Data Transmission Characteristics Research Articles

Joint optimization of communication and mission performance for multi-UAV collaboration network: A multi-agent reinforcement learning method

In emergency rescue, target search and other mission scenarios with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), the Relay UAVs (RUs) and Mission UAVs (MUs) can collaborate to accomplish tasks in unknown environments. In this paper, we investigate the problem of trajectory planning and power control for the MU and RU collaboration. Firstly, considering the characteristics of multi-hop data transmission between the MU and Ground Control Station, a multi-UAV collaborative coverage model is designed. Meanwhile, a UAV control algorithm named MUTTO is proposed based on multi-agent reinforcement learning. In order to solve the problem of the unknown information about the number and locations of targets, the geographic coverage rate is used to replace the target coverage rate for decision making. Then, the reward functions of two types of UAVs are designed separately for the purpose of better cooperation. By simultaneously planning the trajectory and transmission power of the RU and MU, the mission target coverage rate and network transmission rate are maximized while the energy consumption of the UAV is minimized. Finally, numerical simulations results show that MUTTO can solve the UAV network control problem in an efficient way and has better performance than the benchmark method.

A Compact Dual-Band Implantable Antenna for Wireless Biotelemetry in Arteriovenous Grafts

Arteriovenous grafts (AVGs) are indispensable life-saving implants for chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients undergoing hemodialysis. However, AVGs will often fail due to postoperative complications such as cellular accumulation termed restenosis, blood clots, and infections, which are dominant causes of morbidity and mortality. A new generation of hemodialysis implants equipped with biosensors and multi-band antennas for wireless power and telemetry systems that can detect specific pathological parameters and report AVGs’ patency would be transformative for CKD. Our study proposes a compact dual-band implantable antenna for hemodialysis monitoring applications. It operates in 1.4 GHz and 2.45 GHz for wireless power transfer and biotelemetry purposes. The miniaturized antenna with a current size of 5 × 5 × 0.635 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> exhibits wide bandwidth (300 MHz at 1.4 GHz band and 380 MHz at 2.45 GHz band), along with good impedance matching at two resonance frequencies. In addition, simulations are performed separately in a three-layer homogenous phantom and a realistic human body model. Measurements of the proposed antenna are evaluated in minced pork. The measured results of the fabricated antenna prototype are closely harmonized with the simulation ones, and the effect of different proportions of fat tissue in pork mince was analyzed, to verify the sensitivity of the antenna to the contacting medium. The specific absorption rate (SAR) and link budget calculation are also analyzed. Finally, the wireless biotelemetry function of the proposed antenna is realized and visualized by adopting a pair of nRF24L01 wireless transceivers, and sustainable and stable wireless data transmission characteristics are shown at a high data rate of 2 Mbps with up to 20 cm transmission distance.

Data transmission mechanism of vehicle networking based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation

Abstract Because the communication link connection in the Internet of Vehicles is transient and intermittent, the established connection may be disconnected at any time, which cannot meet the requirements of the data transmission of the Internet of Vehicles. Therefore, based on the traditional data transmission mechanism, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is used to achieve the optimal design of the data transmission mechanism of the Internet of Vehicles. First, according to the operation mechanism of the Internet of Vehicles build the Internet of Vehicles model. Then in this model, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation is used to analyze the data transmission characteristics of the Internet of Vehicles, and the characteristics evaluation results of data transmission are obtained. Finally, set the data transmission protocol of the Internet of Vehicles, select the appropriate data transmission path, allocate the data transmission load, and realize the data transmission of the Internet of Vehicles. The experimental results show that compared with the traditional data transmission mechanism of the Internet of Vehicles, the speed of the designed transmission mechanism is increased by 3.58 MB/s, and the packet loss rate is reduced by 41%.

Using IoT Protocols in Real-Time Systems: Protocol Analysis and Evaluation of Data Transmission Characteristics

In the Internet of things, many data transfer protocols are used for various tasks. In this article, we consider the application layer protocols that are the main ones for transmitting messages in the IoT. The main problems are unpredictability, lack of stability of data transmission delays, and non-determinism, which are also important for real-time systems. The purpose of this study is to determine the most appropriate middleware and data transfer protocol for systems with high data transfer requirements, including real-time systems. Therefore, MQTT, RTPS, JMS, and AMQP protocols were analyzed in order to find out what tasks these protocols should be used for and whether they can be used in robotic and autonomous systems where high data transmission requirements are imposed. To evaluate the protocols, the standards were analyzed to determine the pros and cons, and the software implementations of each of them were selected. To assess the characteristics of data transmission, we have developed our own test scenarios that simulate complex situations. The behavior of software solutions is analyzed and a comparative analysis is made based on the obtained data. Together, the theoretical analysis of protocols and the study of software solutions allow us to conclude on the applicability of a particular protocol in real-time systems. As a result of the study, we can conclude that RTPS is the best solution for real-time systems with different traffic and MQTT performs well when transmitting short messages. But none of the protocols under consideration guarantees the determinism of data transmission, so it is better to use specialized link-layer protocols to obtain guarantees.

Smart deployment of IoT-TelosB service care StreamRobot using software-defined reliability optimisation design

Intelligent service care robots have increasingly been developed in mission-critical sectors such as healthcare systems, transportation, manufacturing, and environmental applications. The major drawbacks include the open-source Internet of Things (IoT) platform vulnerabilities, node failures, computational latency, and small memory capacity in IoT sensing nodes. This article provides reliable predictive analytics with the optimisation of data transmission characteristics in StreamRobot. Software-defined reliable optimisation design is applied in the system architecture. For the IoT implementation, the edge system model formulation is presented with a focus on edge cluster log-normality distribution, reliability, and equilibrium stability considerations. A real-world scenario for accurate data streams generation from in-built TelosB sensing nodes is converged at a sink-analytic dashboard. Two-phase configurations, namely off-taker and on-demand, link-state protocols are mapped for deterministic data stream offloading. An orphan reconnection trigger mechanism is used for reliable node-to-sink resilient data transmissions. Data collection is achieved, using component-based programming in the experimental testbed. Measurement parameters are derived with TelosB IoT nodes. Reliability validations on remote monitoring and prediction processes are studied considering neural constrained software-defined networking (SDN) intelligence. An OpenFlow-SDN construct is deployed to offload traffic from the edge to the fog layer. At the core, fog detection-to-cloud predictive machine learning (FD-CPML) is used to predict real-time data streams. Prediction accuracy is validated with decision tree, logistic regression, and the proposed FD-CPML. The data streams latency gave 40.00%, 33.33%, and 26.67%, respectively. Similarly, linear predictive scalability behaviour on the network plane gave 30.12%, 33.73%, and 36.15% respectively. The results show satisfactory responses in terms of reliable communication and intelligent monitoring of node failures.

Energy Balance Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Fuzzy Control Strategy

The existing routing protocols for wireless sensor networks were not reasonable in design, which limited their application. Most of the existing studies did not take into account the energy consumption of the network and the balanced use of the energy of sensor nodes, which led to the unsatisfactory application effect of wireless sensor networks in some fields. Therefore, from the perspective of energy balance in wireless sensor networks, this paper proposed a construction method of an energy balance routing protocol in wireless sensor networks based on a fuzzy control strategy. Firstly, based on the analysis of the basic composition of wireless sensor networks and the structure of sensor nodes, this paper expounded the basic process of wireless data transmission and summarized the classification and characteristics of routing protocols in wireless sensor networks from different angles. Secondly, according to the node data transmission characteristics of wireless sensor networks, the energy balance use model of sensor nodes was established, and the design method of the energy balance routing protocol based on fuzzy control strategy was proposed, and the data transmission link was optimized. Finally, through experimental comparative analysis, the results showed that the energy balanced routing protocol proposed in this paper can effectively realize the energy balanced use of the network data transmission process. Compared with other common routing protocols, the wireless sensor network routing protocol proposed in this paper can not only improve the data transmission efficiency and reduce the data redundancy but also save energy consumption and prolong the network running time. The design method of routing protocol proposed in this paper will be conducive to the optimization and application of routing protocol in wireless sensor networks and provide a theoretical basis for the related research of wireless sensor networks.

Transmission performance of a 1.96 µm active mode-locked laser in smoke channel.

We demonstrate the data transmission characteristics of a 1.96 µm laser in an indoor simulated smoke channel. An active mode-locked thulium-doped fiber laser at 1961.63 nm can be generated, and the repetition rate is 2.11 GHz corresponding pulse duration of 12.47 ps. Therefore, the pulse can be modulated by a 2.11 Gb/s digital sequence to act as a carrier light source. The transmission characteristics of signal light under different visibility conditions of 0.5, 0.05, and 0.005 km are studied. Compared with the back-to-back conditions, the signal-to-noise ratios of the carrier can decrease after passing through the smoke channels, which are 3.93, 7.1, and 9.08 dB, respectively. At the same time, the received power jitter can increase from ±0.16 to ±1.14dB. The sensitivity can be -19.52dBm at the visibility of 0.005 km. The experimental results show that thulium-doped mode-locked laser has an excellent performance in a smoke channel.

Network Invulnerability Enhancement Algorithm Based on WSN Closeness燙entrality

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an important part of the Internet of Things (IoT), which are used for information exchange and communication between smart objects. In practical applications, WSN lifecycle can be influenced by the unbalanced distribution of node centrality and excessive energy consumption, etc. In order to overcome these problems, a heterogeneous wireless sensor network model with small world characteristics is constructed to balance the centrality and enhance the invulnerability of the network. Also, a new WSN centrality measurement method and a new invulnerability measurement model are proposed based on the WSN data transmission characteristics. Simulation results show that the life cycle and data transmission volume of the network can be improved with a lower network construction cost, and the invulnerability of the network is effectively enhanced.

Energy Performance Analysis and Modelling of LoRa Prototyping Boards.

LoRaWAN has gained significant attention for Internet-of-Things (IOT) applications due to its low power consumption and long range potential for data transmission. While there is a significant body of work assessing LoRA coverage and data transmission characteristics, there is a lack of data available about commercially available LoRa prototyping boards and their power consumption, in relation to their features. It is currently difficult to estimate the power consumption of a LoRa module operating under different transmission profiles, due to a lack of manufacturer data available. In this study, power testing has been carried out on physical hardware and significant variation was found in the power consumption of competing boards, all marketed as “extremely low power”. In this paper, testing results are presented alongside an experimentally-derived power model for the lowest power LoRa module, and power requirements are compared to firmware settings. The power analysis adds to existing work showing trends in data-rate and transmission power settings effects on electrical power consumption. The model’s accuracy is experimentally verified and shows acceptable agreement to estimated values. Finally, applications for the model are presented by way of a hypothetical scenario and calculations performed in order to estimate battery life and energy consumption for varying data transmission intervals.

Malware propagation model for cluster-based wireless sensor networks using epidemiological theory.

Due to limited resources, wireless sensor network (WSN) nodes generally possess weak defense capabilities and are often the target of malware attacks. Attackers can capture or infect specific sensor nodes and propagate malware to other sensor nodes in WSNs through node communication. This can eventually infect an entire network system and even cause paralysis. Based on epidemiological theory, the present study proposes a malware propagation model suitable for cluster-based WSNs to analyze the propagation dynamic of malware. The model focuses on the data-transmission characteristics between different nodes in a cluster-based network and considers the actual application parameters of WSNs, such as node communication radius, node distributed density, and node death rate. In addition, an attack and defense game between malware and defending systems is also established, and the infection and recovery rates of malware propagation under the mixed strategy Nash equilibrium condition are given. In particular, the basic reproductive number, equilibrium point, and stability of the model are derived. These studies revealed that a basic reproductive number of less than 1 leads to eventual disappearance of malware, which provides significant insight into the design of defense strategies against malware threats. Numerical experiments were conducted to validate the theory proposed, and the influence of WSN parameters on malware propagation was examined.

Resistor Inductor Capacitor Impedance Optimization of Violet Laser Diodes for Free-Space Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Data Link

To optimize the high-speed modulation package of the TO-can mounted violet laser diode (VLD) for optical wireless communication, three different impedance matching methods with adding or removing resistor/inductor/capacitor (R/L/C) elements are employed to discuss their effects on the direct encoding bandwidth of the VLD. With reducing the parasitic inductance by shortening the cathode/anode pin length of the TO-can VLD, the 2.5-mm-long pin acts as a series inductance to 1.74 nH to enormously improve the modulation bandwidth of the VLD for encoding the 16 quadrature amplitude modulation orthogonal frequency division multiplexing data as high as 20.4 GB/s. Neither the surface mounted device (SMD) resistor nor the SMD inductor in series connection can further improve the modulation bandwidth of the VLD. In contrast, a parallel connection of the VLD with Teflon ring capacitor can somewhat broaden its encodable bandwidth at low biased conditions, whereas the allowable bandwidth still degrades when increasing the VLD bias to enlarge its modulation throughput. Numerical simulations also verify that the shortening pin length (with reducing the inductance) of TO-can VLD is the best selection for bandwidth enlargement. With optimized impedance matching design, the comparison on data transmission characteristics for several 2.5-mm-pin VLDs with different rated powers is presented.

Имитатор потока ошибок в канале передачи данных при приеме двоичных цифровых радиосигналов

Based on the phenomenological approach, a simulator of the error flow in the sequence of data transmitted over the radio channel is developed. The proposed version of the simulator takes into account the features of coherent and incoherent reception of the most common binary digital signals with relative phase and frequency manipulation. Within the framework of data transmission modeling, the adequacy of the results and the possibility of using the considered method of error flow simulation are fully confirmed. The developed error flow simulator allows to evaluate the potential qualitative characteristics of data transmission and the effectiveness of data exchange protocols using radio channels. At the same time, the simulator implements the connection of the structure and intensity of the generated error flow with the technical characteristics of the data transmission means used and the conditions of communication.

ANALYTICAL MODEL OF RANDOM MULTIPLE ACCESS PROTOCOL PREDICTIVE P-PERSISTENT CSMA

Context. New model and quantification method of probable and time characteristics of information-control network with carrier sense random multiple access protocol and predicting network load of predictive p-persistent CSMA had been created. The object of the research was the process of information exchange in Fieldbus-networks LonWorks, BacNet with the analyzed protocol. Objective. The aim of the research is to increase the accuracy of quantitative estimates of the characteristics of time and delivery reliability of information messages in the network with the analyzed protocol. Method. The method of probability theory has been used there to solve the problem of creating a new correct model. The analysis of the functioning principles of the predictive p-persistent CSMA protocol is performed and the parameters influencing its work are set (on the example of the LonTalk stack). A graph of states and transitions of the protocol model describing the principles of transmission of information messages over a network with a software communication medium, considering the allocated significant network and protocol parameters. A method for calculating the graph is offered and new analytical relations are obtained to estimate the main model probabilistic and temporal characteristic: the average delay time of message transmission, the average load of the communication channel, the probability of successful/unsuccessful transmission and data loss in the network. Results. The developed model and method of quantitative assessment of probabilistic and temporal characteristics of data transmission in a network with multiple access protocol predictive p-persistent CSMA. The results are mostly differ from analogs by correct accounting of sporadic and diverse network load by the node delivery services. Conclusions. The held experiments have confirmed the work capacity of the proposed mathematical support and allow to recommend it for solving the assessment characteristics problems of information exchange in the design of analyzed networks with given probabilistic and temporal characteristics.

Decentralized &lt;inline-formula&gt; &lt;tex-math notation="LaTeX"&gt;${H_{\infty}}$ &lt;/tex-math&gt; &lt;/inline-formula&gt; Filtering for Large-Scaled System Based on T-S Fuzzy Model With the Integrated Event-Triggered Strategy

Considering the characteristics of data transmission between the channels, this paper studies the decentralized ${H_\infty }$ filter for the large-scaled system with an integrated event-triggered strategy. The Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy model is used to approximate the large-scaled system. Different from the event-triggered control with the single condition, an event-triggered control with an integrated condition is presented to determine when the measurement output should be broadcast and transmitted to its filter and thus leading to a high efficiency of data transmissions. By applying a Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional and linear matrix inequalities, a method of the integrated event-triggered ${H_\infty }$ filter performance analysis and designing is developed so that the overall filtering error system concerned to be asymptotically stable with a given disturbance attenuation level. A simulation is finally given to show these effective methods in this paper.

Satellite-Ground Link Planning for LEO Satellite Navigation Augmentation Networks

Navigation augmentation using low-orbit satellites is a low-cost, high-precision technique. Efficient transmission of data between the satellites and ground station is a prerequisite to ensure that this technique can be achieved. Satellite-ground link planning directly affects the transmission efficiency. In addition, appropriate planning of the links enables the reduction in the routing calculation and link switching overhead. In view of the data transmission characteristics of a satellite navigation augmentation network, this paper optimizes the ground-satellite link planning with respect to three aspects: link switching frequency, routing update frequency, and relay satellite configuration. By focusing on the above three aspects, we propose a link planning algorithm with the minimum number of link switching times, minimum number of route updates, and relay satellite configuration constraints. Finally, the simulation results are presented to demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithm.

Communication Mechanism and Algorithm of Composite Location Analysis of Emergency Communication based on Rail

The emergency communication system based on rail is an unconventional emergency communication mode, it is a complement equipment for that conventional communication system can’t work while tunnel mine accident occurs. Medium of transmission channel is the widely existing rail in the tunnel. In this paper we analyzed the characteristics of the rail transmission channel, verified the feasibility that information is transmitted by vibration signal in rail, we proposed the realization plan of the system. Communication protocol and processing mechanism suitable for rail transmission are designed according to the characteristics of channel bandwidth and low data transmission. Information communication with low bit rate and low bit error is realized in the communication simulation model. In the simplified model, we realized to transmit recognition speech information, and the error rate of the key text information is low to accept. The most concerned problem of personnel location in the mine disaster rescue is proposed, the composite algorithm is based on the model of signal amplitude attenuation, key node information and data frame transmission delay. Location information of hitting point can be achieved within the simplified model of the experiment. Furthermore, we discuss the characteristics of vibration signals passing through different channels.

Simulation of Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Directed Diffusion Algorithm

&lt;p style="margin: 1em 0px;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: medium;"&gt;In order to reduce the energy consumption and data congestion caused by flooding at the initial stage of the network, the cluster head and the boundary node are used as the key nodes to reduce the data flow in the network, so that the network has better delay performance. Various clustering algorithms in wireless sensor networks and the improved method of clustering protocols are introduced. On the basis of directed diffusion algorithm, a directed diffusion protocol based on CONID clustering is studied. Through the OMNeT++ basic platform, the wireless sensor network simulation platform is built on the basis of the MiXiM module. The platform uses a hierarchical structure, and its network layer implements a directed diffusion protocol based on CONID clustering. The application layer implements the two step WLS localization algorithm. The MAC layer uses the FIexiTP protocol. The physical layer uses the simplest flat path fading model. Because the sensor has both perception and data transmission characteristics, the dual channel communication model is adopted. The platform is suitable for wireless sensor network detection, localization and tracking algorithm simulation. Through the hierarchical function of the platform, it can analyze the practicability and effectiveness of the algorithm in more detail, and has certain value. It can also be used in the simulation of cross layer protocols, and can combine several parameters to perform joint analysis of system performance. Simulation results show that the CONID based directional diffusion protocol has better delay performance than the conventional directed diffusion protocol. Finally, the performance of the two step WLS location protocol is analyzed from several perspectives, which provides an example for the platform.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

MPC-based setpoint compensation with unreliable wireless communications and constrained operational conditions

This paper studies operational optimization design in industrial processes with constrained operational conditions when the operational state is transmitted via wireless networks, inducing noise and packet dropout which negatively affect operational optimization performance. Firstly, given a constrained-input process, a PI controller is designed to stabilize the plant without any steady-state error for setpoint tracking. Secondly, a stochastic noise and packet dropout model is established by analyzing the characteristics of data transmission in wireless networks, and is used in designing an setpoint optimization controller based on state feedback. Specifically, a condition to guarantee asymptotic stability and optimal operational index tracking of the dual-layer closed-loop system is given. Finally, a semi-physical simulation experiment in a flotation process is employed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

A Study on the Characteristics of Two-Way Data Transmission for Power Line Communication Using the Rail Track by Distance

In order to share train safety information when trains pass through long tunnels, steep curves and single tracks, it is important to develop a real-time two-way auxiliary communications system. This study would examine the possibility of the rail tracks as the transmission lines of PLC (Power Line Communication). Moreover, the data transmission characteristics of rail track PLC by distance were evaluated. Sustainable channel transmissions were 12 to 20 MHz and 25 to 33 MHz. Furthermore, experimental results showed that the signal attenuation at each frequency of 5, 10, 15, and 20 MHz is constant within 5%. This result shows that PLC, when using 50 m of rail track, can be applied commercially within the signal attenuation threshold of -70 dBm.

Modelling of Data Stream Time Characteristics for Use of Inverse Multiplexer

Today, increasing of the transmission rate in a telecommunications network is possible in vari- ous ways. One of them is inverse multiplexing. The inverse multiplexer divides a data stream to multiple parallel channels. This principle not only allows to in- crease the total available transmission rate, but also al- lows to reduce the error rate and interruption in data stream. The digital subscriber line may be used for the implementation of the inverse multiplex. Accurate knowledge of the transmission parameters of a digital subscriber line and the entire infrastructure of the net- work provider is necessary for the eective functioning of the terminal device with inverse multiplexing. It is necessary to know not only the parameters related to the transmission rate, but above all the parameters relevant to the time characteristics of data transmission. This paper describes how to obtain the transmission parame- ters of real digital subscriber lines and their modelling.