Date Of Enactment Research Articles

Pediatric emergency department visits for pedestrian injuries in relation to the enactment of Complete Streets policy.

This study aimed to evaluate the rate of pediatric emergency department (ED) visits for pedestrian injuries in relation to the enactment of the Complete Streets policy. The National Complete Streets policies were codified by county and associated with each hospital's catchment area and date of enactment. Pedestrian injury-related ED visits were identified across 40 children's hospitals within the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) from 2004 to 2014. We calculated the proportion of the PHIS hospitals' catchment areas covered by any county policy. We used a generalized linear model to assess the impact of the proportion of the policy coverage on the rate of pedestrian injury-related ED visits. The proportion of the population covered by Complete Streets policies increased by 23.9%, and pedestrian injury rates at PHIS hospitals decreased by 29.8% during the study period. After controlling for years, pediatric ED visits for pedestrian injuries did not change with increases in the PHIS catchment population with enacted Complete Streets policies. After accounting for time trends, Complete Streets policy enactment was not related to observed changes in ED visits for pedestrian injuries at PHIS hospitals.

With End of PHE, States Begin Disenrolling Medicaid Enrollees

With End of PHE, States Begin Disenrolling Medicaid Enrollees

Prawne problemy zaspokajania potrzeb mieszkaniowych w związku z zatrudnieniem w stosunku pracy

The article is an analysis of law on housing relations which genetically and functionally ensue from employment relations. The point of referrence is provid by Aricles 16 and 94 point 8 of the legal code, where an enterprise is put under an obligation to show concern that material, welfare and cultural needs of its employees are met. In author’s opinion this general obligation also embraces an obligatory concern about hosuing needs, which has also been specified by numerous unstatutory regulations. Firstly, these are common rights of all employees of state enterprises, under which they are entitled о financial benefits from the so called housing fund of enterprise. These are collective rights enjoyed by all employees. It is only after the housing fund has been divided, with the representative organs of employees participating, that individual rights come about.On the second level of the specification of the general housing committment of an enterprise there are particular regulations related to the selected groups of employees. These numerous regulations differ in respect of their normative rank, the date of enactment, and provide for a number of housing claims of varying contents and legal nature. As a result of meticulous analysis the the author makes a distinction, into three basic types of claims. The first group embraces housing benefits which are incorporated into the employment relations (e.g. free housing allowances). The second one contains the construction, where employment relations only provide for a possibility to require the execution of a housing claim, whereas the exercise of the claim takes place under a separate privity, e.g. lease. The third group comprises claims ensuing from other relations (recognizance or authoritative) than the employment ones, though entered into in connection with the latter while being employed at an enterprise and under the decision of the latter or any other competent subject.At the end of his article the author critically assesses the excessive differentiation and dispersal of legal provisions on housing relations that ensue from employment, and postulates that a separate and uniform act be passed in this respect.

Monitoring temporal and spatial trends of illegal and legal fishing in marine conservation areas across Canada's three oceans

AbstractExpansion of marine conservation areas (CA) necessitates resource‐efficient and achievable strategies for monitoring and evaluation of ongoing fishing activity at national levels. To demonstrate and explore such a strategy, we conducted the first extensive analysis of fishing activity within Canada's static, geographically defined marine CAs with fishing regulations (n = 264 areas). We used 8 years of Automatic Identification System data to estimate fishing effort across three oceans and conducted temporal and spatial comparisons specific to each CA's regulations and enactment date. We addressed questions on CA effectiveness, fishing displacement, fishing the line behavior, and relationships between fishing activity and spatial CA attributes. We estimated 22,000 h of fishing activity within CAs after enactments, 22% of which was identified as illegal. CA effectiveness appeared to be lowest for Atlantic CAs based on illegal fishing effort density within CAs. Fishing displacement and fishing the line was generally not apparent as buffer areas around CAs tended to already have higher fishing effort prior to enactments. CA effectiveness and responses to CAs varied considerably, as was visualized using timeseries plots and maps developed for each CA. Our evaluation of a nation's full suite of CAs provides managers with a foundation and approach for continued monitoring and reporting.

Methodological considerations for estimating policy effects in the context of co-occurring policies.

Understanding how best to estimate state-level policy effects is important, and several unanswered questions remain, particularly about the ability of statistical models to disentangle the effects of concurrently enacted policies. In practice, many policy evaluation studies do not attempt to control for effects of co-occurring policies, and this issue has not received extensive attention in the methodological literature to date. In this study, we utilized Monte Carlo simulations to assess the impact of co-occurring policies on the performance of commonly-used statistical models in state policy evaluations. Simulation conditions varied effect sizes of the co-occurring policies and length of time between policy enactment dates, among other factors. Outcome data (annual state-specific opioid mortality rate per 100,000) were obtained from 1999 to 2016 National Vital Statistics System (NVSS) Multiple Cause of Death mortality files, thus yielding longitudinal annual state-level data over 18years from 50 states. When co-occurring policies are ignored (i.e., omitted from the analytic model), our results demonstrated that high relative bias (> 82%) arises, particularly when policies are enacted in rapid succession. Moreover, as expected, controlling for all co-occurring policies will effectively mitigate the threat of confounding bias; however, effect estimates may be relatively imprecise (i.e., larger variance) when policies are enacted in near succession. Our findings highlight several key methodological issues regarding co-occurring policies in the context of opioid-policy research yet also generalize more broadly to evaluation of other state-level policies, such as policies related to firearms or COVID-19, showcasing the need to think critically about co-occurring policies that are likely to influence the outcome when specifying analytic models.

Cardiovascular diseases mortality and alcohol control policy in Lithuania: exploring a possible link

BackgroundLithuania possesses one of the highest alcohol per capita consumption and has previously implemented alcohol control policies to reduce the alcohol-attributable burden. The aim of this study was to investigate Lithuanian cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality rate trends between 2001 and 2018 and to explore a possible link between CVD mortality rate and alcohol control policy implementation.MethodsLithuanian population mortality and alcohol consumption data for 2001–2018 were obtained from Statistics Lithuania and The State Register of Death Cases and Their Causes, Institute of Hygiene. Sex-specific CVD mortality rates were directly standardized to the European standard population by five-year age groups and categorized according to the ICD-10 codes for all CVDs (I00-I99), ischemic heart disease (IHD) (I20-I25), cerebrovascular diseases (I60-I69) and alcoholic cardiomyopathy (ACM) (I42.6). Joinpoint regression analyses were performed to identify points of inflection to explore their alignment with five selected alcohol policy enactments.ResultsOverall, the 2001–2018 yearly mortality rates for all CVDs significantly decreased on average by − 1.6% (95% CI -2.0, − 1.2%) among men and − 2.1% (95% CI -2.5, − 1.8%) among women. Yearly changes in all CVDs, IHD, cerebrovascular diseases and ACM mortality rates were insignificant prior to their respective critical year points in 2006, 2005, 2008 and 2007, but significantly decreased afterwards by an average of − 2.4% (95% CI -2.7, − 2.0%), − 1.6% (95% CI -2.1, − 1.1%), − 1.2% (95 CI -1.7, − 0.6%) and − 4.5% (95% CI -7.3, − 1.6%) among men, and by − 2.7% (95% CI -3.0, − 2.3%), − 2.0% (95% CI -2.6, − 1.4%), − 1.8% (95% CI 2.4, − 1.3%) and − 6.6% (95% CI -10.7, − 2.2%) among women, respectively. The changes in the mortality rate trends for all CVDs, IHD, cerebrovascular diseases and especially ACM coincided with alcohol policies enacted on the January 1, 2008, January 1, 2009, April 1, 2014 and March 1, 2017.ConclusionsYearly mortality rates for all CVDs, IHD, cerebrovascular diseases and ACM have declined in Lithuania between 2001 and 2018, and declining trends were more prominent in women than in men. Among the ICD-10 CVD categories investigated, the points of inflection identified for the ACM mortality rate trend coincided best with the selected alcohol policy enactment dates.

Misogyny: Are Personal Laws Androcentric?

The age-old prejudice of misogyny is still retained in insidious form even in legislations. There are numerous international conventions, as well as Constitutional provisions which claim to set man and woman on an equal plane. In India, one legislative sphere which prima facie appears to perpetuate the gender divide are the personal laws. In India, except for the State of Goa, personal matters are determined on the basis of religion. Different religions follow different laws, but what is common to them all, is the secondary position accorded to women. This paper discusses the international provisions dealing with equal human rights such as, Charter of the United Nations, 1945, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights,1948, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966 and The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. The paper elaborates on the Constitutional provisions providing for equality as well investigates whether the personal law provisions applicable to the Hindu, Muslim, and Christian women dealing with marriage, divorce, guardianship, and inheritance are discriminatory and misogynistic in nature. The paper studies the laws from date of enactment till the present day. The method of study is doctrinal. As a road map or suggestion, the analogous provisions of the Uniform Civil Code in Goa are highlighted. Judicial precedents are cited, suggestions are put forward.

Graduate Medical Education Enhancement and the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021.

Graduate Medical Education Enhancement and the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021.

COVID-19: state population coverage by mask orders in the US

Background: A variety of government bodies in the US - cities and tribal councils, counties, and states - have issued mask-wearing orders to prevent the spread of COVID-19. Methods: We measured the duration of these orders and the populations covered by them in each of the governed areas. We measured the in effect days from April 3, 2020 (the date of the first mask order) to November 30, 2020; the duration of the measured period amounts to 241 days. We used data generated from local and state governments, and news organizations to measure the enactment dates and the duration of the orders; and from the US Census Bureau (dated 2019) to measure municipal, county, and state populations. Results: The average coverage over all states was 57.7% of the maximum person days of coverage. States which issued statewide orders from their governors had a total of 67.1% coverage; this includes coverage from regional government orders prior to the statewide orders. States with orders only from municipal or county councils had on average 27.1% coverage. Conclusion: Overall, state governments took leadership in the implementation of mask orders.

Third-Party Policing Approaches Against Organized Crime: An Evaluation of the Yakuza Exclusion Ordinances

Third-party policing (TPP) refers to police efforts to persuade or coerce third parties to take some responsibility for crime control and prevention. The Yakuza Exclusion Ordinances (YEOs) of Japan aim to combat organized crime syndicates—the Yakuza. Consistent with the principles of TPP, the YEOs prohibit third parties (i.e., non-yakuza individuals) from providing any benefit to the yakuza. We argue that the effectiveness of the YEOs may depend on the strategic relationship among yakuza syndicates, where yakuza syndicates choose their power strategically to gain advantages over competition among rival yakuza syndicates. We use unique data on the yakuza and construct a regional concentration index of yakuza syndicates. Exploiting prefecture-level variation in the YEOs’ enactment dates, we apply a difference-in-differences approach, while allowing for heterogeneity of the YEOs’ effect by the concentration of yakuza syndicates. The YEOs decrease the number of yakuza members and the effect of YEOs is greater in regions with lower concentration levels of yakuza syndicates. Given that yakuza members decrease by about 30% during the period of our study, our estimates suggest that the YEOs on average contribute to about 20% of a recent reduction of yakuza members. The YEOs are related to TPP strategies that rely on coercive techniques, and thus our results suggest the effectiveness of TPP strategies against organized crime. Furthermore, the heterogeneity of the YEOs’ effect suggests the effectiveness of enforcement policies that intensively target regions with lower concentration of organized crime.

Association of Recreational Cannabis Laws in Colorado and Washington State With Changes in Traffic Fatalities, 2005-2017

An important consequence of cannabis legalization is the potential increase in the number of cannabis-impaired drivers on roads, which may result in higher rates of traffic-related injuries and fatalities. To date, limited information about the effects of recreational cannabis laws (RCLs) on traffic fatalities is available. To estimate the extent to which the implementation of RCLs is associated with traffic fatalities in Colorado and Washington State. This ecological study used a synthetic control approach to examine the association between RCLs and changes in traffic fatalities in Colorado and Washington State in the post-RCL period (2014-2017). Traffic fatalities data were obtained from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System from January 1, 2005, to December 31, 2017. Data from Colorado and Washington State were compared with synthetic controls. Data were analyzed from January 1, 2005, to December 31, 2017. The primary outcome was the rate of traffic fatalities. Sensitivity analyses were performed (1) excluding neighboring states, (2) excluding states without medical cannabis laws (MCLs), and (3) using the enactment date of RCLs to define pre-RCL and post-RCL periods instead of the effective date. Implementation of RCLs was associated with increases in traffic fatalities in Colorado but not in Washington State. The difference between Colorado and its synthetic control in the post-RCL period was 1.46 deaths per 1 billion vehicle miles traveled (VMT) per year (an estimated equivalent of 75 excess fatalities per year; probability = 0.047). The difference between Washington State and its synthetic control was 0.08 deaths per 1 billion VMT per year (probability = 0.674). Results were robust in most sensitivity analyses. The difference between Colorado and synthetic Colorado was 1.84 fatalities per 1 billion VMT per year (94 excess deaths per year; probability = 0.055) after excluding neighboring states and 2.16 fatalities per 1 billion VMT per year (111 excess deaths per year; probability = 0.063) after excluding states without MCLs. The effect was smaller when using the enactment date (24 excess deaths per year; probability = 0.116). This study found evidence of an increase in traffic fatalities after the implementation of RCLs in Colorado but not in Washington State. Differences in how RCLs were implemented (eg, density of recreational cannabis stores), out-of-state cannabis tourism, and local factors may explain the different results. These findings highlight the importance of RCLs as a factor that may increase traffic fatalities and call for the identification of policies and enforcement strategies that can help prevent unintended consequences of cannabis legalization.

Do Analysts Mind the GAAP? Evidence From the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017

This study examines the quality of analysts’ GAAP-based earnings forecasts. Ideally, addressing this question requires events that have an ex ante estimable earnings impact, and affect GAAP earnings but not street earnings. The deferred tax adjustment as a result of a 2017 tax law change meets these criteria. Focusing on the fourth quarter of 2017 (2017Q4), we find that analysts’ GAAP earnings forecasts and revisions fail to incorporate the vast majority of the deferred tax adjustment. We explore two potential explanations for this finding – task-specific complexity and lack of GAAP earnings forecasting effort. We find evidence consistent with the latter. Our final analyses consider two implications of our findings. First, despite analysts underreacting to the deferred tax adjustment, investors promptly impound the adjustment into stock prices at the legislative enactment date, indicating that analysts’ GAAP earnings forecasts are not a good proxy for investor expectations of GAAP earnings during our sample period. Second, analysts who best incorporate the adjustment into their 2017Q4 GAAP earnings forecasts issue more accurate GAAP earnings forecasts for subsequent quarters, indicating that our inferences extend beyond a single quarter and account. Collectively, these findings have implications for research that relies on analysts’ GAAP earnings forecasts to be of reasonable quality.

Minimum Age Regulation and Child Labor: New Evidence from Brazil

Abstract This study presents new evidence on the effects of minimum age regulations obtained from a natural experiment. In 1998, a constitutional reform in Brazil changed the minimum working age from 14 to 16. The reform was the legislative counterpart of a broad set of measures taken by a government strongly committed to eliminating child labor. This article investigates the role of the minimum working age in this context. The setting allows for improvements upon past approaches based on comparing employment rates of children at different ages. A discontinuity in treatment is exploited, namely the fact that only children who turned 14 after the enactment date (mid-December 1998) are banned from work. According to regression discontinuity and difference-in-discontinuity designs, the null hypothesis of no overall effect of the ban cannot be rejected. Throughout the methods and specifications, an employment effect in a confidence interval of $[-0.06, \, 0.03]$ (in percentage points) is found. A detailed heterogeneity analysis is performed and provides suggestive evidence of diminishing child labor trends in regions characterized by higher labor inspection intensity, which is interpreted as a trace of there being a law. However, contrary to what has been claimed in recent studies, the law seems not to have produced sizeable effects overall, at least in the short run. Power calculations and extensive sensitivity checks support these conclusions.

Birthright citizenship and parental labor market integration

The introduction of the birthplace principle in the reform of the German citizenship law of 1999 significantly changed the legal environment for new-born children of long-term immigrants. In this study, I examine whether migrant parents adjust their labor market behavior in reaction to this improvement in their family's status and perspectives. I implement a type of difference-in-discontinuities approach to identify possible changes in employment and working hours after the enactment of the reform. In particular, I compare the differences in labor market outcomes between the parents of migrant children born shortly before and after the enactment date with those of children of mixed couples (migrants and Germans) who were unaffected by the reform. The results suggest that birthright citizenship for the child does not affect the labor market behavior of the fathers, but causes some mothers to stay at home and take care of their children during the first years.

PELAKSANAAN PROGRAM TAX AMNESTY DALAM RANGKA MENINGKATKAN KEPATUHAN WAJIB PAJAK BADAN

Tax Amnesty is one type of government policy that is used to accelerate economic growth and restructuring through the transfer of assets, which will affect domestic liquidity improvements, improve rupiah exchange rate, decrease interest rates, and increase investment, and increase tax revenues, others will be used for development financing. This study aims to measure the extent to which the success of the tax amnesty program implemented by the Government of the Republic of Indonesia during the period 2016 - 2017 in order to improve compliance with corporate taxpayers.
 The research method used in this research is quantitative descriptive by using secondary data that is the amount of tax amnesty fund receipt during Period I: from the date of enactment until September 30, 2016; Period II: From October 1, 2016 to December 31, 2016, and Period III: from 1 January 2017 to 31 March 2017 and the amount of corporate and personal taxpayers attending the program.
 Tests conducted on the amount of tax agencies that make the redemption of property and the number of applicant’s tax amnesty program with the amount of tax amnesty and tax revenue in the same period. While the analysis of research data used is multiple linear regression analysis at a significant level α = 0.05 with the number of samples as many as 32 secondary data processed with SPSS software version 21 for Windows.
 Results The results of the t-independent test show that the implementation of the tax amnesty program is generally effective in improving taxpayer compliance.

Does mandatory reporting legislation increase contact with child protection? \u2013 a legal doctrinal review and an analytical examination

BackgroundWithin Canadian provinces over the past half-century, legislation has been enacted to increase child protection organization (CPO) involvement in situations of child maltreatment (CM). This study had two objectives: 1) to document enactment dates of legislation for mandatory reporting of CM; 2) to examine reported CPO involvement among people reporting a CM history in relation to the timing of these legislative changes.MethodsThe history of mandatory reporting of CM was compiled using secondary sources and doctrinal legal review of provincial legislation. The 2012 Canadian Community Health Survey - Mental Health (CCHS-MH) with n = 18,561 was analyzed using birth cohorts to assess associations between the timing of legislation enactment and contact with CPO.ResultsAll Canadian provinces currently have mandatory reporting of physical and sexual abuse; 8 out of 10 provinces have mandatory reporting for children’s exposure to intimate partner violence. Increases in reporting CM to CPOs paralleled these laws’ enactment, particularly for severe and frequent CM.ConclusionsThese findings show that mandatory reporting laws increase reporting contact with CPO, particularly for severe and frequent CM. Whether they have had the intended effect of improving children’s lives remains an important, unanswered question.

U.S. State Ignition Interlock Laws for Alcohol Impaired Driving Prevention: A 50 State Survey and Analysis

Objectives:Over the past two decades, all U.S. states have incorporated alcohol ignition interlock technology into sentencing laws for individuals convicted of driving while intoxicated (DWI). This article provides the first 50-state summary of these laws to include changes in the laws over time and their effective dates. This information is critical for policy makers to make informed decisions and for researchers to conduct quantitative evaluation of the laws.Methods:Standard legal research and legislative history techniques were used, including full-text searches in the Westlaw legal database and identification of state session laws. Because ignition interlock device (IID) laws often change over time, we identified the date of each law's initial enactment as well as the effective date of each law in its current form.Results:Beginning with California and Washington in 1987, all 50 states have enacted IID laws as a sentencing option for DWI offenders. Initially, most of these laws were discretionary. Today, however, 48 states mandate IID installation for at least some types of DWI offenders to maintain lawful driving privileges. Of these, 27 mandate an IID for all offenders; seven mandate an IID for repeat offenders only; and 21 for some combination of specific groups of DWI offenders, including repeat offenders, offenders with a blood alcohol content above a legislatively-specified level, and aggravated offenders (including those who harm someone else or who are convicted of a DWI with a child in the vehicle).Conclusion:States have wrestled with a number of IID policy issues, including for whom to mandate IIDs and whether to suspend a license for DWI prior to reinstating driving privileges with or without an IID. By understanding how state interlock laws differ, policy makers and researchers can ultimately better ascertain the impact of these laws.

State-level Legislative Efforts to Improve Diabetes Care and thereby Mitigate Complications

Objective: Diabetes (DM) is a complex chronic illness with multiple complications and co-morbid conditions. DM affects 9.3% of the U.S. population and costs $245 billion or more annually. Most U.S. states have enacted laws requiring coverage of DM care and supplies but the effect of these public health laws is not well understood. This study aims to examine whether state’s legislative actions can improve access to care and mitigate DM’s rising prevalence thereby reducing complications. Methods: Econometric modelling provided DM-related trends and assessed state-level variation in DM prevalence. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression assessed the impact of different law enactment dates and key factors that contribute to the effectiveness of DM-related state laws, including demographic characteristics related to DM: median household income, educational attainment, obesity, and state population size. Results: All but four US states have enacted diabetes-related laws requiring coverage of diabetes care and treatment. States that had enacted DM-related laws and had a higher percentage of people covered by insurance, experienced lower increases in diagnosed DM over time. Education proved to be a key factor in helping to decrease the prevalence of DM and its complications. Conversely, increasing obesity rates explain much of the rising prevalence of diagnosed DM. Conclusion: Enactment of DM-related laws at the state-level has proven somewhat beneficial in mitigating the rise in DM rates and alleviating complications. There is a need for future research to further examine the various payers’ reimbursement policies for healthcare professionals providing services such as diabetes self-management education within each state. The findings from this study offer policy insights about the benefits of state-level DM laws for controlling the disease, reducin

Does granting citizenship to immigrant children affect family outmigration?

This study examines the effect of birthright citizenship on the outmigration behavior of migrant families in Germany. Using the introduction of birthright citizenship on 1 January 2000 and cohort-level data from the German Microcensus from 2001 to 2006, I exploit the differential treatment of birth cohorts around the enactment date to conduct a regression discontinuity analysis. Comparing the outmigration behavior of foreign-citizen families with children born in Germany directly before and after the cutoff, I find evidence that granting citizenship to immigrant children reduces the likelihood that their parents leave the country again.

A crise da energia elétrica e o seu custo

This article presents a retrospective review of the main regulatory changes impacting public policies concerning the access to the essential public service of electricity distribution, especially by focusing on the interests and rights of household consumers, including lowincome consumers. The retrospective analysis starts in 1995 – the date of enactment of the Eliseu Rezende Law, whereby the methodology for defining tariff structure was deeply altered within the context of preparing the electricity sector for privatization started in the wake of the State Reform by the government of President Fernando Henrique Cardoso.