Dictionary Data Research Articles

Development of a Children’s Educational Dictionary for a Low-Resource Language Using AI Tools

Today, various interactive tools or partially available artificial intelligence applications are actively used in educational processes to solve multiple problems for resource-rich languages, such as English, Spanish, French, etc. Unfortunately, the situation is different and more complex for low-resource languages, like Kazakh, Uzbek, Mongolian, and others, due to the lack of qualitative and accessible resources, morphological complexity, and the semantics of agglutinative languages. This article presents research on early childhood learning resources for the low-resource Kazakh language. Generally, a dictionary for children differs from classical educational dictionaries. The difference between dictionaries for children and adults lies in their purpose and methods of presenting information. A themed dictionary will make learning and remembering new words easier for children because they will be presented in a specific context. This article discusses developing an approach to creating a thematic children’s dictionary of the low-resource Kazakh language using artificial intelligence. The proposed approach is based on several important stages: the initial formation of a list of English words with the use of ChatGPT; identification of their semantic weights; generation of phrases and sentences with the use of the list of semantically related words; translation of obtained phrases and sentences from English to Kazakh, dividing them into bigrams and trigrams; and processing with Kazakh language POS pattern tag templates to adapt them for children. When the dictionary was formed, the semantic proximity of words and phrases to the given theme and age restrictions for children were taken into account. The formed dictionary phrases were evaluated using the cosine similarity, Euclidean similarity, and Manhattan distance metrics. Moreover, the dictionary was extended with video and audio data by implementing models like DALL-E 3, Midjourney, and Stable Diffusion to illustrate the dictionary data and TTS (Text to Speech) technology for the Kazakh language for voice synthesis. The developed thematic dictionary approach was tested, and a SUS (System Usability Scale) assessment of the application was conducted. The experimental results demonstrate the proposed approach’s high efficiency and its potential for wide use in educational purposes.

Термин «уздень» в северокавказском историческом контексте

The data of language dictionaries provide grounds for distinguishing two main historical meanings of the term “uzden”: 1) feudal nobility (uzden) and 2) personally free peasants (“uzden”). A methodologically important position for analyzing the existence of the term “uzden” in North Caucasian societies of the Middle Ages and modern times is the thesis on the need to separate the class origin and service status of princely vassals. The Mongolism “uzden”, borrowed into North Caucasian languages at different times and for various extralinguistic reasons, changed its semantics depending on the historical era and the social realities of a particular society. But ultimately, the diverse interpretations of the term “uzden” turn out to be closely related to the ideas of the eras under consideration about the idea of freedom.

SPELLING OF THE NOUN КОНТР-АДМИРАЛ IN THE HISTORY OF RUSSIAN WRITING

: The article is devoted to the problem of substantiating the hyphenation of the noun контр-адмирал in diachrony and modern writing. The purpose of the article is to establish the usual and codified spelling norms of this lexeme and to trace their dynamics. The usage is established by sampling on the material placed in the National Corpus of the Russian Language. In addition, the material of grammars and dictionaries of the 18th and 19th centuries is used: The Dictionary of the Russian Academy of the turn of the 18th–19th centuries in two editions, Dictionary of the Church Slavonic and Russian Language (1847), grammars by N.I. Grech (1827), A.Kh. Vostokov (1831), the Academic Grammar of 1849. Nouns beginning with контр- are not codified strongly enough in this period, but the tendency to hyphenate such words develops in the next century and persists to the present day. Obviously, it was originally supported by the tradition of using capital letters in the composition of words such as контр-адмирал. As the uppercase letters were eliminated here, the authors of the 1956 Rule put forward the idea of the semantic separateness of the hyphenated use of контр-, as opposed to the normative confluent use. In the 2020s, the newest academic IPS resource “Spelling Comments on the Russian Dictionary” made an unsuccessful attempt to explain the peculiarities of the spelling of the word контр-адмирал with the meaning ‘low’, which is not confirmed by dictionary data. Obviously, the retention of the hyphenated form of контр-адмирал is due to the orthographic tradition and the desire to isolate morphemes in writing.

Bish’: Bayat’ or Byt’? About the Origin of One Particle

The article attempts to establish the origin of a Russian particle bish’. The debatable nature of this issue is due to the divergence of researchers’ opinions about the generating basis: the data of etymological dictionaries refer to the development of this particle from the form of the 2nd person singular of the verb баять (баешь), while some studies indicate its origin from one of the preterites of the verb быти — the 3rd person plural aorist бѧше or the 3rd person singular imperfect. To achieve its goal, the article investigates the issues of the conditions for the occurrence of allegroforms and allegroforms in the aspect of phonetic patterns of the degree of stress of words. The paper compares etymological data and specifies the difference of verb forms of the past tense, in particular, within the framework of the destruction of past tenses system. The research material was the data of the National Corpus of the Russian language (pan-chronical corpus) and information from etymological and dialectological dictionaries. As a result, a hypothesis was proposed about the formation of the particle under study from a special form that appeared due to mixing the uses of aorist and imperfect, which was already characteristic of the 14th century. The appearance of the particle dates back to the 17th century, as evidenced by the data of dictionaries.

Избыточность лично-возвратного местоимения себя: к вопросу о небанальном грамматическом плеоназме

The article deals with the case of grammatical pleonasm, which involves the verbalization of the verbal position of the actant or localizer by the case forms of the personal reflexive pronoun self, which have a spatial or subject-object meaning. This phenomenon is widespread in modern usage (at least 50 verbs participate in it), in different types of discourse (journalistic, political, advertising, colloquial, literary, educational and scientific), in oral and written speech, but it is not comprehended in terms of “language norm” or “speech error”, although the data of explanatory dictionaries impose a ban on the duplicate use of the pronoun self with some verbs. The article proves the deficiency of such combinations based on the semantic analysis of verbs, as well as by means of grammatical transformation – changing the part of speech or word order, which serve as additional methods of error verification. Based on the analysis of semantics, the list of verbs (50 units) that form pleonastic collocations (55 units) with all members of the case paradigm (Genitive, Accusative, Dative, Ablative and Locative with or without a preposition) of the personal reflexive pronoun self was revealed. Pleonastic control is provoked mainly by transitive verbs with the meaning of “location” and “placement / movement of an object” (integrating it into something, or excluding it, joining it with something, collecting or eliminating), as well as the meaning of “possessing” or “obtaining”. In metaphorical contexts with these verbs, the pronoun self is also redundant. From the point of view of linguistic logic, semantics and existing dictionary stipulations, this phenomenon should be codified as a grammatical pleonasm.

Ile ojca, ile matki jest w polskiej ojczyźnie?

HOW MUCH OF A FATHER, HOW MUCH OF A MOTHER IS THERE IN THE POLISH OJCZYZNA [FATHERLAND]? ONCE AGAIN ABOUT THE ROLE OF ETYMOLOGICAL DATA IN THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE LINGUISTIC WORLDVIEW The author assumes that (1) etymological data are ethnolinguistically relevant, (2) the task of etymological research is to detect the original meaning of a word (to find the original semantic motivation) and to reach a world that disappeared, but, at the same time, remained a part of the present, (3) the focus of the research should shift from formal interests to broadly understood semantics (reconstruction of the conceptualization processes that accompany the nominations and of the linguistic image of the words hiding behind words). Based on this, the author undertakes the analysis of the names for the fatherland in the Polish language. To do this, she compares the Polish lexis and its onomasiological basis with the corresponding vocabulary of other Slavic languages. According to the author, studying the semantics of a whole group of words allows us to discover the basic cognitive situation, i.e. the generalized experience of a specific linguistic and cultural community. Using dictionary data and studies of the concept of the “fatherland” in Slavic languages, the author analyses the names related to the Polish concept of OJCZYZNA: lexical and semantic nests such as “ojczyzna i patria” [homeland and patria], “macierz [“motherland”], “państwo” [“state”] and “kraj” [country], and she extracts the underlying cultural “codes”: (1) kin and family, (2) home, (3) power and dominion, and (4) land. The author also shows the coherence of these codes and the image of the fatherland that emerges from them.

A normalization model for repeated letters in social media hate speech text based on rules and spelling correction.

As social media booms, abusive online practices such as hate speech have unfortunately increased as well. As letters are often repeated in words used to construct social media messages, these types of words should be eliminated or reduced in number to enhance the efficacy of hate speech detection. Although multiple models have attempted to normalize out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words with repeated letters, they often fail to determine whether the in-vocabulary (IV) replacement words are correct or incorrect. Therefore, this study developed an improved model for normalizing OOV words with repeated letters by replacing them with correct in-vocabulary (IV) replacement words. The improved normalization model is an unsupervised method that does not require the use of a special dictionary or annotated data. It combines rule-based patterns of words with repeated letters and the SymSpell spelling correction algorithm to remove repeated letters within the words by multiple rules regarding the position of repeated letters in a word, be it at the beginning, middle, or end of the word and the repetition pattern. Two hate speech datasets were then used to assess performance. The proposed normalization model was able to decrease the percentage of OOV words to 8%. Its F1 score was also 9% and 13% higher than the models proposed by two extant studies. Therefore, the proposed normalization model performed better than the benchmark studies in replacing OOV words with the correct IV replacement and improved the performance of the detection model. As such, suitable rule-based patterns can be combined with spelling correction to develop a text normalization model to correctly replace words with repeated letters, which would, in turn, improve hate speech detection in texts.

Linguistic Support of Information Systems and Processes

The article examines the process of dictionary data design, which are sets of lexical units with specific information about them. The methods for creating indexing and search dictionaries are described, which enable efficient organization of search in textual data using specialized indexes.

A Common Data Dictionary and Common Data Model for Additive Manufacturing

Additive manufacturing (AM) leverages emerging technologies and well-adopted processes to produce near-net-shape products. The advancement of AM technology requires data management tools to collect, store, and share information through the product development lifecycle and across the material and machine value chain. To address the need for sharing data among AM developers and practitioners, an AM common data dictionary (AM-CDD) was first developed based on community consensus to provide a common lexicon for AM, and later standardized by ASTM International. Following the AM-CDD work, the development of a common data model (AM-CDM) defining the structure and relationships of the key concepts, and terms in the AM-CDD is being developed. These efforts have greatly facilitated system integrations and AM data exchanges among various organizations. This work outlines the effort to create the AM-CDD and AM-CDM, with a focus on the design of the AM-CDM. Two use cases are provided to demonstrate the adoption of these efforts and the interoperability enabled by the AM-CDM for different engineering applications managed by different types of database technology. In these case studies, the AM-CDM is implemented in two distinct formats to curate AM data from NIST—the first in XML from their additive manufacturing material database and the second in OWL from their 2022 AM bench database. These use cases present the power of the AM-CDM for data representation, querying, and seamless data exchange. Our implementation experiences and some challenges are highlighted that can assist others in future adoptions of the AM-CDM for data integration and data exchange applications.

The word kurtina (English curtain wall/clump): history and modernity

The article discusses the main stages of analysing the agnonym kurtina ( curtain wall/clump). An agnonymis a lexical unit unfamiliar to native speakers. Words from Russian classical literature often become agnonymsfor modern youth who just skip unfamiliar lexemes while reading texts. Thus, such lexical units do not enrich schoolchildren’s vocabulary and remain incomprehensible and unrecognis able in other contexts. Drawing on the example of working with the agnonym kurtina when studying other unknown/forgotten units, the authors suggest using a linguistic questionnaire to identify unfamiliar words. Additionally, we recommend employing dictionary data and contexts obtained from the Russian National Corpus in order to trace the semantic transformation of these lexemes. While working with the word kurtina in Russian language classes, we were able to assume that the lexical status of this word changed at the beginning of the 21st century. One of its meanings has ceased to be obsolete passing into the layer of general professional vocabulary.

Words Expressing Positive Human Emotions in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Novel by Mark Twain’s

The language of emotions has infinite possibilities for conveying the subtlest shades of feelings, for evaluating what is happening through sensory experience, for influencing the addressee of the message and for self-expression. Indeed, it is difficult to imagine a human speech devoid of emotional and sensual component, regardless of what culture and language it is a native speaker. The high coefficient of the emotional component in the linguistic canvas of the cultural picture of the world of any nation is evidenced, in particular, by the data of explanatory dictionaries, the pages of which abound with emotionally colored vocabulary. The article reviews words expressing positive emotions in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Novel by Mark Twain’s.

Predecessor on the Ultra-Wide Word RAM

We consider the predecessor problem on the ultra-wide word RAM model of computation, which extends the word RAM model with ultrawords consisting of w2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$w^2$$\\end{document} bits (TAMC, 2015). The model supports arithmetic and boolean operations on ultrawords, in addition to scattered memory operations that access or modify w (potentially non-contiguous) memory addresses simultaneously. The ultra-wide word RAM model captures (and idealizes) modern vector processor architectures. Our main result is a simple, linear space data structure that supports predecessor in constant time and updates in amortized, expected constant time. This improves the space of the previous constant time solution that uses space in the order of the size of the universe. Our result holds even in a weaker model where ultrawords consist of w1+ϵ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$w^{1+\\epsilon }$$\\end{document} bits for any ϵ>0\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\epsilon > 0 $$\\end{document}. It is based on a new implementation of the classic x-fast trie data structure of Willard (Inform Process Lett 17(2):81–84, https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-0190(83)90075-3, 1983) combined with a new dictionary data structure that supports fast parallel lookups.

ЧУВСТВО ЛЮБВИ В МЕТАФОРИЧЕСКОМ ПРОСТРАНСТВЕ РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА: ОСНОВНЫЕ ПРОЕКЦИИ И МОДЕЛИ

The authors analyze the metaphorical representation of love basing their observations on dictionary data. The object of the study is the metaphorical lexicon of love (249 items, 37% of the total amount of words related to the semantics of love). The subject of the study is the regular metaphorical mappings of the feeling of love and their categorization in relation to the source domain, which serves as a basis for further classification of metaphorical models (M-models). The goal of the study is to identify metaphorical mappings of the feeling of love, to define the structure of denotative ideographic spheres and groups that fill the position of the source domain and form the metaphorical representation of love. The authors suggest an analysis algorithm that consists of the following steps: 1) collection of the corpus of love metaphors; 2) categorization of the words with metaphorical meanings; 3) identification of the core M-models and regular metaphorical mappings; 4) statistical description of the M-models in the “field” format; 5) interpretation of the metaphorical representation of love. The authors conducted paradigmatic analysis of the thematic groups serving as the source domain of the metaphors of love and identified 10 metaphorical mappings on the supercategorical level and 44 M-models on the level of basic categories. As a result, the structure of the metaphorical space has been arranged with regards to the priorities of the metaphorical mappings, and the inventory of the M-models has been itemized. The metaphorical space of love is demonstrated to be polycentric, with the bulk of it being formed by the lexical groups belonging to the denotative spheres of “Concrete Physical Activity”, “Inanimate Nature”, “Public and State”, “Animate Nature”, “Supernatural”. The lexical content of the M-models demonstrates the priorities of filling specific fragments of the metaphorical representation of love.

THE SYSTEM OF INTERJECTIONS IN THE LUDIK DIALECT OF THE KARELIAN LANGUAGE: A CLASSIFICATION EXPERIENCE

At present, the study of the languages of indigenous peoples, which are under the threat of extinction, is relevant. The language of Karelians-Ludiks is poorly studied both from the point of view of grammar and lexical composition. The purpose of this study is to systematize the interjections in the Ludik dialect of the Karelian language. In the process of work, in addition to general scientific empirical (observation, comparison, description) and theoretical research methods (familiarization with the material, hypotheses, assessment of the validity of the assumption, hypothesis testing), general logical methods and methods concretizing them (induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, generalization, analogy, systemic and structural approaches) were used. The study was carried out using the method of functional-semantic description. The scientific novelty and theoretical significance of the work is due to the fact that the authors of the article for the first time carried out a classification of interjections in the Ludik dialect of the Karelian language based on the data of Karelian grammars and dictionaries. Two groups of interjections - emotional and imperative - are distinguished and accompanied by vocables and glossing, the narrowing of the typology of interjections traditional for Karelian grammars is substantiated, a conclusion is made about the primitive and borrowed nature of Ludik interjective discursive words.

WIND: Semantics of the Symbol in Boris Pasternak’s Novel “Doctor Zhivago”

The study was conducted at the intersection of semiotics, linguoculturology and linguopoetics of the text and is devoted to one of the urgent issues - the identification, semantic description and linguistic representation of one of the significant symbols of national mythological thinking - WIND. The purpose of the study is to present a model of the symbolic structure of the symbol WIND and to consider its linguistic transformation in the novel «Doctor Zhivago». The main research method is a semantic-semiotic description of the symbolic structure of the symbol WIND in the categories of signifier A and signified B. By symbol’s semantics we mean the peculiarities of its linguistic embodiment and, as a consequence, the emergence of the author’s transformation of the general cultural symbolic code of a word. The signifier of the symbol - the sensual image of the air flow - in the text can be semanticized both by the words wind, blizzard, storm, etc., and by different syntactic constructions. The signified is a number of symbolic meanings which have developed in the culture of the people as a result of the mythological identification of the air element of nature and man. As a result of the study, five symbolic meanings were found, for the objectification of which dictionary data and folklore texts were used: 1) WIND→SPIRIT, SOUL, 2) WIND→ BIRTH AND DEATH OF A PERSON, 3) WIND→WORD, MESSAGE, 4) WIND→EVIL, MAGIC, 5) WIND→LIFE. In the text, each of these general cultural meanings is transformed into a system of events and characters of the novel. So, the second meaning is represented by four variants of the signified: ‘death of Zhivago’s mother’, ‘birth of a son’, ‘death of Antipov’, ‘death of Yuri Zhivago’. The most frequent in the representation of the two-component structure of the symbol are ascending gradation series, indicating the growth of wind power and its transformation into rain or blizzard. At the same time, a gradation series of words unfolds, conveying the dynamics of the psychological or physical state of the hero. The symbolic meaning is often actualized with the help of other symbols whose signified duplicates the wind symbol. The result of the study is the conclusion about the ambivalent nature of the symbol WIND, which occurs at key moments in the of Yuri Zhivago’s life. The wind is life itself in its mystical understanding like immortality.

Репрезентация внешности мужчины номинацией «дядя» в современном русском языке

The aim of the study is to identify the semantic and pragmatic features of the representation of a man’s appearance by the naming unit дядя ‘uncle’ in modern Russian. The scientific novelty of the paper consists in an attempt to present the features of implementation of the lexico-semantic variant ‘an unrelated male with certain physical characteristics’ of the word ‘uncle’ to create a complete lexicographic portrait of the word дядя based on a systemic integral approach involving the language material of the Russian National Corpus. As a result, it has been found that the specified lexico-semantic variant of the word дядя shows a low frequency in modern Russian, it was most actively used in the 1930s. In the composition of the considered lexico-semantic variant, there are three semes: ‘height’, ‘physique’ and ‘strength’, this variant in most cases is realised with the help of their combinations, the most frequent one being ‘height’ + ‘physique’. Dictionary data is not always supported by language material: the attribute сильный ‘strong’ proposed by most dictionaries shows a low frequency in the language material. The implementation of the lexico-semantic variant under consideration always occurs explicitly with the help of lexical, stylistic, grammatical (morphological (affixation) and syntactic (parcelling)) and punctuation (commas between the attributes that the author considers homogeneous) means.

THE HISTORY OF THE BOUND ROOT *MЪK

This article is devoted to the problem of the formation of vocabulary with the bound root (radixoid) *mъk. The purpose of the article is to identify a set of reasons that together led to the emergence of this radixoid. The basis for the study was the data of historical and etymological dictionaries, as well as the data of The National Corpus of the Russian language. As a result of the study, the facts of de-etymologization were revealed, the reasons that led to semantic shifts were substantiated. In the course of the evolution of this group of vocabulary, the split of the once unified etymological family of this word into several word-formation families. Not all units of these formations have preserved semantic unity among themselves. However, some families with the radixoid *mъk can be united on the principle of commonality of meaning.

Compiling an Arabic-English Transport Dictionary through Corpus Linguistic Methods

This research aims to compile an Arabic-English Transport Dictionary through Corpus Linguistic Methods. This dictionary is intended for general learners. Types of qualitative descriptive research and this research used a discourse analysis. This research used a discourse analysis of secondary data. The source of the data involved dictionary data from Arabic websites containing Arabic and English terms in the field of transportation, namely ootlah.com, and tostpost.com. The data collection technique was through discovering synonyms or similar Arabic and English words in the ootlah.com and tostpost.com. Then, collecting the terms related to transportation. After that, combine them into a table and sort by alphabetical letter. When the vocabulary has been combined, then eliminate the similar vocabulary and move it to the document work page according to the alphabet. The results obtained from this study revealed the vocabulary that was previously collected with a total of 600, then eliminated to around 460 Arabic vocabulary in the field of transportation, with eighteen different links from two websites of ootlah.com and tostpost.com produced by the author. In conclusion, the Arabic-English Transport Dictionary has been well arranged through Corpus Linguistics Methods.

Folk Illusions in The Dictionary of American Regional English: Text, Context, and a Triangulation Method for Cognitive Folkloristics

We examine The Dictionary of American Regional English as a possible source for folk illusion data. Recognizing a known children’s folklore trick, ‘Jack and Jim’, as a folk illusion, we investigate the nature of the change blindness illusion featured in the form as we describe the benefits of our interdisciplinary triangulation methods for cognitive folkloristics. Ultimately, we argue that studies of decontextualized folklore texts (such as dictionary data) are bolstered by the implied contexts of shared embodied processes.

Celestial amplitudes in an ambidextrous basis

We start by constructing a conformally covariant improvement of the celestial light transform which keeps track of the mixing between incoming and outgoing states under finite Lorentz transformations in ℝ2,2. We then compute generic 2, 3 and 4-point celestial amplitudes for massless external states in the ambidextrous basis prepared by composing this SL(2, ℝ) intertwiner with the usual celestial map between momentum and boost eigenstates. The results are non-distributional in the celestial coordinates (z, overline{z} ) and conformally covariant in all scattering channels. Finally, we focus on the tree level 4-gluon amplitude where we present a streamlined route to the ambidextrous correlator based on Grassmannian formulae and examine its alpha space representation. In the process, we gain insights into the operator dictionary and CFT data of the holographic dual.