Data Extraction Stage Research Articles

The anatomy of the common iliac artery: a meta-analysis based on 5785 cases

AbstractThe common iliac arteries (CIA) are the main finals branches of the abdominal aorta. The aim of the present meta-analysis was to demonstrate the most up-to-date and evidence-based data regarding the general anatomy of the CIAs, including their length, take-off angles, and diameters. PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were searched to find all studies considering the anatomy of the CIA. Eligibility assessment and data extraction stages were performed. The results of the measurements in a total of 5785 patients were evaluated and included in the statistical analysis. The prevalence of the origin variations of the CIA has been evaluated. CIA was found to most commonly originate at the level of L4 vertebrae with a pooled prevalence of 59.49% (95% CI 48.00–70.50%). The overall mean length of the CIA was 5.59 mm (SE: 0.13), and the mean diameter of the CIA was 10.52 mm (SE: 0.85). The knowledge of the anatomy and variations of the CIA is crucial in lumbar spine surgery, especially when performing the anterolateral approach to L4 and L5 vertebrae. Furthermore, the level of the aortic bifurcation has significant implications related to vascular surgery in this region. We performed the present meta-analysis to standardize the extensive information on the anatomy of the CIAs.

Investigating Criteria for Weaning from Ventilators in Iran: A Systematic Review

Objectives: This systematic review was conducted to evaluate optimal techniques for weaning patients in Iranian intensive care units from ventilator support. Methods: Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, studies on Iran's latest ventilator weaning methods were examined. Two researchers independently assessed the studies after transferring the studies to EndNote software and eliminating duplicates. A third collaborator resolved any disagreements and made the final decision. The evaluation encompassed primary, secondary, qualitative assessment, and data extraction stages. Results: The initial database search identified 1103 potentially relevant articles and was managed using EndNote software. After excluding 235 duplicates, screening based on title and abstract led to the exclusion of 457 articles from the remaining 868. During eligibility evaluation, 402 articles were excluded from 411 studies after thoroughly examining the complete text, aligning with inclusion and exclusion criteria. The qualitative assessment, guided by STROBE and CONSORT checklists, found all nine remaining studies satisfactory methodological quality. Consequently, these nine studies were included in the final analysis. Conclusions: Prioritizing, identifying, and implementing strategies for successful mechanical ventilation weaning is crucial for research and quality improvement. This study systematically reviewed the evidence on diverse methods to enhance ventilator weaning success in Iran. Nevertheless, additional studies are warranted to further ascertain ventilator-weaning strategies' effectiveness.

HINTs: Sensemaking on large collections of documents with Hypergraph visualization and INTelligent agents.

Sensemaking on a large collection of documents (corpus) is a challenging task often found in fields such as market research, legal studies, intelligence analysis, political science, or computational linguistics. Previous works approach this problem from topic- and entity-based perspectives, but the capability of the underlying NLP model limits their effectiveness. Recent advances in prompting with LLMs present opportunities to enhance such approaches with higher accuracy and customizability. However, poorly designed prompts and visualizations could mislead users into falsely interpreting the visualizations and hinder the system's trustworthiness. In this paper, we address this issue by taking into account the user analysis tasks and visualization goals in the prompt-based data extraction stage, thereby extending the concept of Model Alignment. We present HINTs, a VA system for supporting sensemaking on large collections of documents, combining previous entity-based and topic-based approaches. The visualization pipeline of HINTs consists of three stages. First, entities and topics are extracted from the corpus with prompts. Then, the result is modeled as a hypergraph and hierarchically clustered. Finally, an enhanced space-filling curve layout is applied to visualize the hypergraph for interactive exploration. The system further integrates an LLM-based intelligent chatbot agent in the interface to facilitate the sensemaking of interested documents. To demonstrate the generalizability and effectiveness of the HINTs system, we present two case studies on different domains and a comparative user study. We report our insights on the behavior patterns and challenges when intelligent agents are used to facilitate sensemaking. We find that while intelligent agents can address many challenges in sensemaking, the visual hints that visualizations provide are still necessary. We discuss limitations and future work for combining interactive visualization and LLMs more profoundly to better support corpus analysis.

A holistic implementation of the Alliance Transparency Standards: Demystifying research governance and sensitive data processing

Background/IntroductionTo promote transparency for both the public and researchers [1, 2], our objective was to implement all HDRUK Transparency Standards within the Grampian Data Safe Haven (DaSH) [3] website [4]. Particularly, we aimed to clarify sensitive data processing within our Trusted Research Environment (TRE) and improve accessibility of ethics and governance permissions procedures to facilitate public-benefit research. MethodsUtilising Knowledge Translation [5] and Implementation Science [6] methods, we identified relevant audiences to engage with the website to develop and evaluate digital content. A holistic approach to navigation, content creation and visuality was implemented to improve user experience for diverse audiences [7], leveraging plain language strategies [8] for understanding and transparency. ResultsWe addressed Standard 1 by publishing the DaSH Project Initiation Document and clear information on data processing. For Standards 3, 4 and 5, we enhanced user experience through streamlined navigation, dropdowns, signposting, and clear language, ensuring information remains appropriate for diverse audiences. Additionally, we established a quarterly review/update cycle. For Standard 6, we documented our Governance and Security structures alongside ISO27001 certification, a Data Use Register, and an Impact list of DaSH-supported research publications. Our most significant contribution was toward Standard 2, creating detailed permissions pathways guidance documents, including visual aids and permissions application checklists. To our knowledge, we are the first UK TRE to fully document and publish all available permissions pathways [9]. ConclusionsFirst, implementing the six HDRUK Transparency Standards simultaneously enables holistic improvements to openness, maximising the benefits of their complementary recommendations. Second, publishing project lifecycle information clarifies TRE and researcher responsibilities, especially during data extraction, pseudonymisation, and linkage stages [10], fostering trust and confidence in sensitive data use and processing. Third, by documenting ethics and governance pathways available in visual, text, and downloadable formats, we have demonstrably improved ethical and research literacy for both researchers and the public. By clearly articulating an easy-to-follow process for each permissions pathway, this initiative has been identified by our audience as the most impactful improvement in making sensitive data research transparent and accessible. OtherThere were three main lessons learnt. (1) A four-month timescale for website redesign incorporating new content, and multi-audience feedback, could prove overly ambitious without a strong procurement team, dedicated staff, and established audience connections. (2) Content management systems may be a significantly limiting component, impacting both visual appeal and the audiences’ preferred access (e.g. mobile). Implementing certain recommendations (e.g. Data Use Register; Database register), can lead to potentially dense pages and visually cluttered tabular information that are difficult to navigate. (3) Publishing audit findings or information about breaches presents a communication challenge. The potential exists for misinterpretations of legal, technical, or classification terms, which could erode public trust, even with transparency as the aim.

Bahan Ajar Digital dalam Pembelajaran di Sekolah Dasar: Analisis Bibliometrik dan Systematic Literature Review

In the current technological development era, all sectors of life, including education, are starting to implement technology. One example of technological innovation in education is using digital teaching materials in the learning process. This research aims to determine the use of digital teaching materials in science learning in elementary schools. The research methods used are the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method and bibliometric analysis. The data used comes from the Google Scholar database. While searching and processing data, researchers used software such as Publish or Perish, Microsoft Excel, Mendeley, Vosviewer, and Covidence. The data used in this research comes from the 75 most relevant articles obtained through various data analysis and extraction stages using Covindence software. Based on research that has been conducted, it was found that research in the field of using digital teaching materials in science learning in elementary schools is fluctuating. The impact of using digital teaching materials in science learning in elementary schools includes increasing social sensitivity, critical thinking skills, 21st-century skills, learning outcomes, and student character.

Use of nursing care bundles for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia in low-middle income countries: A scoping review.

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a significant concern in low-middle-income countries (LMICs), where the burden of hospital-acquired infections is high, and resources are low. Evidence-based guidelines exist for preventing VAP; however, these guidelines may not be adequately utilized in intensive care units of LMICs. This scoping review examined the literature regarding the use of nursing care bundles for VAP prevention in LMICs, to understand the knowledge, practice and compliance of nurses to these guidelines, as well as the barriers preventing the implementation of these guidelines. The review was conducted using Arksey and O'Malley's (2005) five-stage framework and the PRISMA-ScR guidelines guided reporting. Searches were performed across six databases: CINAHL, Medline, Embase, Global Health, Scopus and Cochrane, resulting in 401 studies. After screening all studies against the eligibility criteria, 21 studies were included in the data extraction stage of the review. Across the studies, the knowledge and compliance of nurses regarding VAP prevention were reported as low to moderate. Several factors, ranging from insufficient knowledge to a lack of adequate guidelines for VAP management, served as contributing factors. Multiple barriers prevented nurses from adhering to VAP guidelines effectively, including a lack of audit/surveillance, absence of infection prevention and control (IPC) teams and inadequate training opportunities. This review highlights the need for adequate quality improvement procedures and more efforts to conduct and translate research into practice in intensive care units in LMIC. IPC practices are vital to protect vulnerable patients in intensive care units from developing infections and complications that worsen their prognosis. Critical care nurses should be trained and reinforced to practice effective bundle care to prevent VAP.

The anatomy of the internal iliac artery: a meta-analysis.

The internal iliac artery (IIA) originates from the common iliac artery at the level of the sacroiliac joint and bifurcates between the L5 and S1 vertebrae. The aim of the present meta-analysis was to demonstrate the most up-to-date and evidence-based data regarding the general anatomy of the IIA, including their variations, length, and diameter. Major online medical databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were searched in order to find all studies considering the anatomy of the IIA. Eligibility assessment and data extraction stages were performed. In the general population the pooled prevalence of Type I (The superior gluteal artery arises independently with the inferior gluteal and internal pudendal arteries arising from a common trunk which dividing inside (Type IA) or outside (Type IB) pelvic cavity) was found to be 56.57% (95% CI: 53.00-60.10%). The pooled mean length of the IIA was set to be 39.95 mm (SE = 1.79) in the overall population. The pooled mean diameter of the IIA was found to be 6.86 mm (SE = 0.27). The IIA is responsible for supplying the majority of the structures located in the pelvis. Hence, it is crucial to be aware of the possible variants of the said vessel. The results presented in our study may be highly significant in various surgical procedures performed in that region.

Microarray Images Contrast Enhancement and Gridding Using Genetic Algorithm.

Microarray is a sophisticated tool that concurrently analyzes the expression levels of thousands of genes, giving scientists an overview of DNA and RNA study. This procedure is divided into three stages: contact with biological samples, data extraction, and data analysis. Because expression levels are disclosed by the interplay of light with fluorescent markers, the data extraction stage relies on image processing methods. To extract quantitative information from the microarray image (MAI), four steps of preprocessing, gridding, segmentation, and intensity quantification are required. During the generation of MAIs, a large number of error-prone processes occur, leading to structural problems and reduced quality in the resulting data, affecting the identification of expressed genes. In this article, the first stage has been examined. In the preprocessing stage, the contrast of the images is first enhanced using the genetic algorithm, then the source noises that appear as small artifacts are removed using morphology, and finally, to confirm the effect of the contrast enhancement (CE) on the main stages of microarray data processing, gridding is checked on complementary deoxyribonucleic acid MAIs. The comparison of the obtained results with an adaptive histogram equalization (AHE) and multi-decomposition histogram equalization (M-DHE) methods shows the superiority and efficiency of the proposed method. For example, the image contrast of the Genomic Medicine Research Center Laboratory dataset is 3.24, which is 42.91 with the proposed method and 13.48 and 32.40 with the AHE and M-DHE methods, respectively. The performance of the proposed methods for CE is evaluated on 3 databases and a general conclusion is obtained as to which CE method is more suitable for each dataset.

Building a family at advanced parental age: a systematic review on the risks and opportunities for parents and their offspring.

What is the existing empirical literature on the psychosocial health and wellbeing of the parents and offspring born at an advanced parental age (APA), defined as 40 years onwards? Although the studies show discrepancies in defining who is an APA parent and an imbalance in the empirical evidence for offspring, mothers, and fathers, there is a drive towards finding psychotic disorders and (neuro-)developmental disorders among the offspring; overall, the observed advantages and disadvantages are difficult to compare. In many societies, children are born to parents at advanced ages and there is rising attention in the literature towards the consequences of this trend. The systematic search was conducted in six electronic databases (PubMed including Medline, Embase, Scopus, PsycInfo, CINAHL, and SocINDEX) and was limited to papers published between 2000 and 2021 and to English-language articles. Search terms used across all six electronic databases were: ('advanced parental age' OR 'advanced maternal age' OR 'advanced paternal age' OR 'advanced reproductive age' OR 'late parent*' OR 'late motherhood' OR 'late fatherhood') AND ('IVF' OR 'in vitro fertilization' OR 'in-vitro-fertilization' OR 'fertilization in vitro' OR 'ICSI' OR 'intracytoplasmic sperm injection' OR 'reproductive techn*' OR 'assisted reproductive technolog*' OR 'assisted reproduction' OR 'assisted conception' OR 'reproduction' OR 'conception' OR 'birth*' OR 'pregnan*') AND ('wellbeing' OR 'well-being' OR 'psycho-social' OR 'social' OR 'ethical' OR 'right to reproduce' OR 'justice' OR 'family functioning' OR 'parental competenc*' OR 'ageism' OR 'reproductive autonomy' OR 'outcome' OR 'risk*' OR 'benefit*'). The included papers were empirical studies in English published between 2000 and 2021, where the study either examined the wellbeing and psychosocial health of parents and/or their children, or focused on parental competences of APA parents or on the functioning of families with APA parents. A quality assessment of the identified studies was performed with the QATSDD tool. Additionally, 20% of studies were double-checked at the data extraction and quality assessment stage to avoid bias. The variables sought were: the geographical location, the year of publication, the methodological approach, the definitions of APA used, what study group was at the centre of the research, what research topic was studied, and what advantages and disadvantages of APA were found. A total number of 5403 articles were identified, leading to 2543 articles being included for title and abstract screening after removal of duplicates. This resulted in 98 articles included for a full-text reading by four researchers. Ultimately, 69 studies were included in the final sample. The key results concerned four aspects relevant to the research goals. (i) The studies showed discrepancies in defining who is an APA parent. (ii) There was an imbalance in the empirical evidence produced for different participant groups (mothers, fathers, and offspring), with offspring being the most studied study subjects. (iii) The research topics studied underlined the increased risks of neuro-developmental and psychotic disorders among offspring. (iv) The observed advantages and disadvantages were varied and could not be compared, especially for the offspring of APA parents. Only English-language studies, published between 2000 and 2021, found in the above-mentioned databases were considered for this review. More research is necessary to understand the risks and benefits of building a family at an APA for the offspring when they reach adulthood. Furthermore, studies that explore the perspective of older fathers and older parents from non-Western societies would be highly informative. The writing of this manuscript was permitted by financial support provided by the Swiss National Science Foundation (Weave/Lead Agency funding program, grant number 10001AL_197415/1, project title 'Family Building at Advanced Parental Age: An Interdisciplinary Approach'). The funder had no role in the drafting of this manuscript and the views expressed therein are those of the authors. The authors have no conflicts of interest. This systematic review is registered in Prospero: CRD42022304564.

324 The Learning Curves of Major Laparoscopic and Robotic Procedures in Urology: A Systematic Review

Abstract Aim Urology has been at the forefront of adopting laparoscopic and robot-assisted techniques to improve patient outcomes. Defining the learning curves for these procedures enables assessment of trainee performances relative to expected progress and has important implications in research. This systematic review aimed to examine the literature relating to the learning curves of major urological robotic and laparoscopic procedures. Method In accordance with PRISMA guidelines, a systematic literature search strategy was employed across PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library from inception to December 2021 for eligible studies alongside a search of the grey literature. Two independent reviewers completed the article screening and data extraction stages, using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) to then undertake quality assessment of the included articles. The review was reported in accordance with AMSTAR guidelines. Results Of 3702 records identified, 97 eligible studies were included for narrative synthesis. 39 studies evaluated robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP) with the learning curve identified as 10-250 cases for operative time and 250-300 for potency. The shortest learning curve was reported for hand-assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy, involving 4-10 cases. There was considerable variation in the study designs, outcome measures and prior experience of surgeons, with all studies scoring either 5 or 6 on the NOS. Conclusions Standardised reporting of outcomes and performance measures is required to reduce heterogeneity and enable the undertaking of a meta-analysis. Future studies should use multiple surgeons and large sample sizes of cases to identify the currently undefined learning curves for laparoscopic radical cystectomy and for robotic and laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection.

Interactions of Different Species of Phytophthora with Cacao Induce Genetic, Biochemical, and Morphological Plant Alterations.

Diseases associated with Phytophthora cause considerable losses in cocoa production worldwide. Analyzing genes, proteins, and metabolites involved in Theobroma cacao's interaction with Phytophthora species is essential to explaining the molecular aspects of plant defense. Through a systematic literature review, this study aims to identify reports of genes, proteins, metabolites, morphological characteristics, and molecular and physiological processes of T. cacao involved in its interaction with species of Phytophthora. After the searches, 35 papers were selected for the data extraction stage, according to pre-established inclusion and exclusion criteria. In these studies, 657 genes and 32 metabolites, among other elements (molecules and molecular processes), were found to be involved in the interaction. The integration of this information resulted in the following conclusions: the expression patterns of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and a possible gene-to-gene interaction participate in cocoa resistance to Phytophthora spp.; the expression pattern of genes that encode pathogenesis-related (PRs) proteins is different between resistant and susceptible genotypes; phenolic compounds play an important role in preformed defenses; and proline accumulation may be involved in cell wall integrity. Only one proteomics study of T. cacao-Phytophthora spp. was found, and some genes proposed via QTL analysis were confirmed in transcriptomic studies.

Measures of Racism and Discrimination in Preterm Birth Studies.

Preterm birth (any birth at less than 37 weeks of gestation) disproportionally affects Black birthing people and is associated with adverse perinatal and fetal health outcomes. Racism increases the risk of preterm birth, but standardized measurement metrics are elusive. This narrative synthesis examines literature on measures of racial discrimination used in preterm birth research. Six databases (CINAHL, Cochrane, EMBASE, PubMed [MEDLINE], Scopus, Web of Science) and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched. Search terms were categorized into three groups (racism terms, measurement terms, preterm birth terms) to identify original research articles that explored associations between racism and preterm birth. English-language, original research articles with U.S. populations were included. Studies were excluded if conducted in only White populations, if only paternal factors were included, or if only racial differences in preterm birth were described. Articles were independently reviewed by two blinded researchers for inclusion at every stage of screening and data extraction; a third reviewer resolved discrepancies. Sixty studies were included in the final analysis. Articles primarily included measures examining interpersonal forms of racism (n=17) through the Experiences of Discrimination and Everyday Discrimination scales, neighborhood composition (n=22) with the Neighborhood Deprivation Index and the Index of Concentration at the Extremes, policy-level racism (n=12) through institutions such as residential racial segregation or policy inequities, or multiple forms (n=9). Among studies, assessment methods and application of constructs varied. This heterogeneity poses significant challenges to understanding associations between racial discrimination and preterm birth and to describing potential etiologic pathways of preterm birth, which ultimately hinders development of effective intervention. Strategies to capture multilevel exposures to racism require the development and expansion of metrics that are culturally inclusive, empirically valid, and reliable among Black pregnant populations. PROSPERO, CRD42022327484.

What is the global prevalence of depression among men who have sex with men? A systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundDepression due to stigma resulting from their sexual identity, isolation, social exclusion, and insufficient access to care and counseling services has become a health problem among men who have sex with men (MSM).ObjectivesThis study aimed to determine the global prevalence of depression among MSM as a systematic review and meta-analysis.MethodsThis study was a systematic review and meta-analysis performed in five steps of search strategy, screening and selecting articles, data extraction, evaluation of the risk of bias, and meta-analysis. In this study, the determined keywords were searched in the databases of PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science from January 1913 to July 2021 to find the initial articles, from which data were extracted according to the set checklist in the data extraction stage. Finally, the studies were included in the present meta-analysis according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, to be evaluated using the Newcastle Ottawa scale checklist. I Square and Q Cochrane were also used to assess the degree of heterogeneity. The analyses were performed using the random-effects model in STATA 16.ResultsThe results showed the quality score of the majority of cross-sectional studies included in the meta-analysis (62 studies) was equal to six or seven (moderate), and five ones had a high-quality score. After combining these studies, the pooled prevalence of depression among MSM in the world was 35% (95% CI 31%–39%, I square; 98.95%, P-value < 0.001). Population subgroup analysis showed the pooled prevalence of depression among MSM living with HIV was 47% (95% CI 39%-55%, I square; 95.76%, P-value < 0.001). Continent subgroup analysis showed the highest pooled prevalence of depression among Asian MSM at 37% (95% CI 31%-43%, I square; 99.07%, P-value < 0.001). Also, in the subgroup analysis of the sampling method, the pooled prevalence in the studies which used the respondent-driven sampling method was equal to 34% (95% CI 25%-43%, I square; 99.32%, P-value < 0.001). Sensitivity analysis revealed the pooled prevalence of depression in studies included in the meta-analysis was near or around the pooled estimate.ConclusionThe pooled prevalence of depression among MSM was almost three times higher than the general male population. Therefore, particular and therapeutic interventions such as screening, and harm reduction programs for mental disorders, especially depression, are suggested to be considered in service packages.

Effectiveness of Mental Health through Audiovisual Media on Schizophrenia Caregiver: A Systematic Review

Background: The utilization of audiovisual media information technology as a method that can be used to provide nursing services to schizophrenic patients in hospitals and the community during the COVID-19 pandemic is one thing that needs to be considered. The purpose of the study: is to analyze the literature on the effect of mental health interventions through audiovisual media on caregivers' ability to treat schizophrenic patients. Methods: This article was compiled through the literature review method. Literature is drawn from PubMed, ProQuest, and Scorpus. The search for articles was limited to publications from 2016 to 2021. The literature obtained as many as six articles that met the inclusion criteria using a review protocol through the PRISMA checklist. Through screening inclusion and exclusion criteria, quality assessment, and data extraction stages. All relevant articles were analyzed based on quality and relevance to the review topic, questions, and literature review objectives. Result: Based on the results of the analysis of six articles that have been reviewed about the effectiveness of audiovisual media on the caregiver's ability to treat schizophrenic patients. There are five articles or 83% of journals that state that audiovisual media effectively improves the caregiver's ability to care for schizophrenic patients. Another article stated that the Audiovisual module that was compiled was valid and reliable, so it was hoped that it would improve the caregiver's ability to care for schizophrenic patients. Conclusion: Audiovisual media effectively increases caregivers in caring for schizophrenic patients at home.

Factors Influencing Medication Errors in the Prehospital Paramedic Environment: A Mixed Method Systematic Review

Introduction: There is limited research available on safe medication management practices in EMS practice, with most evidence-based medication safety guidelines based on research in nursing, operating theatre and pharmacy settings. Prevention of errors requires recognition of contributing factors across the spectrum from the organizational level to procedural elements and patient characteristics. Evidence is inconsistent regarding the incidence of medication errors and multiple sources also state that errors are under-reported, making the true magnitude of the problem difficult to quantify. Definitions of error also vary, with the specific context of medication errors in prehospital practice yet to be established. The objective of this review is to identify the factors influencing the occurrence of medication errors by EMS personnel in the prehospital environment. Methods and Analysis: The review included both qualitative and quantitative research involving interventions or phenomena related to medication safety or medication error by EMS personnel in the prehospital environment. A search of multiple databases was conducted to identify studies meeting these inclusion criteria. All studies selected were assessed for methodological quality, however this was not used as a basis for exclusion. Each stage of study selection, appraisal and data extraction was conducted by two independent reviewers, with a third reviewer deciding any unresolved conflicts. The review follows a convergent integrated approach, conducting a single qualitative synthesis of qualitative and “qualitized” quantitative data. Results: 56 articles were included in the review, with case reports and qualitative studies being the most frequent study types. Qualitative analysis revealed seven major themes: organizational factors (with reporting as a sub-theme), equipment/medications, environmental factors, procedure-related factors, communication, patient-related factors (with pediatrics as a sub-theme) and cognitive factors. Both contributing factors and protective factors were identified. Discussion: The body of evidence regarding medication errors is heterogenous and limited in both quantity and quality. Multiple factors influence medication errors occurrence; knowledge of these is necessary to mitigate the risk of errors. Medication error incidence is difficult to quantify due to inconsistent measure, definitions and contexts of research conducted to date. Further research is required to quantify the prevalence of identified factors in specific practice settings.

A Larger Capacity Data Hiding Scheme Based on DNN

With the in-depth research in data hiding technology, the latest data hiding schemes using deep neural network (DNN) could hide the full-size color image into the same size color image. This paper proposed a larger capacity data hiding scheme based on DNN, which could hide large-size color image into small-size color image. This scheme used DNN in both the data hiding stage and data extraction stage. And the two networks were obtained through adversarial training and used in pairs. The information ratio between the carrier image and the secret image had reached 1 : 4. The image obtained after hiding the data did not change much compared with the carrier image, and the extracted image had the same size and no visual difference compared with the secret image. It could be seen from the simulation experiment that, compared with the existing DNN-based data hiding scheme, even if the capacity of the proposed scheme was 4 times larger than that of the existing scheme, the visual effect and PSNR were also better than some existing schemes.

Identifying patient-important outcomes for treatment of bipolar disorder: a systematic review protocol

IntroductionTreatment of bipolar disorder is the focus of several clinical trials, however the understanding of the outcomes for establishing treatment effectiveness within these trials is limited. Further, there is limited...

Conversational Agents for Health and Well-being Across the Life Course: Protocol for an Evidence Map.

BackgroundConversational agents, which we defined as computer programs that are designed to simulate two-way human conversation by using language and are potentially supplemented with nonlanguage modalities, offer promising avenues for health interventions for different populations across the life course. There is a lack of open-access and user-friendly resources for identifying research trends and gaps and pinpointing expertise across international centers.ObjectiveOur aim is to provide an overview of all relevant evidence on conversational agents for health and well-being across the life course. Specifically, our objectives are to identify, categorize, and synthesize—through visual formats and a searchable database—primary studies and reviews in this research field.MethodsAn evidence map was selected as the type of literature review to be conducted, as it optimally corresponded to our aim. We systematically searched 8 databases (MEDLINE; CINAHL; Web of Science; Scopus; the Cochrane, ACM, IEEE, and Joanna Briggs Institute databases; and Google Scholar). We will perform backward citation searching on all included studies. The first stage of a double-stage screening procedure, which was based on abstracts and titles only, was conducted by using predetermined eligibility criteria for primary studies and reviews. An operational screening procedure was developed for streamlined and consistent screening across the team. Double data extraction will be performed with previously piloted data collection forms. We will appraise systematic reviews by using A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) 2. Primary studies and reviews will be assessed separately in the analysis. Data will be synthesized through descriptive statistics, bivariate statistics, and subgroup analysis (if appropriate) and through high-level maps such as scatter and bubble charts. The development of the searchable database will be informed by the research questions and data extraction forms.ResultsAs of April 2021, the literature search in the eight databases was concluded, yielding a total of 16,351 records. The first stage of screening, which was based on abstracts and titles only, resulted in the selection of 1282 records of primary studies and 151 records of reviews. These will be subjected to second-stage screening. A glossary with operational definitions for supporting the study selection and data extraction stages was drafted. The anticipated completion date is October 2021.ConclusionsOur wider definition of a conversational agent and the broad scope of our evidence map will explicate trends and gaps in this field of research. Additionally, our evidence map and searchable database of studies will help researchers to avoid fragmented research efforts and wasteful redundancies. Finally, as part of the Harnessing the Power of Conversational e-Coaches for Health and Well-being Through Swiss-Portuguese Collaboration project, our work will also inform the development of an international taxonomy on conversational agents for health and well-being, thereby contributing to terminology standardization and categorization.International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)DERR1-10.2196/26680

Descriptive Review of Online Information Resources for People With Stroke: Protocol for a Scoping Review.

BackgroundPeople with stroke and their caregivers experience numerous information needs; internet-based resources may offer cost-effective ways to improve access to information about this condition and its management, including the availability of resources and support. The quality of online health information is, therefore, an important consideration for both developers and consumers of these online resources.ObjectiveThis study aims to map and evaluate the content, readability, understandability, design, and quality characteristics of freely available online information resources (ie, websites) that empower people with stroke and their caregivers with information and self-help strategies poststroke.MethodsThis descriptive review will follow the five systematic and rigorous methodological steps that are recommended for scoping reviews, which include the following: (1) identifying the research question, (2) identifying relevant studies, (3) selecting the studies, (4) charting the data, and (5) collating, summarizing, and reporting the results. Data will then be synthesized and analyzed thematically.ResultsAs of February 2021, the scoping review is in the data extraction stage. Data will be synthesized, and the first results are expected to be submitted for publication in an open-access peer-reviewed journal in August 2021. In addition, we will develop an accessible summary of the results for stakeholder meetings. Ethical approval is not required for this review, as it will only include publicly available information.ConclusionsThis study is novel and will evaluate the typology, content, and design-related criteria, including accessibility, aesthetics, navigability, interactivity, privacy, and data protection, of online information resources for stroke. The review will be limited to online resources published in English.International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)DERR1-10.2196/23174

Systematic review automation tools improve efficiency but lack of knowledge impedes their adoption: a survey

ObjectiveWe investigated systematic review automation tool use by systematic reviewers, health technology assessors and clinical guideline developerst. Study design and settingAn online, 16-question survey was distributed across several evidence synthesis, health technology assessment and guideline development organizations. We asked the respondents what tools they use and abandon, how often and when do they use the tools, their perceived time savings and accuracy, and desired new tools. Descriptive statistics were used to report the results. ResultsA total of 253 respondents completed the survey; 89% have used systematic review automation tools – most frequently whilst screening (79%). Respondents’ “top 3” tools included: Covidence (45%), RevMan (35%), Rayyan and GRADEPro (both 22%); most commonly abandoned were Rayyan (19%), Covidence (15%), DistillerSR (14%) and RevMan (13%). Tools saved time (80%) and increased accuracy (54%). Respondents taught themselves to how to use the tools (72%); lack of knowledge was the most frequent barrier to tool adoption (51%). New tool development was suggested for the searching and data extraction stages. ConclusionAutomation tools will likely have an increasingly important role in high-quality and timely reviews. Further work is required in training and dissemination of automation tools and ensuring they meet the desirable features of those conducting systematic reviews.