Survey Date Research Articles

Patterns of Continuity and Change in Managerial Attitudes and Behaviour in Industrial Relations, 1980‐1990

AbstractIn this paper, data are reported from a longitudinal study of managers' attitudes and behaviour in industrial relations based on a sample of fellows and members of the British Institute of Management. An account of two surveys, carried out in 1980 and 1990, follows an examination of theories of the managerial role in industrial relations and the presentation of a research model. Managerial attitudes and behaviour are then analysed with respect to views on trade unions, personal commitments to collective representation, collective bargaining, employee participation and involvement and views on the role of government. The findings have an added significance because survey dates roughly correspond with the so‐called ‘Thatcher years’. The conclusion is that some major changes in industrial relations have occurred during the decade in question, but there are also substantial continuities which cannot be ‘read off’ directly from the dramatic alterations in the political, economic and legal environment.

Tumbleweed Dispersal in Florida Sandhill Baptisia (Fabaceae)

MEHLMAN, D. W. (Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306). Tumbleweed dispersal in Florida sandhill Baptisia (Fabaceae). Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 120: 60-63. 1993.-Tumbleweed dispersal of Baptisia lanceolata (Walt.) Ell. and B. lecontei T.&G. was studied at a Florida sandhill site. The sandhill habitat is characterized by an open canopy of pines with a low ground cover of grasses, forbs, and shrubs. Plants tagged in the late fall were followed through the winter and early spring. The above-ground part of almost all plants examined broke off at the base and plants moved a maximum of 120 m from the growing site. Significant differences in dispersal distance were found between survey dates, and the mean distance moved increased throughout the period. Dispersed plants were concentrated in certain compass quadrants, consistent with wind-aided plant movement. Baptisia lanceolata plants that moved the farthest had fewer pods remaining on them. Wind-aided dispersal of the entire plant appears to be a viable method of long-distance dispersal in these two species.

Spatial variability of earthworm populations in a permanent polder grassland

We studied the earthworm distribution in a permanent polder grassland by making two detailed surveys in 1983 and in 1990. Geostatistical procedures were used to investigate the changes in species composition and to determine the dispersal rate. Attention was focused on two soil survey variables closely related to earth-worm distribution, the thickness of the Ah horizon and the number of burrows. The dispersal rate between the two survey dates was 13 m year−1 compared with 10 m year−1 before 1983. The difference was attributed either to the development of new population centres due to dispersal by cow's feet or tractor wheels, this altering the spatial dynamics, or to a lag phase in population development in the years following inoculation.

The Wage Mobility of Minimum Wage Workers

Using longitudinal data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation, the authors examine the earnings mobility of workers employed at the minimum wage. Results indicate that over 60% of workers who were earning the minimum wage in the mid-1980s were earning higher wages one year later; for those with gains, the typical rise was nearly 20%. A significant minority of workers, however—most of them lacking a high school diploma or working on a part-time basis—did not advance beyond the minimum wage between the two survey dates.

Child anthropometry in cross-sectional surveys in developing countries: an assessment of the survivor bias.

In cross-sectional surveys, the sample of children with anthropometric measurements is not representative of all children in a birth cohort, since only children surviving to the survey date are measured. This survivor bias may have implications for studies of trends and differentials in anthropometric indicators. In this paper, the effects of the survivor bias on the estimates of child anthropometric indicators are assessed by 1) reviewing evidence from longitudinal studies on the prevalence of malnutrition among deceased children and among surviving children and by 2) analyzing retrospective data on child mortality and cross-sectional data on child anthropometry in 17 national surveys that are part of the Demographic and Health Surveys Program. It is concluded that comparisons of anthropometric data across geographic units, population subgroups, and calendar time are marginally affected by the survivor bias, unless mortality differences between the birth cohorts are very large (e.g., well over 50 per 1,000 births).

A consideration of the effect of immigration reform on the number of undocumented residents in the United States

The volume of immigration to the United States exceeds the amount of immigration to any other nation, but quantification must rely on measurement of population stocks. Comparison of foreign-born population figures for two or more survey dates reveal net immigration but fail to partition the foreign-born population by legal status. This analysis presents national survey data on the foreign-born population in November 1989 for comparison with an independently derived estimate of the legally resident foreign-born population at the same date. The demonstration of a measurable undocumented population residing in the United States is very helpful in evaluating the success of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986. Despite the legalization of 1.7 million aliens who provided evidence of undocumented residence since before 1982, and economic sanctions against employers found to hire undocumented workers, an undocumented population persists in the United States that appears to be largely composed of aliens from Latin American countries. Precise measurement of the size of this population is complicated by the uncertainties surrounding the population of approximately one million Special Agricultural Workers admitted under IRCA. The work and residence history of these aliens as well as their future labor sector experiences and residence patterns are not known. Despite efforts to stop undocumented immigration to the United States, undocumented migration, especially across the southern border, appears to have occurred at consistent levels throughout the past fifteen years.

The Experience Factor in Foreign Market Entry Behavior of Service Firms

The paper examines the effect of international experience on service firms' selection of foreign markets and entry modes. The investigation utilizes survey date from 151 United States-based service firms. Results on market selection suggest that, as their experience increases and becomes geographically more diversified, service firms tend to choose markets that are culturally less similar to their home country. On entry mode choice, the paper departs from traditional linear conceptualizations and hypothesizes a U-shaped relationship between experience and propensity for integrated entry modes. Results generally support the hypothesis. The paper explains these findings and describes how service firms resemble and differ from manufacturing firms in their foreign market entry behavior.

Mental distress during winter. An epidemiologic study of 7759 adults north of Arctic Circle

The prevalence of mental distress in a general population north of the Arctic Circle at 69 degrees N was studied over 4 midwinter months. Within the framework of a health survey for coronary heart disease, 3 questions about depression, coping problems and insomnia were posed. They were answered by 7759 people randomly assigned to a survey date from November to February. The extreme lack of daylight in December and January taken into consideration, the prevalence of mental distress found, 14% in men and 19% in women, is remarkably low compared with previous epidemiologic research. Except for insomnia in women, which was most prevalent in December, no significant relationship between month of survey and any of the 3 symptoms were found. Thus, the findings cast some doubt upon the importance of daylight for mental distress in the general population.

Snow accumulation and distribution in an Alpine Watershed

Distribution of snow water equivalence (SWE) was measured in the Emerald Lake watershed located in Sequoia National Park, California, by taking hundreds of depth measurements and density profiles at six locations during the 1986, 1987 and 1988 water years. A stratified sampling scheme was evaluated by identifying and mapping zones of similar snow properties on the basis of topographic parameters that account for variations in both accumulation and ablation. Elevation, slope, and radiation values calculated from a digital elevation model were used to determine the zones. Of the variables studied, net radiation was of primary importance. Field measurements of SWE were combined with the physical attributes of the watershed and clustered to identify similar classes of SWE. The entire basin was then partitioned into zones for each survey date. Statistical analysis showed that partitioning the watershed on the basis of topographic and radiation variables does produce superior results over a simple random sample.

森林植生の類型化に基づくその保全に関する研究

The purpose of this paper is to consider the conservation of forest vegetation of the prefectures by the classification of the futures of forest.As many of the cities are located in the plain areas, the expansion of urbanl and use directly erodes agricultural land uses. The agricultaral land use is compensated by the forestry use land from the national points of view. On the basis of the comparisons between the proportion ratios of urban land use, agricultural land use and forestry land use in each prefectures, the expansion of urban land use has seemingly a clear relationship with the decrease of forestry land use rather than that of agricultural land use.According to the location quotients of natural forest, secondary forest and artificial forest, the forest vegetations of the prefectures are classfied into some types. These types of forest vegetation show that the futures of forest vegetation vary in different localities and that the distribution pattern of natural forest has a deep relationship with the spread of urban lana use.The expansion of urban land use has a deep relationship with the expansion of “Densely Inhabited District (DID)” which is considered as the one of the indicators for urbanization in our country. DID is defined as an area within a local body that is composed of a group of contiguous enumeration districts, each of which has a population density of about 4, 000 inhabitants or more per square kilometer, and whose total population exceeds 5, 000 as of the date of survey. The prefectures are divided into classes according to the proportion of DID.The comparisons between the types of forest vegetation and DID of the prefectures show that all prefectures are classfied into 7 “District Types (DT)”......... Natural Forest DT, Semi-Natural Forest DT, Secondary.Artificial Forest DT, Secondary Forest DT, Artificial Forest DT, Urbanization DT and Over-Population DT. These District Types are very useful for making a gudeline of forest coservation and for examing a vegetation management plan.

Introduction and Field Comparison of Baculovirus Strains Against Oryctes rhinoceros (Coleoptera: Scarahaeidae) in the Maldives

Five baculovirus strains were introduced in 1984–1985 into virus-free island populations of Oryctes rhinoceros (L.) in the Maldives, either singly or in combination. Pest populations were monitored by palm damage surveys for up to 4 yr on 22 islands, some of them deliberately untreated. The method used allowed estimates from a single survey of the number of beetle attacks during each of 18 mo (3rd–20th month before the survey date). Such surveys gave continuous records for O. rhinoceros attacks during 1983–1987. Most islands where the virus was released showed a highly significant reduction in palm damage. The prerelease pest density on a given island influenced the efficacy of the virus introduction. Adjustments were made for this effect when the performances of the different virus strains were compared. Strain X2B gave consistently better reduction in pest populations and more virus-infected beetles compared with strain V2/3B; the remaining strains gave intermediate control. These results agreed with earlier laboratory tests, in which the virulence of both strains was compared by infecting O. rhinoceros larvae. Two islands where three strains were released simultaneously also experienced a high damage reduction; here, X2B predominated eventually over strains V2/3B and S2A.

Oracle at the supermarket: the American preoccupation with self-help books

Where do ordinary people turn for wisdom and personal advice? In modern-day America, the search for practical knowledge frequently begins and ends at the local bookstore or supermarket bookrack. The resident oracle is the self-help book, where paperback guidance is at hand on all aspects of life and death. Readers can learn why and how they must diet, exercise, manage stress, reduce pain, find God, enhance orgasm, mourn, achieve excellence, acquire wealth, and generally self-actualize. Often they find step-by-step instructions. Although self-help books are dispensing medical, psychological, financial, and spiritual advice to millions every year, little is known about them or their authors. The academic community treats the massive self-help literature as pop culture, a phenomenon to scorn rather than study. Many express passionate opinions about such books, but few have a basis for informed judgment. Steven Starker makes a convincing case that self-help books have come to occupy an important niche in American culture and may no longer responsibly be ignored by health care practitioners or social scientists. Oracle at the Supermarket examines the self-help book from historical, cultural, and psychological perspectives. It traces the character of self-help works from colonial America to the present day, with an emphasis upon developments in the twentieth century. Topics include the discovery of mind-cure, the impact of scientific psychology and psychoanalysis upon the self-help literature of the 1920s, and the role of self-help books in the sexual revolution of the twentieth century. The wave of self interested literature in the 1960s and 1970s, and recent outpouring of diet/exercise/success books are examined. Starker explores problems in evaluating published self-help programs, and the ethics of their creation. He includes survey date from lay readers and selected groups of health care practititoners regarding their experiences with self-help books. The book is distinguished by its care in evaluating the relative merits and dangers of self-help literature.

Spatial and Temporal Variation of Net Snow Accumulation in a Small Alpine Watershed, Emerald Lake Basin, Sierra Nevada, California, U.S.A.

Distribution of snow-water equivalence (SWE) in the Emerald Lake watershed located in Sequoia National Park, California, U.S.A, was examined during the 1987 water year. Elevations at this site range from 2780 to 3416 m a.s.l., and the total watershed area is about 122 ha. A stratified sampling scheme was evaluated by identifying and mapping zones of similar snow properties, based on topographic parameters that account for variations in both accumulation and ablation of snow. Elevation, slope, and radiation values calculated from a digital elevation model were used to identify these zones. Field measurements of SWE were combined with characteristics of the sample locations and clustered to identify similar classes of SWE. The entire basin was then partitioned into zones for each set of survey data. The topographic parameters of the basin used in classification, namely slope and elevation, are constant in time and did not change between survey dates. The radiation data showed temporal variability providing a physically justified basis for changes in SWE distribution through time. Although results do not identify which of the classification attempts is superior to the others, net radiation is clearly of primary importance, and slope and elevation appear to be important to a lesser degree. The peak accumulation for the 1987 water year was 598 mm SWE, which is about half the 50 year mean.

Spatial and Temporal Variation of Net Snow Accumulation in a Small Alpine Watershed, Emerald Lake Basin, Sierra Nevada, California, U.S.A.

Distribution of snow-water equivalence (SWE) in the Emerald Lake watershed located in Sequoia National Park, California, U.S.A, was examined during the 1987 water year. Elevations at this site range from 2780 to 3416 m a.s.l., and the total watershed area is about 122 ha. A stratified sampling scheme was evaluated by identifying and mapping zones of similar snow properties, based on topographic parameters that account for variations in both accumulation and ablation of snow. Elevation, slope, and radiation values calculated from a digital elevation model were used to identify these zones. Field measurements of SWE were combined with characteristics of the sample locations and clustered to identify similar classes of SWE. The entire basin was then partitioned into zones for each set of survey data. The topographic parameters of the basin used in classification, namely slope and elevation, are constant in time and did not change between survey dates. The radiation data showed temporal variability providing a physically justified basis for changes in SWE distribution through time. Although results do not identify which of the classification attempts is superior to the others, net radiation is clearly of primary importance, and slope and elevation appear to be important to a lesser degree. The peak accumulation for the 1987 water year was 598 mm SWE, which is about half the 50 year mean.

Control of Cabbage Pests in South Texas, 1988:

Abstract ‘Early Round Dutch’ cabbage was direct seeded in plots at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Weslaco, Tex., on 19 Feb 1987. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Plots were 2 beds wide, 1 row/bed, and 40 ft long. Pest surveys were initiated 21 Mar and were conducted by counting all lepidopterous larvae and aphids on 3 randomly selected plants/plot. Surveys were conducted 6 DAT, and plots were treated 1 d after surveys whenever larval counts averaged greater than 0.3/plant or aphids averaged greater than 10/plant. Insecticide applications were made with a tractor-mounted spray boom with 4 nozzles/bed at 40 psi and a rate of 10 gal/acre until 26 Apr, at which time rates were increased to 20 gal/acre. Plots were rated for damage at head maturity by examining 10 plants/plot and noting the number of heads with insect-feeding damage and the number infested with larvae or aphids. Data from insect surveys were pooled across survey dates and subjected to ANOVA.

Foliar pests of watermelon in Hawaii

Abstract Foliar pests of watermelon in Hawaii include Liriomyza sativae Blanchard and Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae), Thrips palmi Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae), Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) (Acari; Tetranychidae) and Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Homoptera: Aleurodidae). In studies in 43 commercial plantings arthropod pest densities remained below density treatment levels (DTLs) without weekly pesticide applications. T. palmi and A. gossypii were the major foliar pests on Oahu (1984–1985) and Molokai (1986) because DTLs were surpassed between 12 and 41 % of the survey dates. The occasions T. palmi and A. gossypii surpassed DTLs varied with locality and in the latter species with the presence of non‐persistent transmitted viruses. Liriomyza spp., T. cinnabarinus and T. vaporariorum densities surpassed DTLs less than 11 % of the survey dates.

A Parity Dependent Model for the Most Recent Birth Interval

This paper presents probability models for the most recent birth interval (the interval between last and last-but-one birth prior to survey date) under some simplified assumptions about different factors affecting its distribution. Application of the model for the interval regardless of parity has been made on a set of observed data. (authors)

Nematodes for Controlling Melon Pests, 1987

Abstract 'Magnum 45' cantaloupe were planted in raised beds at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Weslaco, Tex., on 15 Aug. Experimental design was a randomized block with 5 treatments and 5 replicates. Plots were 1 bed (80-inch centers) by 40 ft long. Two formulations of nematodes (Neoplectana carpocapsae) were used, one in the form of desiccated material and the second adsorbed on sponges. Treatments were made to plots after 3 p.m. on 24 Sep and plots were immediately irrigated. Treatments were applied using a backpack CO2- powered sprayer at 2 mph, 40 psi, and a total of 10 gal formulated material per acre. One quart of spray material for each nematode treatment was collected from a nozzle during the spray application and taken to the laboratory. Spray water collected during the application procedure was used to treat melon leaf tissue disks by dipping the disks for 1 s. Disks were then placed on filter paper in Petri dishes, and each dish was inoculated with 5 adult cucumber beetles. Beetles were held at 75°F and monitored for mortality at 24-h intervals. Dead beetles were dissected and examined for nematode presence. Cages (3 × 3 ft) were placed over the top of 1 plant per plot in the field, and 10 adult cucumber beetles were introduced into each cage. Mortality was monitored in the cages after 4 days. Additionally, 3 vines per plot outside of the cages were examined weekly, and cucumber beetles were counted and then collected. All recovered adult beetles were held at 75°F for 48 h and then dissected and examined for nematodes. Mature fruit was examined for melonworm and cucumber beetle larvae and damage on 16, 26, and 29 Oct. Root systems of 3 plants per plot were taken to the laboratory on 30 Oct and rated for cucumber beetle larval feeding damage. Data from vine and fruit surveys were averaged across all survey dates and mean number of adult beetles per vine, and melonworm larvae per fruit determined.

Glacier Fluctuations in the Antarctic Peninsula: The Last Decade (Abstract)

Following international recommendations (UNESCO / IASH 1969), the decision was made to determine the surface profile of a number of glaciers in Palmer Land and Alexander Island. By comparison with the ice sheet elsewhere on the continent, the chosen glaciers were small and hence more sensitive to the effect of climate over the last few decades. Six profiles were established between 1972 and 1976 and they were re-levelled in the 1985-86 summer. The profiles are between 0.5 and 4.5 km long and are terminated, at one end at least, by a bench mark established on rock. The profiles were re-measured close to the calendar date of the original survey so that recent trends would not be masked by the annual cycle of accumulation, densification and ablation. Five of the six profiles show that the ice sheet has thickened in the last 10-15 years, albeit at a slow rate. Changes in four profiles on Alexander Island within 300 m of sea-level range from a thickening of 66 mm a−1 to a thinning of 83 mm a−1; on average the sites show a thickening of just 6 mm a year. This is similar to the thickening rate of 5 mm a−1 which was found for a cold site on the spine of the Antarctic Peninsula at 1600 m above sea-level. The greatest change was found at an intermediate elevation (500 m). In a snow-field between two parallel mountain groups in the Batterbee Mountains of Palmer Land, thickening averaged 165 mm a−1. To put these values into perspective, in the absence of glacier flow and summer melting, the glaciers would thicken by up to about 500 mm each year as a result of the accumulation of snow.Except in the Batterbee Mountains, we find that glacier flow is in close balance with present climate, despite the general warming trend that has occurred in the Antarctic Peninsula region over the past 30 years.

Glacier Fluctuations in the Antarctic Peninsula: The Last Decade (Abstract)

Following international recommendations (UNESCO / IASH 1969), the decision was made to determine the surface profile of a number of glaciers in Palmer Land and Alexander Island. By comparison with the ice sheet elsewhere on the continent, the chosen glaciers were small and hence more sensitive to the effect of climate over the last few decades. Six profiles were established between 1972 and 1976 and they were re-levelled in the 1985-86 summer. The profiles are between 0.5 and 4.5 km long and are terminated, at one end at least, by a bench mark established on rock. The profiles were re-measured close to the calendar date of the original survey so that recent trends would not be masked by the annual cycle of accumulation, densification and ablation. Five of the six profiles show that the ice sheet has thickened in the last 10-15 years, albeit at a slow rate. Changes in four profiles on Alexander Island within 300 m of sea-level range from a thickening of 66 mm a−1 to a thinning of 83 mm a−1; on average the sites show a thickening of just 6 mm a year. This is similar to the thickening rate of 5 mm a−1 which was found for a cold site on the spine of the Antarctic Peninsula at 1600 m above sea-level. The greatest change was found at an intermediate elevation (500 m). In a snow-field between two parallel mountain groups in the Batterbee Mountains of Palmer Land, thickening averaged 165 mm a−1. To put these values into perspective, in the absence of glacier flow and summer melting, the glaciers would thicken by up to about 500 mm each year as a result of the accumulation of snow. Except in the Batterbee Mountains, we find that glacier flow is in close balance with present climate, despite the general warming trend that has occurred in the Antarctic Peninsula region over the past 30 years.