Data Of Smokers Research Articles

Acoustic and Auditory-Perceptual Analysis of Voice in the Female Smokers Who Do Not Have Self-Reported Voice Complaint

Smoking affects the voice quality and the previous studies presented higher Voice Handicap Index (VHI) scores, and abnormal acoustic data in smokers. However, there is no study revealing any voice parameter indicating incipient damage in voice functionality. The studies documented that the adverse effects of smoking on phonatory function were higher in females than males and further the prevalence of smoking among females tends to increase. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of smoking on the acoustic and auditory-perceptual analysis of the speaking voice in female smokers who scored the VHI-10 scale as grade 0 (absent), and thus to look for a criterion for incipient vocal damage of smoking. The study group composed of 22 female smokers and 22 female nonsmokers between the ages of 18 and 55 years. The acoustic parameters (mean F0, jitter local [%], jitter local abs, jitter rap, jitter ppq, shimmer local [%], shimmer local [dB], shimmer apq3, shimmer apq5, shimmer apq11, and mean HNR) and the GRBAS scale were analyzed in all subjects. No significant difference observed between the smoker and nonsmokers groups in acoustic voice analysis. It was seen that the smokers presented a small but significant increase in the Strain parameter of the GRBAS scale while there was no significant difference in the Grade, Roughness, Breathiness, and Asthenia parameters between the study groups. The results of this study indicate that increase in Strain could be considered as an early data in the smokers without voice complaints. However, our data declared that conventional acoustic perturbation analysis did not reveal incipient Strain in voice.

Concentrations of selected monohydroxy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons across various stages of glomerular function

The objective of this study was to evaluate the variabilities in the concentrations of selected monohydroxy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAH) in urine across various stages of glomerular function. Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for US adult smokers (N = 3125) and nonsmokers (N = 6793) were selected for analysis to meet the objectives of the study. OH-PAHs selected for analysis were as follows: 1-hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydroxyfluorene, 3-hydroxyfluorene, 9-hydroxyfluorene, 1-hydroxyphenanthrene, 2-hydroxyphenanthrene, 3-hydroxyphenanthrene, and 1-hydroxypyrene. Stages of glomerular function (GF) considered were as follows: hyperfiltrators (GF-1A, eGFR ≥ 110mL/min/1.73m2), normal filtrators (GF-1B, 90 < eGFR < 110mL/min/1.73m2), GF-2 (60 ≤ eGFR < 90mL/min/1.73m2), GF-3A (45 ≤ eGFR < 60mL/min/1.73m2), and GF-3B/4 (15 ≤ eGFR < 45mL/min/1.73m2). For the analysis of data for smokers, however, data for GF-3A and GF-3B/4 were merged because of small sample sizes for these GF stages for smokers. Among nonsmokers, (i) there was almost a straight-line decrease in adjusted concentrations of 2-hydroxyfluorene, 3-hydroxyfluorene, 9-hydroxyfluorene, 1-hydroxyphenanthrene, 2-hydroxyphenanthrene, 3-hydroxyphenanthrene, and 1-hydroxypyrene over GF-1A through GF-3B/4; (ii) concentrations of these OH-PAHs at GF-3B/4 varied from being 37.5% for 1-hydroxypyrene to being 87% for 9-hydroxyfluorene of what they were at GF-1A; and (iii) while concentrations of 1-hydroxynaphthalene were located on an inverted U-shaped curve, concentrations of 2-hydroxynaphthalene were located on a U-shaped curve with pints of inflections at GF-3A. Among smokers, concentrations of all nine OH-PAHs in urine were located on inverted U-shaped curves with points of inflections located at GF-2 and concentrations of these OH-PAHs at GF-3/4 varied from being 48.7% for 1-hydroxypyrene to being 116.1% for 9-hydroxyfluorene of what they were at GF-1A. The kidneys differ in how they process urinary metabolites of PAHs among smokers and nonsmokers.

Factors associated with future intentions to use personal vaporisers among those with some experience of vaping.

Introduction and Aims. Personal vaporisers (PV), including e‐cigarettes, may be a harm reduction strategy for tobacco control. This study aims to identify factors associated with future intentions to vape among smokers and ex‐smokers in Australia and the UK. Design and Methods. Cross‐sectional data of smokers and ex‐smokers (n = 1199, mean age = 45.3 years, 44.8% male), collected in 2014/2015 and divided into four subgroups: smoking past vapers (SPV), smoking vapers (SV), ex‐smoking past vapers (ESPV) and ex‐smoking vapers (ESV), from the International Tobacco Control Australia and UK surveys were analysed by using regression models. Results. Higher vaping satisfaction increased vaping intentions for all groups except ESPV. Perceiving PVs as less harmful predicted intentions to vape for all groups except ESV. The importance of PVs for stopping smoking predicted lower intentions to continue vaping for SV, but higher intentions to initiate vaping for SPV. The importance of PVs for cutting down smoking was a positive predictor only for SPV. Among ex‐smokers, importance for maintaining not smoking was a positive predictor for ESPV, but not for ESV. The importance of perceiving vapour being less harmful also depended on vaping status for ex‐smokers. The only country interaction was that only in the UK was perceiving PVs as less harmful associated with intention among SPV. Discussion and Conclusion. Factors influencing intentions vary by smoking and/or vaping status, with greater differences between the ex‐smoker subgroups. This is consistent with PVs being seen as a way of managing smoking, rather than something that has intrinsic value, for all except the ex‐smoking vapers. [Ma BH, Yong H‐H, Borland R, McNeill A, Hitchman SC. Factors associated with future intentions to use personal vaporisers among those with some experience of vaping. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017;00:000–000]

Educational differences in the impact of pictorial cigarette warning labels on smokers: findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Europe surveys

ObjectiveTo examine (1) the impact of pictorial cigarette warning labels on changes in self-reported warning label responses: warning salience, cognitive responses, forgoing cigarettes and avoiding warnings, and (2) whether these...

A mixed phenotype of airway wall thickening and emphysema is associated with dyspnea and hospitalization for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Quantitative computed tomography (CT) has been used to phenotype patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A mixed phenotype is defined as the presence of both airway wall thickening and emphysema on quantitative CT. Little is known about patients with COPD with the mixed phenotype. To propose a method of phenotyping COPD based on quantitative CT and to compare clinically relevant outcomes between patients with COPD with the mixed phenotype and those with other CT-based phenotypes. Each of 427 male smokers (187 without COPD, 240 with COPD) underwent a complete medical interview, pulmonary function testing, and whole-lung CT on the same day. The percentage of low-attenuation volume at the threshold of -950 Hounsfield units (%LAV) and the square root of wall area of a hypothetical airway with an internal perimeter of 10 mm (Pi10) were measured. Patients with COPD were classified into four distinct phenotypes based on the upper limits of normal for %LAV and Pi10, which were derived from the data of smokers without COPD by using quantile regression. Of 240 patients with COPD, 52 (21.7%) were classified as CT-normal phenotype, 39 (16.3%) as airway-dominant phenotype, 103 (42.9%) as emphysema-dominant phenotype, and 46 (19.2%) as mixed phenotype. Patients with COPD with the mixed phenotype were associated with more severe dyspnea than those with each of the remaining CT-based phenotypes (P < 0.01 for all comparisons). The number of hospitalizations for COPD exacerbations during the preceding year was 2.0 to 3.6 times higher in patients with the mixed phenotype than in those with each of the remaining CT-based phenotypes (P < 0.05 for all comparisons). Findings persisted after adjustment for age, pack-years of smoking, smoking status, body mass index, and FEV1. Patients with COPD with the mixed phenotype are associated with more severe dyspnea and more frequent hospitalizations than those with each of the remaining CT-based phenotypes. Thus, patients with COPD with the mixed phenotype may need more attention and interventions.

Abstract 13531: Weight Gain after Smoking Cessation Doesn’t Matter

Background: Although smoking cessation reduces mortality, weight gain is concerned because it may weaken the benefit of quitting. All-cause mortality of quitters according to weight change after smoking cessation was compared to that of smokers. Methods: Among subjects who received annual health checkups from 1997 through 2013 in Moriguchi City, Osaka, Japan, 5,204 subjects were extracted who were smokers at the first time they received the checkup and had 3 consecutive annual checkups. Of those, smokers were defined who reported smoking at all 3 consecutive checkups. Quitters were defined who reported smoking at the first checkup but not smoking at the second and the third checkups of a 3 consecutive checkups. Smokers who reported not smoking and quitters who reported smoking at any checkups after the 3 consecutive checkups used for the definition were excluded. The oldest 3 consecutive checkups were used as clinical and follow-up data of smokers. The 3 consecutive checkups in which a subject met the criteria of quitters were used as clinical and follow-up data of quitters. Weight change was assessed between the first and the second checkups of the 3 consecutive checkups. According to weight change, quitters were divided into 3 groups; no weight gain (n=362), weight gain no more than 2 kg (n=458) and weight gain more than 2 kg (n=485). All-cause mortality of 3 groups was compared to smokers using multivariate proportional hazards regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidemia. Results: There were 2803 smokers and 1,305 quitters. Mean age was 54±15 years with 65% of men. There were 449 deaths during 9.7±4.7 years (median 9.8 years) follow-up. Mean weight was 59.9±11.0 kg and mean number of checkups the subjects received was 8.0±4.3 times. Compared to smokers, quitters of no weight gain group (relative risk (RR)=0.66, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.47-0.93, p=0.0164), weight gain no more than 2 kg group (RR=0.51, 95%CI=0.36-0.71, p&lt;0.0001), and weight gain more than 2 kg group (RR=0.74, 95%CI=0.55-0.99, p=0.0426) had significantly lower mortality. Conclusions: Quitters had significantly lower mortality than smokers regardless of weight change after smoking cessation.

Comparative Analysis of Smoking Impact on Health of Smokers and Non-Smokers of Quetta City Dwellers

Cigarette smoking is an addictive and destructive behavior and it can cause serious health problems and most important preventable cause of death in the world. In the present study using questionnaire data of smokers (n = 323) and non-smokers (n=218)from the patients in the Out Patients Department (OPD) of civil hospital Quetta was collected. Based on smoking history, the study population was categorized into smokers (<25 cigarettes/day), and non-smokers while smokers were further subdivided into three sub-categories based on their ages: up to 35, up to 50, and above 50. The results depicts that the mean hemoglobin (Hb) levels of smokers and non-smokers were 15.9+0.4g/L and 12.6+0.5g/L respectively, which increased progressively with the number of cigarettes consumed per day. It was observed that 0%, 53.11% and 68.92 were suffering from Chest diseases in group 1, 2 and 3 respectively. In case of high blood pressure population belonging to group 1 and 2 showed greater percentage while group 3 showed lower percentage. Increase in the percentage of heart diseases with age and smoking habit was also observed in all three groups which were prominent in group 3. The present study confirms that the smoking had severe effects on health of the smokers causing lungs and heart diseases. Furthermore, the implications could be made that 60% of the total population is smokers which are the indicator in increase attitude of community towards smoking despite many initiative of declaring smoking as taboo by government and tradition of the area.

A Standardized Transcutaneous Electric Acupoint Stimulation for Relieving Tobacco Urges in Dependent Smokers

The efficacy of acupuncture in smoking cessation, and its effect on the urge to smoke are unclear. We evaluated the effect of a standardized protocol of transcutaneous electric acupoint stimulations (TEAS) on alleviating the urge to smoke. Ninety-eight smokers were recruited in two double-blind studies. Participants abstained from smoking for 26 h, and were randomized to receive TEAS alternating between 2 and 100 Hz at four acupoints (LI4 and PC8, PC6 and TE5) at four different intensities (10, 5, Intermittent 5 or 0 mA). The urge to smoke was assessed by the Questionnaire of Smoking Urges (QSU-Brief). In Experiment 1, the 10 mA group (n = 20) was compared with the 5 mA group (n = 20); the increase in smoking urges did not differ significantly. Considering the possibility that 5 mA may be an active intervention, in Experiment 2, a true placebo (0 mA), and a proxy of placebo [Intermittent 5 mA (i5 mA)] were compared with 10 mA TEAS. In this experiment, 10 mA (n = 20) TEAS showed a tendency to alleviate smoking urges compared with 0 mA (n = 16), and i5 mA (n = 19) TEAS. Only when the data of smokers with Fagerstöm Test for Nicotine Dependence score ≥5 were analyzed that the difference between the 10 mA group and the control group (0 and i5 mA) became significant. Based on these preliminary findings, we conclude that TEAS applied on the skin may antagonize the increase in urge to smoke in abstinent-dependent smokers. It seems warranted to assess the efficacy of TEAS in smoking cessation clinical trials involving a larger population of dependent smokers.

Varenicline in smoking cessation

Varenicline, an α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, is the newest drug in the armamentarium of tobacco-addiction treatment. Improved smoking quit rates with varenicline are seen in comparison with other pharmacotherapies or behavioral treatments alone. Efficacy, tolerability and safety have been demonstrated in healthy smokers and in smokers with cardiovascular or pulmonary comorbidity, as well as in smokeless tobacco users. Varenicline is started 1 week before a target quit date, uptitrated to 1 mg twice daily, and continued for 12–24 weeks. Post-marketing reports have led to labeling changes to monitor patients for change in behavior, hostility, agitation, depressed mood and suicide-related events. Varenicline’s pharmacological profile does not clearly explain an association with these adverse events. A review of placebo-controlled studies found that varenicline was not associated with self-reported neuropsychiatric symptoms, with the exception of sleep disorders. Data in smokers with psychiatric problems are limited.

Subjective and Autonomic Responses to Smoking-Related Visual Cues

Nicotine, like several other abused drugs, is known to act on the reward system in the brain. Smoking-associated cues produce smoking urges and cravings accompanied by autonomic dysfunction to these cues in smokers. The present study was aimed at investigating whether cues related to smoking elicit the autonomic response in smokers. The subjective and physiological reactivity of 7 smokers and 12 nonsmokers in a supine position to smoking-related visual cues was assessed under indirect dim light using a self-assessment manikin and a specially designed pupillometer. The experimental procedure consisted of the elicitation and measurement of pupil size (PS) while the subjects viewed a smoking image and images from three valence-defined categories (i.e., pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral), based on normative affective ratings selected from the International Affective Picture System. Both groups produced significantly larger PS increases in response to pleasant or unpleasant images compared to neutral images. Smokers, viewing smoking-related visual cues but no other affective images, produced significantly larger PS's compared to nonsmokers. Moreover, smokers rated the smoking image with more pleasure and arousal than nonsmokers. These findings suggest that cues related to smoking induce not only a subjective emotional alteration, but also sympathetic activation, measured by the time-series PS data in smokers.

Influences of Intermittent Anaerobic Exercise Program on Physical Fitness and Plasma Lactate, Oxidant and Anti-oxidant Status in Smokers and Non-smokers Judo Players.

Background: There is evidence of smoking’s negative impact and physical activity’s positive impact on long-term health. However, evidences regarding the association between smoking and exercise activity and the independent effects of these factors on antioxidant defense are lacking. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between smoking and the intermittent anaerobic exercise on the physical fitness, oxidant and antioxidant status in Judo player. Methods: Twenty male Judo player student from Department of Physical Education Al- Azhar University were enrolled in the study. They were of 2 groups, Non-smokers (NS) and smokers (SM). Both groups were subjected to regular Judo training program (2 hours/day, 3 sessions/week for 12 weeks). Also, both groups were subjected to an effort test (running of submaximal intensity until exhaustion ) and record of the maximum oxygen capacity (VO2max) using an ergometric bicycle. Heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure (MBP) were recorded and blood samples were taken pre and post-effort test for determination of malondialdehyde (MDA),total antioxidant capacity (TAC), uric acid (Ua) and lactate (La) in the plasma. Also the time to exhaustion was recorded during the effort test. These measures were performed pre and post the training program. Results: At rest the pre-program data of SM showed significantly higher H.R., and plasma MDA ,and significantly lower TAC with tendency to increase in MBP and La levels, and decrease in VO2max, and Ua levels compared to NS. Before program and in response to acute exercise SM showed significantly higher H.R, MDA and La levels with significantly lower TAC, Ua and time to exhaustion compared to NS. On the other hand, after the program and in response to acute exercise, SM showed more pronounced significantly higher HR, MBP, MDA and La with significantly lower VO2max, time to exhaustion and TAC with insignificant changes in the Ua compared to the NS that showed significant increase in the Ua levels with insignificant changes in the MDA, TAC and the La levels in response to acute exercise. In response to the training program, SM showed significantly higher HR, MBP, MDA and La levels, with significantly lower VO2max, time to exhaustion, and TAC, and insignificant changes in the Ua levels compared to NS. Conclusion: We conclude that cigarette smoking has a significant detrimental effects on cardiovascular fitness, physical endurance, TAC and lipid peroxidation that all worsened by the intermittent anaerobic exercise. On the contrary , this type of training is beneficial in nonsmokers. Also we demonstrated that smoking prevent the beneficial effects of exercise , so smoking should be avoided in Judo players. Smokers should be given strong encouragement to stop smoking and to improve physical fitness.

Influences of Intermittent Anaerobic Exercise Program on Physical Fitness and Plasma Lactate, Oxidant and Anti-oxidant Status in Smokers and Non-smokers Judo Players.

Background: There is evidence of smoking’s negative impact and physical activity’s positive impact on long-term health. However, evidences regarding the association between smoking and exercise activity and the independent effects of these factors on antioxidant defense are lacking. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between smoking and the intermittent anaerobic exercise on the physical fitness, oxidant and antioxidant status in Judo player. Methods: Twenty male Judo player student from Department of Physical Education Al- Azhar University were enrolled in the study. They were of 2 groups, Non-smokers (NS) and smokers (SM). Both groups were subjected to regular Judo training program (2 hours/day, 3 sessions/week for 12 weeks). Also, both groups were subjected to an effort test (running of submaximal intensity until exhaustion ) and record of the maximum oxygen capacity (VO2max) using an ergometric bicycle. Heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure (MBP) were recorded and blood samples were taken pre and post-effort test for determination of malondialdehyde (MDA),total antioxidant capacity (TAC), uric acid (Ua) and lactate (La) in the plasma. Also the time to exhaustion was recorded during the effort test. These measures were performed pre and post the training program. Results: At rest the pre-program data of SM showed significantly higher H.R., and plasma MDA ,and significantly lower TAC with tendency to increase in MBP and La levels, and decrease in VO2max, and Ua levels compared to NS. Before program and in response to acute exercise SM showed significantly higher H.R, MDA and La levels with significantly lower TAC, Ua and time to exhaustion compared to NS. On the other hand, after the program and in response to acute exercise, SM showed more pronounced significantly higher HR, MBP, MDA and La with significantly lower VO2max, time to exhaustion and TAC with insignificant changes in the Ua compared to the NS that showed significant increase in the Ua levels with insignificant changes in the MDA, TAC and the La levels in response to acute exercise. In response to the training program, SM showed significantly higher HR, MBP, MDA and La levels, with significantly lower VO2max, time to exhaustion, and TAC, and insignificant changes in the Ua levels compared to NS. Conclusion: We conclude that cigarette smoking has a significant detrimental effects on cardiovascular fitness, physical endurance, TAC and lipid peroxidation that all worsened by the intermittent anaerobic exercise. On the contrary , this type of training is beneficial in nonsmokers. Also we demonstrated that smoking prevent the beneficial effects of exercise , so smoking should be avoided in Judo players. Smokers should be given strong encouragement to stop smoking and to improve physical fitness.

Estimating lung cancer risk with exposure to environmental tobacco smoke.

Estimates of lung cancer in nonsmokers due to exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in the workplace or in the home may be developed in several ways. Estimates may be based on (italic)a(/italic)) models developed using the full range of data in smokers; (italic)b(/italic)) models developed using data restricted to smokers with a low smoking rate, for example, (3/4) 10 cigarettes per day; (italic)c(/italic)) models developed using data from studies of residential exposure to ETS of nonsmokers, with exposures based on smoking rates of spouses; and (italic)d(/italic)) models using data from studies of occupational exposure to ETS of nonsmokers. Methods (italic)a(/italic) and (italic)b(/italic) require an estimate of cigarette equivalent exposure for ETS as well as assumptions on the cigarette equivalent dose to target cells from ETS and on the comparability of lung cancer risk per unit dose from smokers and nonsmokers. Summary relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) from ETS studies of nonsmokers with exposures based on smoking patterns of spouses are 1.24 (1.1, 1.4) for females and 1.34 (1.0, 1.8) for males, whereas the RR estimate for occupational ETS exposure and its 95% CI is 1.39 (1.2, 1.7). Using RR estimates for ETS exposure, cigarette equivalents for ETS range from 0.1 to 1.0, based on a range of descriptive and biologically motivated models in active smokers; a cigarette equivalent is 0.2 based on a comparison of log-linear trends in RR with number of cigarettes smoked per day in active smokers and in spouses of nonsmokers.

Comparison of whole blood selenium values and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activities of normal individuals on supplementation with selenate, selenite,l-selenomethionine, and high selenium yeast

The selenium levels and the glutathione peroxidase activity GSH-PX of whole blood and of erythrocytes, respectively, were determined in 139 normal Danes and related to sex and smoking habits. No differences were found in relation to sex apart from a higher GSH-PX activity of females when assayed with tertiary butyl hydroperoxide. Smokers showed significantly lower selenium values than non-smokers (p less than 0.05), but the two groups had identical GSH-PX activities. Individuals from the above-mentioned group were divided into four groups, receiving daily oral doses of 200 micrograms of selenium in the form of selenite, selenate, L-selenomethionine, and selenium as contained in yeast. Whole blood selenium values and the erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activities were determined during three months of supplementation followed by a withdrawal period of four months. Both the inorganic selenium compounds and the organic derivatives gave rise to steady state levels of GSH-PX after one month of supplementation. However, the selenium levels in the groups receiving organic selenium showed a steady rise during the whole period, whereas those supplemented with inorganic selenium leveled off after a period of one to three months. The data for smokers and nonsmokers revealed identical results when organic selenium was supplemented. However, selenite gave rise to significantly higher selenium levels and GSH-PX activities in smokers than in non-smokers. Less significant (p less than 0.08) elevations of both parameters were also observed among the smokers in the selenate group. By taking both the selenium level and the GSH-PX activity into consideration, organic selenium (i.e., L-(+) selenomethionine) was judged to be more bioavailable than selenite and selenate.

Reproducibility of spirometric measurements in normal subjects.

Several reports have described the reproducibility of measurement of the vital capacity in man (1-5), but with the exception of a study by Griffith and co-workers ( 4), the observations have not extended more than a few weeks. Similar data exist for the maximal voluntary ventilation (3, 6-8) and maximal midexpiratory flow rate (9) also based on observations a few hours or days apart. None of these studies has compared the reproducibility of spirometric data in smokers and nonsmokers. In this clinic, routine spirograms were done at intervals of 6 months to 4 years in a group of normal industrial workers exposed to low concentrations of beryllium. These figures were analyzed to determine the long-term reproducibility of the various spirometric measurements.