Data Review Process Research Articles

STUDY ON LITERACY NUMERACY TOWARDS STUDENTS’ LOGIC MATHEMATICS: A LITERATURE REVIEW

Numeracy literacy and mathematical logical thinking have a significant relationship in mathematics learning. Therefore, the study of this literacy examines the relationship between literacy, numeracy, and the development of students' logical thinking in the domain of mathematics education. This research aims to delineate the impact of numeracy literacy and logical thinking in shaping students' abilities to understand and apply logical principles in the context of mathematics, given the fundamental importance of literacy and numeracy skills. In this study, a literature review is employed to examine the relationship between literacy, numeracy, and logical thinking in the context of mathematics. The methodology used involves data collection, review processes, and in-depth analysis of scholarly articles sourced from Google Scholar, JSTOR, and PubMed. A total of 105 articles were analysed and categorized into the contexts of literacy, numeracy, and logical thinking in the context of mathematics. The research findings indicate the complexity of the interrelationship between literacy, numeracy, and logical thinking in mathematics education. This research contributes to offering insights into numeracy literacy and logical thinking for educators, researchers, and policymakers interested in enhancing the quality of mathematics education.

Research on Quality Management of Graduate Degree Theses in Military Academy

Quality is the lifeline of graduate education, and the quality of graduate dissertation is the most direct reflection of the quality of graduate training. In this paper, the dissertation of the graduate students of the military academy is the research object. The points of this paper includes the quality of running a school, discipline construction and other aspects of dissertation quality management, the "management, guidance, learning" three perspectives to strengthen the basic framework of dissertation quality management, the thesis data collection, proposal, mid-term inspection, review and other processes, respectively clear specific measures, In order to guarantee and improve the quality of graduate dissertations and effectively improve the quality of graduate training.

An overview of the research trends on fiber-reinforced shotcrete for construction applications

Abstract In this study, data mining, followed by the scientometric analysis of fiber-reinforced shotcrete (FRS), was carried out for knowledge mapping, co-citations, and co-occurrence. The information needed for the analysis was retrieved from the Scopus search engine. Important publishing sources, keyword analysis, writers with the most contribution in citations and publications, the most-cited articles, and the regions most actively engaged in FRS research were identified throughout the data review process. Moreover, the need for FRS, the major constraints associated with their usage, and their possible solutions were discussed. The analysis of the bibliographic data showed that research publications on FRS progressed inconsistently till 2015, and over the past 6 years (2016–2021), publication numbers increased steadily, which exhibited the interest of academics in fiber-reinforced materials. The analysis of keywords in the field showed that the most common FRS research keywords are shotcreting, shotcrete, steel fibers, FRS, and fiber-reinforced materials. Keyword analysis showed that FRS is typically used for tunnel rock support and lining. Based on the review of relevant literature, research gaps have been identified, and future research has been suggested.

The Role of Polymer Blends in Enhancing the Properties of Recycled Rubber

This research investigates the impact of polymer blends on strengthening the characteristics of recycled rubber, with a specific emphasis on enhancing mechanical strength, thermal stability, processability, and durability. The main goals are to assess the influence of different polymer blends on recycled rubber's performance and determine the advantages and drawbacks of these improvements. The study used a secondary data review process to evaluate enhancements in performance indicators such as tensile strength, elasticity, and heat resistance by analyzing previous research and case studies. The main discoveries indicate that combining polymers dramatically enhances mechanical characteristics, heat tolerance, and processing effectiveness, resulting in improved longevity and broader possibilities for using recycled rubber. Higher production costs and quality must be addressed. Environmental issues surround polymer additives. Policy implications include research and development, cost-effective and sustainable polymer production incentives, and regulatory frameworks to standardize processes and ensure environmental safety. Polymer mixing improves performance and sustainability, according to a study. These issues must be addressed by supporting legislation and encouraging the innovative use of recycled rubber.

Research Progress on Shotcrete for Construction Applications: A Scientometric Review

Considerable research has been carried out on shotcrete for rock supports in tunneling and mining. This study used a novel approach based on scientometric analysis of shotcrete’s bibliographic data to determine its essential components. Knowledge mapping, co-occurrence, and citation analysis are the most difficult parts of current research. The information needed to complete the study was retrieved from the Scopus search engine. There were 1267 articles considered, and the VOSviewer program was used to analyze. Important publishing sources, keyword analysis, writers that have the most contribution in terms of citations and publications, the most-cited articles, and the regions most actively engaged in shotcrete research were identified throughout the data review process. Also, shotcrete’s current applications and main limitations were explored. In addition to its applications in tunneling and mining, shotcrete can also be used for refractory linings, soil stabilization, structural restorations, and the construction of river barriers, swimming pools, shell structures, domes, and even buildings. However, the durability performance of shotcrete is poorer compared to conventional concrete. In this regard, additional in-depth research is needed to strengthen the durability features of shotcrete. The graphical description and quantitative contribution of scholars and countries in this study might help academics build collaborative projects and disseminate new ideas and methods.

Early Lessons From Ethiopia in Establishing a Data Triangulation Process to Analyze Immunization Program and Supply Data for Decision Making.

Strengthening data use and quality is critical to achieving high, equitable immunization coverage. One approach that is being increasingly recognized as effective in improving data use and quality is data triangulation, which can provide more information for decision making in public health programs.In Ethiopia, immunization program data has had ongoing quality challenges, including timeliness, completeness, and accuracy. Some data are reported through different systems to different departments, and coordination between departments is limited.JSI, through the Universal Immunization through Improving Family Health Services (UI-FHS) project, introduced a data review process and an Excel tool for triangulating immunization program data and vaccine supply data to improve data quality and programmatic decision making. The user-friendly Immunization Data Triangulation Tool (IDTT) provides decision-support information-such as scoring of districts based on performance-and suggests follow-up actions. It also highlights gaps between vaccines supplied and consumed and helps managers determine the next steps to address programmatic, supply, or data quality issues.The data review process and IDTT were rolled out in 2 regions in Ethiopia. UI-FHS documented learning to understand the feasibility of the IDTT's application as a decision-making tool by conducting key informant interviews and observing how the IDTT was used at monthly data review meetings.Health managers who used the tool reported ease of use and clear benefits, including more accessible and synthesized data, which prompted decision making and actions to improve services and supply, such as expanding the number of immunization sites. Challenges with the availability of vaccine supply data hindered managers' ability to leverage triangulated data fully, but the data triangulation process prompted cross-departmental collaboration to address this gap.These early findings show promise in the ability of immunization programs to successfully use triangulated data to address challenges and provide lessons for introducing new tools or processes into health systems.

Investment In Spreading Criminal Law for Rural Indigenous Communities

This study discusses the understanding and dissemination of legal awareness in society, especially criminal law in social life. The author believes that early prevention efforts to minimize unlawful acts are indispensable in every context of legal socialization events. By socializing the law, all citizens aim to create a just and prosperous, safe and prosperous society free from crime, security disturbances, and anarchy. The better the socialization of criminal law, the easier it will be for the community to be invited to achieve independence in order to increase legal awareness. This socialization is the responsibility of all parties, especially the academic community and state apparatus, to guide citizens, especially indigenous peoples in remote parts of the country, to produce peaceful, capable, disciplined, responsible, and courageous citizens who are honest in life. This study also hopes that narrative narratives and academic thoughts on criminal law in indigenous peoples become ceremonial events. Law must be a life-giving culture, especially for indigenous peoples, to be a good example for other communities. Condor has been studied in several legal publications and other sources we have reviewed to answer the most valid research questions. This is also to ensure the data review process runs smoothly and responsibly.

Diabetes Specialists Value Continuous Glucose Monitoring Despite Challenges in Prescribing and Data Review Process.

Diabetes clinicians are key facilitators of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) provision, but data on provider behavior related to CGM use and CGM generated data are limited. We conducted a national survey of providers caring for people with diabetes on CGM-related opinions, facilitators and barriers to prescription, and data review practices. Of 182 survey respondents, 73.2% worked at academic centers, 70.6% were endocrinologists, and 70.7% practiced in urban settings. Nearly 70% of providers reported CGM use in the majority of their patients with type 1 diabetes. Half of the providers reported CGM use in 10% to 50% of their patients with type 2 diabetes. All respondents believed CGM improved quality of life and could optimize diabetes control. We found no differences in reported rates of CGM use based on providers' years of experience, patient volume, practice setting, or clinic type. Most providers reviewed CGM data each visit (97.7%) and actively involved patients in the data interpretation (98.8%). Only 14.1% of clinicians reported reviewing CGM data without any prompting from patients or their family members outside of visits. Most providers (80.7%) reported their CGM data review was valued by patients although only half reported having adequate time (45.1%) or an efficient process (56.1%) to do so. Despite uniform support for CGM by providers, ongoing challenges related to cost, insurance coverage, and difficulties with prescription were major barriers to CGM use. Increased use of CGM in appropriate populations will necessitate improvements in data access and integration, clearly defined workflows, and decreased administrative burden to obtain CGM.

A national HIV clinical mentorship program: Enabling Zambia to accelerate control of the HIV epidemic.

Although Zambia has increased the proportion of people living with HIV (PLHIV) who are on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in recent years, progress toward HIV epidemic control remains inconsistent. Some districts are still failing to meet the UNAIDS 90/90/90 targets where 90% of PLHIV should know their status, 90% of those diagnosed should be on ART, and 90% of those on ART should achieve viral load suppression (VLS) by 2020. Providing consistently excellent HIV services at all ART health facilities is critical for achieving the UNAIDS 90/90/90 targets and controlling the HIV epidemic in Zambia. Zambia Ministry of Health, in collaboration with the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), aimed to achieve these targets through establishing a national HIV clinical mentorship program in which government-employed mentors were assigned to specific facilities with a mandate to identify and ameliorate programmatic challenges. Mentors were hired, trained and deployed to individual facilities in four provinces to mentor staff on quality HIV clinical and program management. The pre-mentorship period was July 2018-September 2018 and the post-mentorship period was July 2019-September 2019. Review of key programmatic indicators from the pre and post-deployment periods revealed the proportion of people who had a positive HIV test result out of those tested increased from 4.2% to 6.8% (P <0.001) as fewer HIV tests were needed despite the number of PLHIV being identified and placed on ART increasing from 492,613 to 521,775, and VLS increased from 84.8% to 90.1% (p <0.001). Key considerations in the establishment of an HIV clinical mentorship program include having a government-led process of regular site level data review and continuous clinical mentorship underpinned by quality improvement methodology.

Identification of HR Management Strategies for Small Business Disrupted by COVID-19: Marketing Literature Review

The main objective of this study is to identify HR management techniques for small companies affected by the epidemic, which is still a topic of much discussion in the media. We conducted a series of data studies on various well-known journal publishing data sources, including Google Books, Elsevier, Taylor&Francis, sage pub, Academic research, and other online sources, to ensure smooth identification and reporting in the form of descriptive discussions. Electronic data solutions are the ideal choice in this pandemic disruption when public mobility is not possible. The data review process includes several stages, such as initial reading to understand, coding system, and evaluation of data with high interpretation with a phenomenological approach to quickly draw conclusions that answer research questions with valid and reliable values. The results include that the HR management strategy for increasing productivity in small businesses is that small businesses also need a strategy to increase their human resources. These small businesses also have the vision to achieve profits and help absorb labor and reduce unemployment.

Understanding the Trends of Digital Literacy Among Islamic Students (Positive Internet Analysis Study)

This study aimed to seek an in-depth understanding of digital trends among Islamic university students to use their literacy well and balanced on the positive internet. We believe that students' success using the facilities of digital technology is closely related to their proficiency in ICT. In order to understand easily, we chose the research method of research on the data findings that have been published in several journals that we can access with the Google Scholar data search engine published from 2010 to 2021. We involve analytical studies under the phenomenological approach to finding valid and reliable data. In the data review process, for example, we analyze data, evaluate, and critically interpret before drawing conclusions that answer the questions of this study. So one of the findings is that students can access lecture material using digital media skills to understand digital literacy. Their digital literacy is present positively and wisely because they have received training and use digital technology in a balanced way to make digital media an additional source of reference for proper and balanced lecture, game, and entertainment materials. These findings should be helpful in the development of future studies.

The World Checklist of Vascular Plants, a continuously updated resource for exploring global plant diversity

The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP) is a comprehensive list of scientifically described plant species, compiled over four decades, from peer-reviewed literature, authoritative scientific databases, herbaria and observations, then reviewed by experts. It is a vital tool to facilitate plant diversity research, conservation and effective management, including sustainable use and equitable sharing of benefits. To maximise utility, such lists should be accessible, explicitly evidence-based, transparent, expert-reviewed, and regularly updated, incorporating new evidence and emerging scientific consensus. WCVP largely meets these criteria, being continuously updated and freely available online. Users can browse, search, or download a user-defined subset of accepted species with corresponding synonyms and bibliographic details, or a date-stamped full dataset. To facilitate appropriate data reuse by individual researchers and global initiatives including Global Biodiversity Information Facility, Catalogue of Life and World Flora Online, we document data collation and review processes, the underlying data structure, and the international data standards and technical validation that ensure data quality and integrity. We also address the questions most frequently received from users.

The relationship of climate change &amp; major events in Austria

Major events have increasingly become the subject of tourism destination promotion and have grown in importance in driving tourism demand in recent years. However, the staging of major tourist events has not only led to increased CO2 emissions in Austria, the events themselves have also been affected by climate change. The paper at hand is based on a data collection and review process which covered the relevant peer reviewed and grey literature. This comprehensive process was based on, and was open to, contributions by the full scientific community of relevant Austrian researchers and experts. The compilation process of the report followed quality standards such as the involvement of international partners as review editors within the review process. In addition, the literature was surveyed to integrate the international state of the art. The paper discusses the relationship between events and climate change by looking at mitigation measures on the one hand as well as adaptive strategies taken by event organizers on the other. However, a significant lack of objective information and data as well as appropriate scientific studies also became obvious in this process. Against this background main tasks and challenges for further research are identified and discussed. The paper closes with managerial implications for the organization of major events. The literature review and the analyses of case study reports on events support the following suggestions:· Climate change mitigation measures and environmental issues should be already a significant part of the call, the following application by the destination and the final decision making. The application of specific environmental and climate friendly guidelines, awards or certificates are helpful tools to motivate the branch and to achieve “green” events. Measures related to transportation and mobility are crucial to achieve significant savings of greenhouse emissions. Further important aspects to be considered are waste management, catering, communication, accommodation and site selection. Climate research may help to define a suitable period for the event at the desired location which is likely to avoid or reduce possible climate change related risks such as extreme heat or lack of snow.

636-P: Diabetes Providers Value CGM Data Despite Challenges in Data Review Process

People with diabetes (PWD) benefit from continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), yet CGM uptake in the US remains low. While diabetes care providers are key facilitators of CGM provision, data on provider behavior related to CGM use and CGM generated data is limited. In March 2020, we conducted a national survey of providers caring for PWD on CGM-related opinions, facilitators and barriers to CGM prescription, data review practices, and reimbursement. Descriptive statistics were used to report prevalence of Likert scale answers to a 55-question survey. Of 182 survey respondents caring for PWD using CGM, 75% were at academic medical centers, 66% were endocrinologists, and 70% practiced in urban settings. Nearly 70% of providers reported CGM use in a majority of their patients with type 1 diabetes. CGM use in patients with type 2 diabetes was low, with half the providers reporting &amp;lt;10% CGM use. All respondents believed CGM improved quality of life and could help optimize diabetes control. Nearly all providers reviewed CGM data each visit (94%) and directly involved patients in data review (90%). Only 14% of providers reviewed CGM data outside of a scheduled visit without prompting from patients or their family members. Most providers (81%) reported their CGM data review was valued by patients although only half (55%) reported having adequate time or an efficient process to do so. Most providers included CGM data in the electronic health record but only 41% had an efficient process for data capture. The majority of providers (79%) sought reimbursement for CGM interpretation during a visit, but a minority (41%) sought reimbursement for interpretation outside of visits. Despite uniform support for CGM by providers, inadequate time and inefficient data review processes are ongoing challenges. Improvements in data access and integration, supportive clinical infrastructure, and decreased administrative burden to obtain CGM, are facilitators of effective use of CGM-data by providers and necessitate ongoing attention. Disclosure T. Kompala: Consultant; Self; Eli Lilly and Company, Employee; Self; Livongo. J. C. Wong: Advisory Panel; Self; Provention Bio, Inc., Research Support; Self; Dexcom, Inc., Tandem Diabetes Care. A. B. Neinstein: Consultant; Self; Eli Lilly and Company, Intuity Medical , Medtronic, Roche Diabetes Care, Steady Health.

Risk-based centralized data monitoring of clinical trials at the time of COVID-19 pandemic

ObjectivesCOVID-19 pandemic caused several alarming challenges for clinical trials. On-site source data verification (SDV) in the multicenter clinical trial became difficult due to travel ban and social distancing. For multicenter clinical trials, centralized data monitoring is an efficient and cost-effective method of data monitoring. Centralized data monitoring reduces the risk of COVID-19 infections and provides additional capabilities compared to on-site monitoring. The key steps for on-site monitoring include identifying key risk factors and thresholds for the risk factors, developing a monitoring plan, following up the risk factors, and providing a management plan to mitigate the risk. MethodsFor analysis purposes, we simulated data similar to our clinical trial data. We classified the data monitoring process into two groups, such as the Supervised analysis process, to follow each patient remotely by creating a dashboard and an Unsupervised analysis process to identify data discrepancy, data error, or data fraud. We conducted several risk-based statistical analysis techniques to avoid on-site source data verification to reduce time and cost, followed up with each patient remotely to maintain social distancing, and created a centralized data monitoring dashboard to ensure patient safety and maintain the data quality. ConclusionData monitoring in clinical trials is a mandatory process. A risk-based centralized data review process is cost-effective and helpful to ignore on-site data monitoring at the time of the pandemic. We summarized how different statistical methods could be implemented and explained in SAS to identify various data error or fabrication issues in multicenter clinical trials.

Pengalaman Mahasiswa Dalam Mengatasi Depresi

The phenomenon of depression is the many events that occur among students, among the factors that cause students to experience psychological problems due to unpleasant student experiences, such as academic problems, parental demands, bullying, breaking up relationships with spouses. The phenomenon of psychological problems and depression in these students requires further treatment, to prevent more severe impacts. This study uses a qualitative research design, focus of this research is lies in the depth and process, this study involved 4 participants as students. Data collected through participants writing answers to questions (written answer), answers written by participants were read repeatedly carefully, analyzed, made keywords, then categorized from each participant's answers. The results of this study indicate that the experience of students in dealing with depression problems is still diverse in terms of coping mechanisms for psychological problems, both positive and negative coping, among the 4 participants studied there three themes were then analyzed during the data review process including isolating self and activity; pray and worship God, looking for solutions, trust, and discussion in the family. The coping mechanism with a spiritual approach is a way to deal with depression experiences in students.

Kidney transplantation registry program in Mashhad university of medical sciences; design and rationale

Introduction: Kidney transplantation was conducted in Mashhad University of Medical Sciences (MUMS) for more than 20 years. In recent years, about 160 kidney transplantation has been conducted here annually, that consisted of both cadaveric and living donor programs. Objectives: Since transplant outcomes have not been systematically monitored, we try by registration of this group of patients, donors and recipients, to analyze and share kidney transplantation outcomes. Patients and Methods: The kidney transplant registry program in Mashhad, Khorasan Razavi, started in 2016. This registry is a prospective, single center, longitudinal program, designed as a dynamic observational cohort that enrolls all transplant recipients and donors. Demographic data, etiology of chronic kidney disease and patient and graft survival were analyzed. Results: Baseline characteristics, treatment data, patient and donor condition before and after surgery, potential clinical events including hospitalization, co-morbidities and graft failure are all collected. Follow-up visits in recipients have been conducted in 1st, 3rd months and every year after operation. Data quality is ensured by automatic software validation and a manual data review process. Conclusion: By this system, it is easy to adhere to input. Likewise data is adequate for rapid statistical processing.

Climate change: Impacts on outdoor activities in the summer and shoulder seasons

The summer tourism market in Austria builds significantly on the country's opportunities for outdoor recreation such as mountaineering, mountain biking or water sports. This paper looks at the most important activities from a tourism perspective and considers the likelihood of impacts by climate change based on an extended literature review. It also examines current trends in tourism demand and concludes with both general and activity-specific adaptation and mitigation measures. The data collection and review process covered the relevant peer reviewed and grey literature. This comprehensive process was based on, and was open to, contributions by the full scientific community of relevant Austrian researchers and experts. The compilation process of the report followed quality standards such as the involvement of international partners as review editors within the review process. For many activities, climate change will lead to a prolongation of the season, which is an advantage for destinations focusing on hiking, biking, swimming, water sports, air sports and golf. However, it can be shown that climate-induced phenomena will have a strong impact on many of these activities, such as climbing and alpine touring, fishing, golf, and water and air sports. Here, the impacts may even lead to a change of destination or activity. Adaptation opportunities are rather limited in these cases. For other activities, adaptation measures can be applied to maintain the existing tourism offer. Irrigation can be increased in the case of golf courses, the construction of pools is feasible to compensate for deteriorated lakes, and destroyed trails and other hiking infrastructure, such as alpine hazard protection, could be reconstructed. However, all these measures are cost-intensive and may have a negative influence on the overall holiday experience. An early warning system via media (based on heat, thunderstorms and heavy rain) would be important to enable adaptation measures for companies and guests. The discussion over different adaptation strategies is of great importance for tourism management. The paper presents four major strategies: Adaptation of the natural conditions: In this case, vulnerability can be reduced by improving the natural conditions, e.g. saving water by redesigning golf courses to improve fish habitats. Technical adaptation of the infrastructure: Technical solutions such as irrigation, artificial pools, artificial canoe routes or the reconstruction of trails maintain the important tourism functions. Technical adaptation of the equipment: the goal is an improvement of the equipment in order to continue the activity (e.g. type of boat, type of hang glider). Awareness raising, information and early warning systems: For many activities, an early warning system would be helpful to avoid risky situations due to flooding, rockfall, thunder storms or extreme heat.

Design for Vendor Profile Data Management Improvement Solution in Direct Material Procurement PT. X

PT.X is a multinational company in Indonesia which is engaged in the consumer goods. This research was conducted in one of department that support the process in PT. X that is direct material (DIM) Procurement department. One of DIM Procurement’s role is to manage vendor’s document and data profile. The data is used by DIM user for purchase order process, payment process and other various process in PT. X. DIM Procurement expects a more efficient and effective work system, so DIM can manage every process and also to better serve DIM user. The problem identification results show there are four main problems that occurred in the process of vendor profile data management. The main problems such as vendor data review process is not running effectively, the process of delivering information is not effective, the long processing time of update profile data, and the process is not transparent. Root causes analysis is conducted using five whys analysis method and the results show there are 19 root causes that occurred in the process of vendor profile data management. Digitalization is the overall solution that can fix the process of managing vendor profile data. Digitalization will change the initial process of delivering information from using e- mail, now using an online portal system called DIM Vendor Profile Management. DIM Vendor Profile Management system will connect each parties who involved in the process and improve the process to becoming more effective, efficient, and transparent.&#x0D; Keywords: five whys analysis; root cause analysis; vendor profile management

Using Data to Keep Vaccines Cold in Kenya: Remote Temperature Monitoring with Data Review Teams for Vaccine Management.

Global vaccination coverage rates have remained around 85% for the past several years. Increasing immunization coverage rates requires an effective cold chain to maintain vaccine potency. Remote temperature monitoring (RTM) technology for vaccine refrigerators has shown promise for improving the ability of supply systems to maintain optimal temperature conditions to ensure potent vaccines reach the end users. A pilot study of RTM technology and data use teams was implemented in 36 study sites in Kenya. Data were collected at baseline and endline points over a 3-month baseline and 7-month implementation period. Data included 44 qualitative interviews, process logs, meeting minutes from data use team meetings, and quantitative temperature and power data from the RTM devices. The ability of cold chain equipment to maintain World Health Organization-recommended temperatures in study sites improved markedly between the baseline and implementation periods, resulting in an improvement in total time spent in the correct range from 83.9% in the baseline period to 90.9% in the intervention period and an improvement in time spent in the too cold range from 6.5% to 1.5%. Friedman tests revealed that differences in time spent in the correct range and time spent in the too cold range during the course of the study were statistically significant (P<.001 and P=.04, respectively). Qualitative and quantitative data suggest that this improvement was due to a combination of improved responsiveness to temperature excursions at the facility level, resulting from SMS alarms for temperature excursion periods, and improved ability at the management level to recognize and address recurring problems. The combination of using RTM technology with a structured data review process by a management team is a promising approach for improving cold chain outcomes. Future research examining the added value of each of the technological and behavioral components separately is needed.