Data Protection Research Articles

New technologies in the case law of the Court of Justice – lessons learnt and lessons to be learnt

Abstract The article identifies the most important legal challenges related to new technologies on the basis of the existing case law of the Court of Justice. The author analyses how these experiences make us re-examine established legal concepts. The discussion focuses on issues such as the principle of territoriality, the protection of personal data, the role of the Internet platform, and liability for infringements committed via the internet. In addition, the author seeks to identify what challenges still lie ahead for courts and legislators.

Optimizing In-Store Logistics: How AI Enhances Inventory Management and Space Utilization

This integrative literature review looks at the revolutionary impact of artificial intelligence (AI) in optimizing in-store logistics to assist retail managers and technology decision-makers in using AI to improve inventory management, spatial organization, and customer experience. Based on six core concepts—AI-driven demand forecasting, automated inventory replenishment, space utilization optimization, adaptive store layout design, operational efficiency, and customer satisfaction—the study's conceptual framework emphasizes AI's strategic value and the factors driving its adoption in retail logistics. The review uses rigorous criteria and systematic analysis of peer-reviewed articles, industry reports, and case studies to identify significant topics such as AI-enhanced demand forecasting, automated restocking, responsive shop layouts, data protection, and the changing responsibilities of retail staff. The paper advocates for balanced AI integration, integrating technology breakthroughs with human control and appropriate data management. Future research proposals include investigating AI's long-term implications, doing comparative assessments across retail forms, and developing frameworks for ethical data usage. These will all provide foundational insights for constructing sustainable, sophisticated retail environments that align with global development goals.

Health service provider views on measuring patient involvement in healthcare: an interview study with researchers, clinicians, service managers, and policymakers.

There are several strategies used to assess involvement in their healthcare across service providers. However, there is no consensus on the most appropriate measurement tool to use when evaluating patient involvement initiatives. This qualitative study aimed to explore the perspectives of stakeholders from micro, meso, and macro levels within the Danish healthcare system on measuring patient involvement in their healthcare. This descriptive, explorative study employed semi-structured interviews with open-ended questions to elicit participants' views and experiences of patient involvement and measurement tools. A purposeful sample of participants was identified, to include decision makers, researchers, and health professionals (n = 20) with experiences of measuring patient involvement in healthcare at micro, meso, and macro levels across Danish organizations. Data underwent reflexive thematic analysis. Three main themes were identified: 1) Determining the purpose of patient involvement practices and measurement alignment; 2) Reflecting on the qualities, fit, and usefulness of measures; 3) Recognizing conflicting stakeholder paradigms. Despite the interest in and positive attitudes toward patient involvement innovations, views on the meaning and value of evaluating involvement varied; in part, this was attributable to challenges in selecting criteria, methods, and measures for evaluation. The findings indicate the need to integrate the perspectives of all key stakeholders in designing the evaluation of patient involvement initiatives. The application of a multiple stakeholder approach and co-production of a multidimensional evaluation may provide some common ground for selecting evaluation criteria and measurement tools in the healthcare setting. Danish Data Protection Agency (1-16-02-400-21) 15 October 2021.

Application of AI to minimize information risk in tax control: Evidence from Bulgaria

The application of artificial intelligence (AI) in tax control is becoming more and more relevant in the conditions of globalization and digitalization of the economy, which creates a need for effective mechanisms for managing information risk. With the growing volume of data and the complexity of the tax processes, the risk of deviations, fraud and inconsistencies increases significantly. This article aims to examine applied AI tools and approaches that can minimize information risk in tax control, as well as to analyze their effectiveness through the prism of practice in Bulgaria. The methodology is based on correlation analysis, which measures the strength and direction of the linear relationship between pairs of variables. A Pearson correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the variable "Artificial Intelligence" and the different forms of tax control. Kendall's tau-b correlation coefficient was used to assess the linear relationship between the variables of collection, processing, verification, and management of tax information related to the application of AI. The main results show that AI has a positive and statistically significant effect on risk management and cybersecurity, suggesting the potential to improve data protection and reliability. However, the verification and revision of tax information needs to significantly impact AI, which points to the need for further development of these technologies for better integration. In conclusion, the application of AI offers significant opportunities to minimize information risk in tax control but requires targeted adaptation and refinement in specific aspects of control processes.

Navigating ethical considerations in the use of artificial intelligence for patient care: A systematic review.

To explore the ethical considerations and challenges faced by nursing professionals in integrating artificial intelligence (AI) into patient care. AI's integration into nursing practice enhances clinical decision-making and operational efficiency but raises ethical concerns regarding privacy, accountability, informed consent, and the preservation of human-centered care. A systematic review was conducted, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Thirteen studies were selected from databases including PubMed, Embase, IEEE Xplore, PsycINFO, and CINAHL. Thematic analysis identified key ethical themes related to AI use in nursing. The review highlighted critical ethical challenges, such as data privacy and security, accountability for AI-driven decisions, transparency in AI decision-making, and maintaining the human touch in care. The findings underscore the importance of stakeholder engagement, continuous education for nurses, and robust governance frameworks to guide ethical AI implementation in nursing. The results align with existing literature on AI's ethical complexities in healthcare. Addressing these challenges requires strengthening nursing competencies in AI, advocating for patient-centered AI design, and ensuring that AI integration upholds ethical standards. Although AI offers significant benefits for nursing practice, it also introduces ethical challenges that must be carefully managed. Enhancing nursing education, promoting stakeholder engagement, and developing comprehensive policies are essential for ethically integrating AI into nursing. AI can improve clinical decision-making and efficiency, but nurses must actively preserve humanistic care aspects through ongoing education and involvement in AI governance. Establish ethical frameworks and data protection policies tailored to AI in nursing. Support continuous professional development and allocate resources for the ethical integration of AI in healthcare.

The Role of Data Analytics in Digital Transformation: A Study of how Firms Leverage Data for Insights

Big data helps organisations undergo a digital transition. The majority of businesses rely on big data to enhance the dependability, velocity, calibre, and effectiveness of their corporate operations. Large volumes of information are known to be collected, stored, and maintained by big data, which gives businesses a competitive edge. The main research gap addressed by previous writing studies is the lack of a thorough analysis on the use of massive amounts of data for computerised transformation. This is addressed by looking at the key benefits, opportunities, and challenges that big data poses to businesses as they cautiously alter their structure. This research advances knowledge about big data in general by employing a case study technique involving Google and a comprehensive survey of the literature. The study's findings demonstrate how companies work together to leverage the potential of big data analytics, especially for profitability, market expansion, decision-making, and information synthesis. Furthermore, this study recommends the use of business intelligence strategies and long-term planning methodologies to guarantee data protection.

Artificial Intelligence, Data Protection, Privacy, and Doxxing.

Artificial Intelligence, Data Protection, Privacy, and Doxxing.

Parental Confirmation of a Child’s Consent to Data Processing

This article attempts to define the conditions for consenting to the processing of children’s personal data under the GDPR. The article focuses on analysing the data protection law, regarding to the most important problem, that at present, consent to data processing involves at most a few clicks or nudges, making it difficult to speak of any real control of data controllers over whether consent to the processing of a child’s personal data has been lawfully given or confirmed by an authorized person. It’s not hard to see that the young age of users, along with limited awareness of data protection and the risks associated with its use, makes this topic extremely relevant and worth addressing.

Next generation tissue biobanking: quality assured, financed, and integrated?

Biobanks are essential for biomedical research, particularly in the era of personalized medicine. In Germany, 36biobanks have been established over the past decade that are connected under the German Biobank Alliance (GBA). These biobanks store high-quality biological samples along with clinical data to support research projects. Biobanks can be integrated, handling both tissue and liquid samples, or set up as separate entities depending on specific requirements.Tissue biobanking is especially complex due to the invasive nature of tissue collection and the non-replicability of the samples. Close collaboration between clinics, pathologists, IT specialists, and biobank managers is crucial to ensure the quality of samples and promote interdisciplinary research.The integration of pathology and biobanking is key, both organizationally and technically. Shared IT systems, standardized protocols, and collaborative governance structures are vital for efficient data management. Quality assurance, ethical guidelines, and data protection are critical to maintaining public trust and legal compliance.Long-term financial models are needed to ensure the sustainability of biobanks. The GBA supports emerging biobanks through its "Starterkit" initiative, offering guidance and best practices to help new biobanks develop.Tissue biobanks are indispensable for advancing the understanding of diseases and developing new therapies. However, they must adhere to strict ethical and legal standards to maximize their scientific and societal value.

AI-Based Phishing Detection and Automated Response: A Multi-Channel Security Framework for Modern Communication Platforms

Phishing attacks have evolved in sophistication over the changing digital communication landscape, taking advantage of several channels like social media, SMS, and email to trick people and businesses. This research offers a multi-channel security architecture for automated phishing response and detection that uses cutting-edge artificial intelligence (AI) technology to counteract this ubiquitous threat. The system utilizes automatic reaction mechanisms to mitigate threats in real time and incorporates state-of-the-art AI algorithms to improve the detection of phishing attempts across various communication channels. This study examines recent developments in artificial intelligence (AI) for cybersecurity, emphasizing the use of deep learning, machine learning, and natural language processing in phishing detection and response. It also looks at how phishing techniques have changed over time, how difficult it is to integrate AI across different platforms, and how dangerous it could be for AI systems to come under hostile attack. The report shows the usefulness and practical use of AI-driven solutions with case studies from social media, financial services, and enterprise communication platforms. It also discusses ethical and regulatory issues, highlighting the necessity of adhering to data protection regulations and using AI responsibly. The technological difficulties, potential avenues for future investigation, and prospects for innovation in AI-based phishing detection are covered in the paper's conclusion. With this methodology, cybersecurity researchers and practitioners can benefit from a thorough approach to improving cybersecurity with artificial intelligence.

Cross-border data flow in China: Shifting from restriction to relaxation?

This article examines China's latest development in the governance of cross-border data flow. Under the general framework of Cyber Security Law, Data Security Law, and Personal Data Protection Law, China established its own regime of cross-border data flow. In recent years, contrary to the general international perception that China imposes strict restrictions especially due to national security concerns, China has been de facto relaxing its regulations on cross-border data flow, especially for digital trade. This article suggests three underlying incentives. First, China is in an increasing need to gain economic growth through international trade and investment. Second, China intends to compete in technology development and take the lead in shaping international rules on data governance. Third, China is seeking to adhere to international standards, particularly those prescribed in international free trade agreements. This article further submits that this paradigm shift would have international implications. First, China's practices need to be examined under the domestic regulatory frameworks of international free trade agreements. Second, China's current legislative and judicial practices are multifaceted, taking into account various factors, including international business, national security, and data protection, which may contribute to the further development of international cross-border data flow rules.

Implementing traceability technologies to promote ethical sourcing in Ghana’s fashion and apparel industry

ABSTRACT The demand for traceability has emerged as a significant imperative within the framework of an ethical supply chain that includes multiple stages. This study focusses on the implementation and impact of traceability technology in the Ghanaian fashion industry. The study employed descriptive and explanatory research, using a 700-stakeholder sample, a standardised questionnaire, and descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The findings of the study indicate that QR codes, GPS tracking, sustainable material tracing, and consumer interaction apps demonstrate a high level of effectiveness within the Ghanaian fashion business. The implementation of traceability technology faces challenges like limited knowledge, research insufficient, lack of coordination, policy absence, financial constraints, technological infrastructure limitations, data privacy concerns, opposition, and training gaps. Stakeholders generally support the implementation of coordination policies and regulatory compliance strategies, suggesting that factors like awareness, research, cost, infrastructure, data protection, opposition, and training should be prioritised.

THE INNOVATIVE TRANSFORMATION IN THE RA BANKING SYSTEM

The analysis shows that the innovative transformation in the banking system of Armenia is a multi-level process that has a significant impact on the entire financial sector of the country. One of the key aspects of this transformation is the deep integration of modern technology into banking. This not only facilitates the interaction of customers and banks, but also increases the level of transparency and efficiency of financial transactions. The innovation of the RA banking system contributes to the expansion of access to financial services, enabling more people to use financial services, especially where they were previously limited. It was concluded that innovations and technological developments enable the banking system to provide faster, safer and more convenient services, reduce human errors and improve the efficiency of processes. New technologies improve the level of security. All of this is leading to greater competition in the banking industry, new ways of working and strategies, and overall improvements in customer service and financial operations (Egorova, A., A., (2015). But they also present new challenges, such as data protection and security issues, as well as the need to use new technologies.

Shopee E-Commerce Website Quality Analysis Based on User Perception Using the Webqual Method

This study aims to analyze the quality of Shopee's e-commerce site using the WebQual method approach. Three main dimensions, namely usability, information quality, and service interaction, are used to evaluate the quality of the Shopee website from the user's point of view. This method measures users' perception of the main aspects that determine their experience in using the Shopee website. The results of the study show that although Shopee has succeeded in providing a responsive and informative platform, several areas need improvement, especially related to aspects of service interaction and the security of users' personal information. In conclusion, Shopee needs to optimize several important aspects to improve the user experience and strengthen its position as a leading e-commerce platform in Southeast Asia. Improved design and navigation of a more modern and intuitive interface can make it easier for users to navigate the platform. In addition, real-time updates of product information regarding stock and prices will help prevent user dissatisfaction. Shopee also needs to improve customer service, both with the addition of staff and technology such as advanced chatbots, to answer customer needs faster. Finally, increased security and transparency regarding transactions and protection of personal data will strengthen user trust in this platform. Through these efforts, Shopee is expected to be able to provide a better shopping experience and maintain the loyalty of its users in the midst of fierce e-commerce competition.

Big Data Analytics And Predictive Analysis In Enhancing Customer Relationship Management (CRM): A Systematic Review Of Techniques And Tools

This systematic review examines the transformative role of big data analytics and predictive techniques in Customer Relationship Management (CRM), focusing on how these advancements enhance customer engagement, satisfaction, and retention strategies. Adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, this review analyzed a final selection of 100 articles, exploring CRM applications such as predictive modeling, real-time data processing, data integration, and Natural Language Processing (NLP). Findings indicate that predictive analytics enables CRM systems to anticipate customer behaviors and personalize interactions, while real-time data processing supports immediate responses to customer needs, essential in high-demand sectors. Data integration helps overcome silos, creating a cohesive customer view that enhances personalized engagement across all touchpoints. NLP applications, including sentiment analysis and chatbots, further improve CRM by fostering empathy and responsiveness in customer interactions. Despite these advancements, challenges related to data privacy and regulatory compliance remain central, necessitating strict data protection and ethical handling practices. This review underscores that while CRM technology is evolving to meet modern demands, effective implementation depends on a balance between technical innovation and adherence to ethical standards in data management, ultimately fostering meaningful and sustainable customer relationships.

Administrative and legal framework for the introduction of the electronic notarial system in Ukraine

The article is dedicated to the study of the administrative and legal foundations for the implementation of the electronic notarial system in Ukraine. The author examines the process of transitioning from the traditional paper-based notarial system to a digital one, highlighting the benefits of increased efficiency, document security, and accessibility. The study focuses on the phased approach adopted by the government to implement the e-notary system, outlining key stages such as the creation of electronic registries, the development of a digital archive for notarial acts, and the introduction of a system for online notarial services. These developments represent a significant modernization of Ukraine’s notarial services. The author emphasizes the need for substantial legal reforms to support the full-scale digitalization of notarial services. It is highlighted that the Ukrainian Law on Notariate currently lacks explicit provisions for the use of digital technologies, which necessitates amendments to accommodate electronic notarial acts, remote notarization, and the integration of digital signatures. Additionally, the article discusses the challenge of aligning the e-notary system with European standards, especially regarding the cross-border recognition of electronic documents. The alignment of Ukrainian notarial laws with international frameworks is crucial for ensuring the system’s compatibility with global legal standards. The article identifies several key advantages of the e-notary system, including the automation of processes, which significantly reduces the time and administrative burden involved in notarial acts. Enhanced security measures, such as digital signatures and QR codes, provide protection against forgery and unauthorized alterations of notarial documents. Furthermore, the integration of the e-notary system with state databases facilitates efficient information exchange, thereby improving the accuracy and reliability of notarial services. These factors contribute to a more transparent and effective notarial system that can better meet the needs of modern society. Of particular note is the author’s focus on the importance of cybersecurity and data protection in ensuring the long-term success of the e-notary system. The article underscores the need for robust security measures to protect sensitive legal information from cyber threats, which are increasingly becoming a concern in the digital age. The author concludes by outlining prospects for further research, particularly in the areas of legal reform, public trust in digital notarial services, and the technological infrastructure needed to ensure the resilience and security of the electronic notarial system.

Effects of the General Data Protection Law (LGPD) On For-Profit Organizations

Objective: The general objective of the study is to analyze which technical and administrative measures are necessary for accounting organizations to comply with the provisions of the LGPD, with this general objective being divided into three specific objectives: a) identify the technical and administrative measures relevant to the LGPD; b) establish privacy policies on the data made available and c) define the stages of technical and administrative measures so that organizations comply with the provisions of the Law. Theoretical Framework: This topic presents the main concepts and theories that underpin the research. The General Data Protection Law - LGPD (LAW 13.709/2018) stands out, providing a solid basis for understanding the context of the investigation. Method: The methodology adopted for this research is applied, descriptive, bibliographical and documentary, with a qualitative approach. The unit of analysis was 5 managers from 5 for-profit organizations located in the northwest region of RS during the month of May 2023. Data collection was carried out through bibliographic, documentary and interview research, using documentary and descriptive analysis techniques. Results and Discussion: The findings indicate that criteria adopted for the protection of people's data were defined for the companies surveyed, considering the administrative department of the companies, where data considered sensitive is handled, divided basically into three sectors: Accounting sector, Tax sector and Human Resources sector and Personnel Department. It was found that there is a need to implement technical and administrative measures in the processes and invest in training on the subject within the organizations, in order to avoid infractions and fines as punishment for non-compliance with the provisions of the General Data Protection Law. In the discussion section, these results are contextualized in light of the General Data Protection Law - LGPD (LAW 13.709/2018), highlighting the implications and relationships identified. Possible discrepancies and limitations of the study are also considered in this section. Research Implications: The practical and theoretical implications of this research are discussed, providing insights into how the results can be applied or influence practices in the field of the General Data Protection Law - LGPD. These implications may include the deepening of knowledge, as well as from a practical point of view, since it offers a concrete solution to a specific demand of the company investigated in this study. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by discussing the topic General Data Protection Law - LGPD (LAW 13.709/2018. The relevance and value of this research are evidenced by providing guidance to organizations on how to prepare the Privacy Policy and Contingency Plan, with the purpose of adapting to the LGPD.

THE POTENTIAL OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN MEDICINE

This article analyzes the prospects for using artificial intelligence (AI) in the medical field. It highlights that AI has already become an integral part of modern life and is actively utilized in various countries, particularly in diagnosis, treatment, and disease prognosis. AI enhances diagnostic accuracy, accelerates treatment processes, and optimizes medical resources significantly. Internationally, AI-based solutions are already widely implemented in countries like the USA, Japan, and China to improve healthcare services. These technologies allow doctors to process large amounts of data efficiently and perform complex procedures with reduced time and effort. However, in Ukraine, the development of AI technologies remains in its early stages, despite the approval of the “Concept for the Development of Artificial Intelligence” in 2020. The main challenges include the need to improve the legal framework, ensure data protection, and address ethical concerns. The use of AI can significantly enhance the quality of medical services while saving time and resources in healthcare institutions. In medical practice, AI is applied in several areas. For instance, AI accelerates diagnosis and improves accuracy, such as in the continuous monitoring of bone tissue in periodontal diseases; AI can analyze medical images with high speed and precision, identifying anomalies and leading to more accurate and timely diagnoses at early stages; AI algorithms can predict the deterioration of a patient’s condition by analyzing their medical data.

Blockchain in digital notary services

The purpose of the study is to determine the future application of blockchain technology. Protection of rights, as well as legal interests of citizens and legal entities is the main postulate of notary activity. Only through the prism of this provision should one consider the possible application of blockchain technology in the notary. This includes studying the possibilities of the blockchain for verifying the authenticity of documents, automating registration actions. The relevance of the study is related to the need for modern notaries to meet the requirements of the digital world. The research is based on the application of an interdisciplinary approach, civil law and information technology, which combines the analysis of legal aspects with modern technological research. To study legislative aspects, methods of comparative analysis and synthesis were used, which includes an analysis of the legislation of Ukraine and other countries. The empirical method consists in researching existing examples of implementation of blockchain projects in EU and US notary offices. Analysis and modeling were carried out taking into account the architecture of blockchain networks, their capabilities in terms of information protection, authentication and legal validity of digital records. The study found that blockchain technology has significant potential for the notary industry due to its decentralized nature and high level of data protection. It has been established that the implementation of the blockchain allows for the creation of a reliable database for recording notarial actions, ensuring the impossibility of forgery or loss of information. The results of the study confirmed the possibility of using blockchain for digital recording of documents and automation of notarial procedures, which allows to reduce time costs and the risk of human errors. The experience of countries that have already implemented blockchain in the notary office indicates an increase in the level of trust in notary services and a reduction in bureaucratic procedures. The application of blockchain in the notarial sphere can fundamentally change the mechanisms of notarial actions, increasing security, convenience and speed of service. The use of decentralized networks ensures the reliability of data, which makes it impossible to forge them and makes procedures transparent. However, for the full implementation of such decisions, it is necessary to create an appropriate regulatory framework, adapt Ukrainian legislation and ensure the training of specialists for work in the conditions of digital notary.

LIMITES DA PRIVACIDADE DIGITAL: IMPLICAÇÕES JURÍDICAS NO DIREITO PENAL

This article deals with the limits of digital privacy and its legal implications in Criminal Law. Given the complexity evident in the digital era, this study aimed to analyze the legal implications in Criminal Law regarding the protection of personal data. Methodologically, bibliographical research was used through research in articles, jurisprudence and books to support the study. It analyzes the tension between the protection of individual rights and the need to combat cybercrime, emphasizing the importance of adequate legislation to guarantee digital security without compromising the privacy of citizens. The research uses a qualitative and bibliographical approach, exploring challenges such as collecting digital evidence and the legal implications of online surveillance. In the end, there was great progress in legislation in the fight against cybercrime, strengthening the protection of personal data. However, the difficulty of identifying offenders of crimes like these is still a challenge, and, to be combatted, requires improvements in supervision and improvement of digital investigation mechanisms, in addition to more effective cooperation between national and international authorities. This includes the development of advanced technologies and the creation of specific legal protocols that help identify and hold perpetrators accountable without compromising the rights of individual citizens.