Data Processing Considerations Research Articles

Power Distribution System Characterization With Active Probing: Real-World Testing and Analysis

Power distribution systems are traditionally characterized using passive means such as parameter estimation and topology identification. This work investigates an active way to test and characterize dynamically changing distribution systems. The method actively perturbs local distribution networks with programmable pulses using a Grid Resonance Probe (GRP) and observes the response using a micro-phasor measurement unit ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula> PMU). After applying advanced data analytics, the perturbation and response measurements can reveal characteristics of distribution systems, such as feeder parameters and topologies. To validate the proposed approach, three case studies are executed on a real distribution system, including visualization, feeder connection identification, and feeder impedance estimation. Real data processing considerations and sensitivity analysis are also discussed. The proposed testing and analysis approach is expected to provide engineers a new solution to measure, parameterize, and characterize distribution systems.

Is enough, enough? SEND data processing considerations when changing the logging rate

Is enough, enough? SEND data processing considerations when changing the logging rate

Applications of Raman spectroscopy in the development of cell therapies: state of the art and future perspectives.

Therapies based on injecting living cells into patients offer a huge potential to cure many degenerative and deadly diseases, with hundreds of clinical trials ongoing. Due to their complex nature, a basic understanding of their biochemical and functional characteristics, how to manufacture them for safe and efficacious therapy, and how to effectively implement them in clinical settings are very challenging. Raman spectroscopy could provide an information-rich, non-invasive, non-destructive analytical method to complement the use of conventional sample-based, infrequent and destructive biochemical assays typically employed to analyze and validate the quality of therapeutic cells. This article provides an overview of the current state of emerging cell therapies, and then reviews the related Raman spectroscopic state of the art analysis of human cells. This includes spectroscopic data processing considerations, the scope offered by technical variants of Raman spectroscopy, and analytical difficulties encountered by spectroscopists working with therapeutic cells. Finally, we outline a number of salient challenges as cell therapy products are translated from the laboratory to the clinic, and propose how Raman spectroscopy-based solutions could address these challenges.

Freeform additive manufacturing by vari-directional vari-dimensional material deposition

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to propose and demonstrate a new additive manufacturing approach that breaks the layer-based point scanning limitations to increase fabrication speed, obtain better surface finish, achieve material flexibility and reduce equipment costs.Design/methodology/approachThe freeform additive manufacturing approach conceptually views a 3D article as an assembly of freeform elements distributed spatially following a flexible 3D assembly structure, which conforms to the surface of the article and physically builds the article by sequentially forming the freeform elements by a vari-directional vari-dimensional capable material deposition mechanism. Vari-directional building along tangential directions of part surface gives surface smoothness. Vari-dimensional deposition maximizes material output to increase build rate wherever allowed and minimizes deposition sizes for resolution whenever needed.FindingsProcess steps based on geometric and data processing considerations were described. Dispensing and forming of basic vari-directional and vari-dimensional freeform elements and basic operations of joining them were developed using thermoplastics. Forming of 3D articles at build rates of 2-5 times the fused deposition modeling (FDM) rate was demonstrated and improvement over ten times was shown to be feasible. FDM compatible operations using 0.7 mm wire depositions from a variable exit-dispensing unit were demonstrated. Preliminary tests of a surface finishing process showed a result of 0.8-1.9 um Ra. Initial results of dispensing wax, tin alloy and steel were also shown.Originality/valueThis is the first time that both vari-directional and vari-dimensional material depositions are combined in a new freeform building method, which has potential impact on the FDM and other additive manufacturing methods.

Scaffolding for metabolic engineering endeavors

The term non-targeted metabolomics implies a global and unbiased analysis. This involves the complex (and yet not routine) task of correct alignment and eventually annotation of statistically grouped ions as known metabolites according to accurate mass and chromatographic parameters. The comprehensiveness is practically compromised by the enormous chemical diversity of the metabolome. As solutions involving multiple methods are practically unfeasible for many extensive non-targeted metabolomics studies, increasing selectivity to yield a higher coverage of the metabolome considered (preferably within one analytical run) remains a crucial aspect for throughput, affordability and data processing considerations. This contribution presents an overview on proposed novel LC-MS-based workflows aiming to increase selectivity for maximizing metabolome coverage within a single analytical run. We suggest that analytical strategies involving on-line combinations of orthogonal liquid chromatographic separations with mass spectrometry or ion mobility-mass spectrometry are key to addressing this pursuit.

Chemical Crystallography at the Australian Synchrotron MX Beamlines

The Macromolecular Crystallography (MX) Beamlines at the Australian Synchrotron collect data on protein samples (PX) and chemical samples (CX). This broad range of sample types requires us to consider a number of experimental and data processing considerations. Protein samples have very large unit cells but diffract weakly, the chemical samples on the other hand have very small unit cell and diffract comparatively strongly. From an experimental point of view, this requires substantially different geometrical considerations which can be handled by changing the energy of the monochromated X-rays and detector distance. Another consideration is detector type, the detectors at the MX beamlines are from the Area Detector Systems Corporation (ADSC) and they have generally been used for PX data collections. This has lead to investigation regarding high incidence angle phosphor thickness corrections. As the detectors have mainly been used for PX work, the software for sample handling has also been developed with PX considerations rather than CX. For example, the software for space group determinations is set my default to assumes that your space group is only ever one of the 65 space groups that don't contain mirror, inversion or glide operations. Another area of interest is the way data scaling is handled. The data is often scaled with PX data for a number of reasons, with the most common scaling of data is due t the prevalence of radiation damage to the samples. By contrast the most common form of scaling for CX data is for sample anisotropy in strong absorbers. A discussion of the challenges faced for the chemical crystallography experiments at the Australian Synchrotron will be presented.

Ephemeral stream sensor design using state loggers

Abstract. Ephemeral streamflow events have the potential to transport sediment and pollutants downstream, which, in predominently agricultural basins, is especially problematic. Despite the importance of ephemeral streamflow, the duration and timing of the events are characteristics that are rarely measured. Ephemeral streamflow sensors have been created in the past with varying degrees of success and this paper presents a solution which minimizes previous shortcomings in other designs. The design and setup of the sensor network in two agricultural basins, as well as considerations for data processing are explored in this paper with regard to monitoring ephemeral streamflow at high spatial and temporal resolutions.

Considerations for Data Processing in Multi-mode Surveys

The Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health across the U.S. (REACH U.S.) Risk Factor Survey presented unique challenges to processing data collected from a multi-mode survey. REACH U.S., which is sponsored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), monitors the progress and achievements of 28 local health interventions designed to eliminate health disparities among African Americans, Asians, Native Americans, and Hispanics. NORC at the University of Chicago conducts annual surveys in 28 communities using an innovative address-based sampling approach that combines multiple modes of data collection via telephone, mail, and in-person interviews. In this paper, we discuss NORC’s approach to processing multi-mode REACH U.S. data, paying particular attention to data processing procedures that occurred before, during, and after data collection. We also detail a metadata data processing framework that guided the creation of the final data file deliverables.

Coil survey design and a comparison with alternative azimuth-rich geometries

David Hill, WesternGeco, explains coil survey design, touches on some data processing considerations, and then compares various coil designs with NAZ and WAZ.

Considerations for Data Processing by Continuous Air Monitors Based on Accumulation Sampling Techniques

Continuous air monitors (CAMs) sample air and alarm when concentration levels of radioactivity in air exceed preset alarm levels. The air concentrations through time are calculated based on accumulation sampling techniques. Accumulation air sampling is the process in which radioactive aerosol is continually deposited onto a collection medium and a radiation detector provides continuous measurements of the radioactivity on the filter. To assess the air concentration, time intervals are established for the counting and sampling times, and the measurement of concentration represents an average over the measurement interval. There are multiple methods that can be used to determine the concentration for the most recent measurement interval, and based on the method used, each can result in significantly different values for concentrations, associated uncertainties, and response times. We evaluate and compare several methods for determining air concentrations based on accumulation counting techniques. Further, we provide a real-life example of accumulation counting and the effects of compensating for background radiation in the context of monitoring for plutonium concentrations against a fluctuating radon progeny background. Results show the importance of selecting a method that provides for a balance of response time, measurement interval, background compensation technique, and uncertainty for optimal protection of workers.

Photothermal Spectroscopy Methods for Chemical Analysis

Absorption, Energy Transfer, and Excited-State Relaxation. Hydrodynamic Relaxation: Heat Transfer and Acoustics. Optical Principles for Photothermal Spectroscopy. Temperature Change and Optical Elements in Homogeneous Samples. Photothermal Spectroscopy in Homogeneous Samples. Analytical Measurement and Data Processing Considerations. Analytical Applications. Photothermal Spectroscopy of Heterogeneous Samples. Index.

Oscillation camera data processing: reflecting range and prediction of partiality. 2. Monochromatized synchrotron X-radiation from a singly bent triangular monochromator

Monochromated synchrotron X-radiation from a singly bent triangular perfect-crystal monochromator system, uniformly adapted at LURE, DORIS and the SRS, offers considerable improvement in exposure times for protein single-crystal oscillation photography with improved resolution of data and better signal to noise. There are important differences in the diffraction geometry with such a system compared to a conventional laboratory experimental arrangement. In particular, an asymmetric beam cross fire, a spectral bandwidth that is variable over a wide magnitude and a correlation between the direction of the incident ray and its photon wavelength. These new considerations considerably affect the data processing considerations in oscillation camera work since they affect the appropriate flagging of partial reflections. As in an earlier treatment for conventional sources [Greenhough & Helliwell (1982). J. Appl. Cryst. 15, 338–351], reflecting-range formulae are derived from first principles, leading to expressions from which partiality can be calculated. It is shown that the general equations for monochromated synchrotron X-radiation reduce to those for conventional sources when the characteristics of the former are removed. The often observed difference between spot sizes on opposite sides of the oscillation film, under certain conditions in the synchrotron case considered, is explained. At the Guinier position the equations reduce to those for a conventional source with asymmetric beam cross fire [Greenhough & Helliwell (1982). J. Appl. Cryst. 15, 338–351] with spots comparably placed on either side of the film showing no size difference due to the incident radiation. In view of the interest in the possibility of polychromatic single-crystal studies [Arndt, Greenhough, Helliwell, Howard, Rule & Thompson (1982). Nature (London). In the press] the vertical-rotation-axis equations are also derived. In both cases large differences in reflecting range, when working away from the Guinier position, are predicted for reflections identically placed except for the sense of horizontal displacement, with the elongated spots containing variable-wavelength information along their length. In order to find suitable values for use in the diffraction equations, the properties of the monochromator are discussed; this also leads to the conclusion that the full sampling of absorption-edge fine structure is feasible as demonstrated by Helliwell et al. [Acta Cryst. (1981). A37, C316].

Field analysis: A mathematical method of analysis for information handling processes

A general method of analysis, mathematical in nature, is proposed for the abstract study of information handling processes. The method is based on an extension of the field concept as used in physical sciences, and makes no reference to data processing considerations. Thus, theory and practice are neatly separated so that each can progress on its own, helped but unhindered by the other. The paper details the method proposed and illustrates it with a preliminary analysis of information processing for selective mailings of periodicals. The analysis leads to a set of equations from which the values of all the derived information fields can be rigorously calculated. The discussion at the end of the paper helps to relate the present work to research relevant to the specification, documentation, design, and implementation of computer-aided information processing systems.

Digital data processor for tracking the partially illuminated moon

A study of lunar tracking techniques and fabrication of a breadboard to assess the feasibility of the best technique selected was conducted to define a tracking system for observation of the sightline to the center of a partially illuminated moon. The data processing portion of the system is presented in detail and then described in general are the operation of the tracker head assembly for data readout, the operation of the entire system and the effect data processing considerations have on the design of the tracker system. The system basically consists of an optical sensor, digital computer and tracker drive mechanism. The three system units, connected in cascade, comprise the control loop. For this application, an optical telescope with a radial mechanical scanning mechanism was used that read out lunar sightline measurement information. This information is sequentially read into a special purpose digital computer that extracts the measurements and computes the error signals that drive the tracker to the appropriate attitude.

Digital data processing considerations in radar

The paper describes various aspects of radar processing techniques which are being studied in order to determine their effect on overall system performance. Many data extraction systems make decisions regarding the presence or absence of targets by comparing the amplitude of the envelope of the demodulator output with a threshold which depends usually on the prevailing noise level. Studies have been made to determine if this is an optimum procedure, by considering other functions of the demodulator output to be used in the detection process. Energy per unit time is a possible alternative as a detection parameter. Statistical methods are used to compare performance, involving the determination of probability distribution of the parameter used in the detection process. The distribution of some functions cannot be obtained by normal analytical methods; a computer method is described which determines an approximation to the required distribution from which an estimate of performance can be made. The use of sampling theory is indicated in the study of optimum sampling of the decision parameter and comparisons are made between equipment and performance of systems using the conventional sampling rate and systems using the value indicated by the sampling theory. The effect on performance of a digital integrator of quantizing the decision parameter into two or more levels is studied and compared with results using analogue waveforms.

Data Processing Considerations in the Handling of Medical Data

This paper examines the growing interest in data processing of medical data, exploring problems of machine design, problem formulation, and analysis. In addition, it discusses data-processing systems in relation to four basic medical-data-handling problem areas and their relation and interaction with equipment design, and reports that these problem areas are: clinical patient data, basic research, diagnosis, and medical-document retrieval. It also reports that any failure of the computer, at the present time, to provide required information is due to inability to feed it precise instructions on what it should do, and that results of further study will be reflected in improved equipment design. Finally, it concludes that the greatest problem is that of education-the necessity for engineers to understand medical problems better in order to design better equipment, and the necessity for the physician to know about the techniques and equipment of data processing.