early menarche (<11.5 (n=218) vs. ≥11.5 years (n=230)) for each chemical class separately (PFAS, PCBs, and OCPs) and for all three classes combined. Models adjusted for maternal age at menarche, maternal education, parity, pre-pregnancy body mass index, maternal age, prenatal smoking, and gestational week at sample collection. Mixture models showed null associations between prenatal exposure to EDC mixtures and early menarche. Using WQS regression, the odds ratio for early menarche for a one-decile increase in chemical concentrations for all three classes combined was 0.89 (95% CI: 0.76, 1.05); using BKMR, the odds ratio when all exposures were at the 60th percentile compared to the median was 0.98 (95% CI: 0.91, 1.05). Results suggest the overall effect of prenatal exposure to persistent EDC mixtures is not associated with early menarche.

Dairy productivity and milk quality of daughters from bulls of Holstein breed

A study of the influence of sires of Holstein breed on their daughters’ milk productivity, development and milk physical and chemical characteristics was conducted. The study was carried out in Krasnoyarsk Territory on red-and-white cows of the first and second lactations – daughters of three sire bulls: Arsenal, Zaryad and Veles. It was established that sires affect their daughters’ daily milk yield, lactose content in milk and milk solids non-fat (MSNF). The difference in traits between individual groups of bulls’ daughters is statistically significant. Analysis of variance showed that the paratypic factor defined as the age of daughters in lactations had a significant effect on daily milk yield. The genetic factor, that is father's heredity, influenced only the content of urea in daughters’ milk. Analysis of the correlation between daily milk yield and physical and chemical properties of milk revealed reliable correlated response of weak strength: in the daughters of the Arsenal bull (the second current lactation) it was between the traits of daily milk yield and protein, in the daughters of the Veles bull (the same lactation) it was between the traits of daily milk yield and MSNF, and daily milk yield and the freezing temperature of milk (FTM). In cows of the first lactation, a strong correlation was found between some physical and chemical properties of milk, such as fat and urea, urea and FTM, and MSNF and FTM. In cows of the second lactation, a strong correlation was found between the following traits of milk: protein and MSNF, protein and dry matter, lactose and MSNF, MSNF and urea, and some others. It is shown that sires of Holstein breed have an impact on certain productivity parameters of their cowdaughters. It is recommended to use the bull Arsenal 8492 more widely to increase the milk yield of their daughters, and Veles 5417 – to improve the quality of milk of their daughters.

The effect of cows-mothers on the physicochemical properties of daughters' milk

The paper has presented the results of the level productivity mothers’ influence on the daily milk yield and physicochemical properties of daughters' milk. The interrelation and heritability of signs, as well as the strength of the influence of two factors (age of daughters-cows in lactations and the milk yield level of mothers) on the component composition and physical properties of milk of cows-daughters, were determined. The studies were carried out in Arefyevskoye JSC of the Krasnoyarsk Territory on Red-Motley cows (43 mother-daughter pairs). It was found the milk of cows-mothers, in comparison with the milk of daughters, was distinguished by better physicochemical properties. The superiority of daughters over mothers in terms of daily milk yield (second lactation) and lactose (first lactation) (by 13.4 kg and 0.21%; P&gt; 0.95 and P&gt; 0.999) was reliable. A positive strong relationship was found between the content of dry matter and fat (r = 0.71 and 0.79) in the milk of mothers and daughters. A significant effect of mothers on the fat content in their daughters' milk (² = 13.9; P&gt; 0.99) was revealed. The age of daughters in lactations reliably influenced on their daily milk yield, the content of dry matter in milk, solid-not-fat (SNF) and freezing temperature of milk (² = 8.3-11.8; P&gt; 0.95-0.99).

Case study of Dyadic death in Bangladesh: by Hanging, Strangulation and Poisoning

Here described two cases where mother is the main perpetrators of the event and the victims were their children in the age group of 1 year to 12 years. In 1st case 35 years lady killed her three daughters ages 12, 9, 1 by strangulation then hanged in south surma Sylhet city. In 2nd case A 32 years old married women killed her two sons (ages 5 &amp; 8yrs ) by poisoning and later she died by hanging in Sylhet city . Autopsy examination revealed ligature mark over neck consistent with that of antemortem hanging and ligature marks round the child’s neck were strangulation case also poison found by chemical examination. So it’s time to take awareness within community and take prevention such like notorious incident.&#x0D; Bangladesh Med J. 2017 Sep; 46 (3): 104-106

Using automated computer vision and machine learning to code facial expressions of affect and arousal: Implications for emotion dysregulation research.

As early as infancy, caregivers' facial expressions shape children's behaviors, help them regulate their emotions, and encourage or dissuade their interpersonal agency. In childhood and adolescence, proficiencies in producing and decoding facial expressions promote social competence, whereas deficiencies characterize several forms of psychopathology. To date, however, studying facial expressions has been hampered by the labor-intensive, time-consuming nature of human coding. We describe a partial solution: automated facial expression coding (AFEC), which combines computer vision and machine learning to code facial expressions in real time. Although AFEC cannot capture the full complexity of human emotion, it codes positive affect, negative affect, and arousal-core Research Domain Criteria constructs-as accurately as humans, and it characterizes emotion dysregulation with greater specificity than other objective measures such as autonomic responding. We provide an example in which we use AFEC to evaluate emotion dynamics in mother-daughter dyads engaged in conflict. Among other findings, AFEC (a) shows convergent validity with a validated human coding scheme, (b) distinguishes among risk groups, and (c) detects developmental increases in positive dyadic affect correspondence as teen daughters age. Although more research is needed to realize the full potential of AFEC, findings demonstrate its current utility in research on emotion dysregulation.

Mother's age at delivery and daughters' risk of preeclampsia.

Some cardiovascular disease risk factors are associated with both risk of preeclampsia and having been born to a younger or older mother. We examined whether mother's age at delivery predicts a primiparous daughter's risk of preeclampsia. The analysis included 39803 Sister Study participants (designated as "daughters") born between 1930 and 1974. Using log-binomial regression, we estimated relative risks (RR) of preeclampsia in the first pregnancy ending in birth ("primiparous preeclampsia") associated with mother's age at the daughter's birth. Models included: number of older full and maternal half-siblings, income level growing up, daughter's age at delivery, race/ethnicity, and 5-year birth cohort. We examined self-reported relative weight at age 10 (heavier than peers versus not) as a potential effect measure modifier. Overall, 6.2% of daughters reported preeclampsia. Compared with those who had been born to 20-24-year old mothers, daughters of teenage mothers had a relative risk of 1.20 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01, 1.43) and daughters of mothers ≥25 had a ~10% lower risk. Relative weight at age 10 modified the association, with an inverse association between mother's age at delivery and preeclampsia seen only among daughters with low/normal childhood relative weight. In this subset, results were consistent across strata of daughter's age at menarche and age at first birth. These findings, based on self-reported data, require replication. Nevertheless, as women increasingly delay childbearing, they provide some reassurance that having been born to an older mother is not, per se, a risk factor for primiparous preeclampsia.