Data Exchange Protocol Research Articles

Strategies for unlocking EMR Interoperability: A Narrative Review

Electronic Medical Records (EMR) is intended to solve many issues in patient care pathway besides the administrative roles which equally makes the hospital paperless, but they still face major interoperability issues. When there is no systematic connection between different healthcare providers, medical information pertaining to patients becomes fragmented, incomplete, and outdated. This study was undertaken to investigate the strategies used to overcome interoperability challenges by EMR implementors. A narrative review was conducted, and various keywords were used to search in EBSCO, Google Scholar, and pertinent healthcare informatics articles for papers published between 2012 and 2024. Drawing from a range of studies, the findings indicate that Machine learning and artificial intelligence, Standardization of Data Exchange Protocols, Blockchain technology, EHR-Agnostic Platforms, Training and Organizational Support, Government and Policy Interventions, social factors are the strategies that successful EMR implementers have employed to achieve EMR interoperability.

Design of an Emergency Medical Information System for Mass Gatherings

BackgroundThe frequency of mass gatherings is increasing. Such events often involve many people and carry the risk of mass casualty incidents, which require substantial medical resources from various healthcare institutions. The current medical system, while meeting daily needs, struggles to address the demand for a high volume of emergency resources and real-time data exchange. ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to develop an emergency medical information system for mass gatherings. MethodsWe developed an emergency medical information system for mass gatherings. Based on a unified prehospital and intrahospital emergency data exchange protocol, we can directly standardize medical information data and provide data support for the evacuation decision support algorithms of multiple institutions. Wearable devices, vehicle-mounted devices, video calling systems and surveillance systems are connected to capture real-time scenes. ResultsWe constructed the system via mobile applications and online platforms and deployed it in 3 hospitals, 5 ambulances and 17 on-site medical locations. We constructed a set of electronic medical records covering the whole first aid process according to the basic principles of first aid. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is suitable for mass gatherings. The overall survival rate of patients can be improved by 5%, and the average evacuation efficiency of patients can be improved by 50%. Furthermore, in a real-world environment, this method can ensure patient survival and achieve good convergence. ConclusionsOur system is capable of providing robust medical information support for emergency medical services during large-scale assembly events, ensuring a visualized full-process emergency response and decision-making for the diversion and subsequent transport of a large patient population.

CANSat-IDS: An adaptive distributed Intrusion Detection System for satellites, based on combined classification of CAN traffic

The increasing dependence on satellite technology for critical applications, such as telecommunications, Earth observation, and navigation, underscores the need for robust security measures to safeguard these assets from potential cyber threats. Moreover, as many satellite systems rely on the Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol for efficient data exchange among onboard subsystems, they become prime targets for cyberattacks. While contributions present various options for detecting attacks in the CAN bus, no one proposes an architecture suitable for satellite systems. To address this concern, this paper presents a novel approach to develop an adaptive distributed Intrusion Detection System (IDS) for satellites, which integrates machine and deep learning techniques for the classification of CAN frames. This system is specifically designed to overcome the inherent power and computational challenges of satellite operations by executing time-based anomaly detection on board, and content-based detection at the ground segment. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed solution, experiments are conducted using representative Datasets. The obtained results demonstrate that the distributed IDS presented in this research offers a promising solution to improve the security of satellite systems by achieving high detection rates ranging from 91.12% to 99.86% (F1-score).

A Distributed Computational Model for Estimating the Carbon Footprints of Companies

A new approach based on input–output (IO) analysis has emerged to estimate the carbon footprints of companies and their products from cradle to gate. While the approach relies on the same principles as the GHG Protocol, it uses a distributed iterative framework to improve the footprint estimations and reduce their uncertainty. While optimal estimations would result if all the world’s companies would enter such a system, this paper shows how such a distributed system could apply to the real world where many enterprises would stay out of the system. We show how the quality of the estimations with respect to the GHG Protocol would be increased by integrating scope 1 and scope 2 data from the value chains in the footprint estimations and progressively reducing the part of the remaining scope 3 data. To help with analyzing uncertainty, we show how to use the scope 1/2/3 decomposition to estimate the biases and the standard deviations of the computed production carbon intensities. We illustrate the model on macroeconomic data for 44 sectors and two regions (Europe and Rest of World), using the Inter-Country Input–Output database from the OECD. Such a system would necessarily rely on Information and Communication Technology, since the companies would be permanently interconnected in a large-scale meshed network, using an application protocol for data exchange.

Prospects for using machine learning to improve coronary angiography

Cardiovascular diseases pose the main threat to the population health of the Russian Federation and rank the first among the causes of death. Coronary heart disease has the highest standardized mortality rates among the population of the Russian Federation. Comprehensive diagnosis of coronary artery disease includes assessment of coronary atherosclerosis using both non-invasive methods, such as multispiral computed tomography of the coronary arteries, and invasive ones, including coronary angiography, and sometimes intravascular imaging. First two methods are the two most important diagnostic methods for coronary heart disease. The widespread use of medical technologies based on artificial intelligence in recent years has led to the emergence of new diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities. Artificial intelligence has bridged the gap between massive datasets and useful information by processing and analyzing important data at an unprecedented rate. The review identifies five potential cases with machine learning having significant prospects in the field of coronary angiography: improving quality and effectiveness, determining plaque characteristics, assessing hemodynamics, predicting disease outcomes and diagnosing non-atherosclerotic lesions of the coronary arteries. While machine learning has transformative potential in the field of coronary angiogram analysis, careful consideration of limitations, including data exchange protocols and interpretability of models is essential to fully exploit its potential and ensure optimal diagnosis and treatment of patients.

Prospective Directions in the Computer Systems Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) for Shaping Data Exchange in the Sustainability and Resilience of Cities

Sustainability and resilience in addressing construction’s environmental, social, and economic challenges rely on interoperability. A model-centred approach using standardised information structures like industry foundation classes (IFC) is essential for data sharing in architecture, engineering, construction, and facility management. Achieving complete interoperability across domains requires further research. This review paper focuses on IFC schema, highlighting upcoming developments like IFC 5 and “IFC x”, with a core emphasis on modularisation to enhance domain interoperability, improved links between building information modelling (BIM) and geographic information systems (GIS), along with IoT integration into BIM, cloud-based collaboration, and support for other advanced technologies such as augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), artificial intelligence (AI), and digital twins. Through a critical examination of the IFC and an outlook towards its future enhancements, the research has the potential to offer valuable insights into shaping the trajectory of future advancements within the AEC and facility management sectors. The study’s discoveries could aid in establishing standardised data exchange protocols in these industries, promoting uniformity across projects, facilitating smoother communication, and mitigating errors and inefficiencies. Anticipating enhancements in the IFC could catalyse innovation, fostering the adoption of emerging technologies and methodologies. Consequently, this could drive the creation of more sophisticated tools and procedures, ultimately enhancing project outcomes and operational effectiveness.

A state-of-the-art review of studies on urban green infrastructure for thermal resilient communities

Urban Green Infrastructure (UGI) plays a critical role in creating Thermal Resilient Communities (TRCs) by mitigating the adverse climate change impacts and enhancing thermal resilience. In this paper, we consider a range of UGI types, from street trees, urban parks, green spaces, and building-integrated UGI components, such as green roofs and green walls. It is intended that the thermal/aerodynamic effects of UGI be analyzed and the influence of UGI at three spatial scales within urban communities be provided; more specifically: microclimate scale, building scale, and individual scale. The study discusses the findings of 218 papers published since 2010 to elaborate on recent progress in this field. This review delves into three fundamental aspects related to UGI: a) the underlying mechanisms allowing UGI to affect the environment and human health, b) the modeling efforts undertaken to simulate these effects, and c) measurement studies providing empirical data and verifying the models. Additionally, the effects of UGI across the three scales and related aspects are discussed, and the importance of integrative mechanisms and coupled modeling approaches is emphasized. Key methodologies for integrating microclimate and building simulations are summarized, highlighting the data exchange protocols and software tools. In contrast to previous reviews, this study has analyzed major measurement studies, categorizing them into full-scale and sub-scale studies. As a conclusion, several potential directions for future research are identified, including advanced physical and data driven UGI models, enhanced coupled simulations for indoor-outdoor interactions, establishment of measurement datasets for benchmarking both UGI modeling and coupled simulations.

IoT-enabled Greenhouse Systems: Optimizing Plant Growth and Efficiency

Greenhouses have long been important in the advancement of agricultural operations because they provide regulated settings for optimal plant growth. With the introduction of real-time monitoring and automation capabilities, the Internet of Things (IoT) integration into greenhouse systems represents a revolutionary change. This abstract delves into the wider field of greenhouse technology, highlighting the role that IoT plays in improving agricultural in controlled environments. Conventional greenhouses provide plants with a protected environment, but they might not be as accurate or flexible. Intelligent control of environmental conditions is made possible by the introduction of IoT-enabled greenhouses, which utilize data exchange protocols, actuators, and sensors that are networked. The project aims to elevate traditional greenhouse models by integrating Node-RED and MQTT technologies. Transitioning from a Blynk-based prototype showcases the system's versatility. Other key components, including NodeMCU, sensors for real-time data, and LED lighting, collaborate to redefine controlled environment agriculture. The Raspberry Pi serves as a central hub, facilitating seamless communication through Node-RED and MQTT. This advanced greenhouse system harmonizes cutting-edge technologies, showcasing a commitment to sophistication and adaptability in agricultural practices.

GENERAL QUESTIONS OF SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS OF «SMART HOUSE» SYSTEM

The article considers SMART technology, in particular smart house and basic communication protocols used for data exchange. Smart house technology additionally bears the name «home automation». Home automation in modern conditions allows the user or consumer to flexibly manage and independently configure the system, depending on the requirements of the user. One of the stages of customization of smart home technology is the selection of communication protocol for data exchange within the smart home system.To implement data exchange in smart home technology, it is necessary to properly approach the choice of communication protocols. Smart home technology uses several types of devices: controllers, sensors, acoustics. Since not all devices support existing protocols, there are also unique devices that support several of the existing protocols. There are several protocols used in smart home technology: ZigBee, Z-Wave, Wi-Fi.In this article the analysis of two main wireless protocols operating at high frequencies, namely ZigBee and Z-Wave. Correctly selected protocols implement fast data transmission without loss. In addition, it will be possible to realize the needs of the user or user, which are set by the system.

Research on Over-the-Horizon Perception Distance Division of Optical Fiber Communication Based on Intelligent Roadways.

With the construction and application of more and more intelligent networking demonstration projects, a large number of advanced roadside digital infrastructures are deployed on both sides of the intelligent road. These devices sense the road situation in real time through algorithms and transmit it to edge computing units and cloud control platforms through high-speed optical fiber transmission networks. This article proposes a cloud edge terminal architecture system based on cloud edge cooperation, as well as a data exchange protocol for cloud control basic platforms. The over-the-horizon scene division and optical fiber network communication model are verified by deploying intelligent roadside devices on the intelligent highway. At the same time, this article uses the optical fiber network communication algorithm and ModelScope large model to model inference on real-time video data. The actual data results show that the StreamYOLO (Stream You Only Look Once) model can use the Streaming Perception method to detect and continuously track target vehicles in real-time videos. Finally, the method proposed in this article was experimentally validated in an actual smart highway digital infrastructure construction project. The experimental results demonstrate the high application value and promotion prospects of the fiber optic network in the division of over the horizon perception distance in intelligent roadways construction.

An Overview of Performance Validation, Testing Protocols, and Standards for Smart Meters

This document provides a thorough overview of the testing protocols and standards for smart meters, which are essential parts of the contemporary smart grid. It emphasizes the switch from analog to digital smart meters, which provide two-way communication and real-time data on electricity consumption. In order to guarantee accuracy, dependability, conformity with international standards such as those from the IEC, NIST, and BIS, and the protection of customer data, the document highlights the significance of conducting thorough testing. In order to evaluate several performance factors including insulation, accuracy, and electromagnetic compatibility, it covers a variety of tests, such as metrology, load switch capability, data exchange protocols, and communicability. Smart meters must be thoroughly tested and validated in order for them to operate effectively, reliably, and safely. This will help utilities minimize revenue losses and encourage good energy management.

A Proposal for a Cross-Layer, P+S Approach in Underwater Communication: The Underwater Data Exchange Protocol

A Proposal for a Cross-Layer, P+S Approach in Underwater Communication: The Underwater Data Exchange Protocol

AP-CDE: Cost-Efficient Authentication Protocol for Cross-Domain Data Exchange in IIoT

The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is a new network paradigm emerging from the Internet of Things (IoT). It is primarily used in smart factories to promote smart manufacturing and increase productivity. Smart industrial devices collect real-time data from other domains (i.e., intelligent factories) that collaborate on the same transaction and transmit crucial data via a public internet channel. When applied to resource-constrained smart industrial communication devices, this process causes issues in communication security and privacy. Consequently, this study develops a cost-effective authentication protocol for cross-domain data exchange (AP-CDE) in IIoT. Anticollision hash functions, bitwise Exclusive- <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">or</small> operations, and Chebyshev polynomial operations are used in this protocol. AP-CDE security is achieved by using precise formal and nonmathematical (informal) analysis methods. The analysis results show that the developed protocol can withstand various well-known threatening attacks. Finally, a detailed comparative analysis between the AP-CDE and other interrelated protocols is used to verify that the AP-CDE outperforms other protocols in terms of security and functional characteristics, communication overheads, and computational costs.

MapChain-D: A Distributed Blockchain for IIoT Data Storage and Communications

With the rapid growth of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) devices, managing extensive volume of IIoT data becomes a significant challenge. While the conventional cloud storage approaches with centralised data centres suffer from high latency for large-scale IIoT data storage due to the increased communications and latency overheads, distributed storage frameworks such as blockchains have become promising solutions. In this paper, we design and analyse a dual-blockchain framework for secure and scalable distributed data management in large-scale IIoT networks. The proposed framework, named <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MapChain-D</i> , consists of a data chain that is mapped to an index chain to provide efficient data storage and lookup. <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MapChain-D</i> is designed for practical IIoT applications with storage, latency, and communications constraints. Detailed data exchange protocols are presented for the data insertion and retrieval operations in <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MapChain-D</i> . Based on these, theoretical analyses are provided on the space, time, and communications complexities of <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MapChain-D</i> compared with conventional single-chain frameworks with local and distributed data storage. We implement our <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MapChain-D</i> prototype using open-source LoRaWAN communications with multiple RPi and Arduino devices, Kademlia-based distributed hash table (DHT), and Ethereum-based blockchain with proof-of-authority (PoA) consensus. Experimental results from our prototype show that <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MapChain-D</i> is more suitable to be deployed on resource-constrained IIoT devices. We also highlight the scalability and flexibility of <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MapChain-D</i> with different numbers of edge nodes in the system.

Reaching Further with Earth Science Data

Earth Sciences cover a broad spectrum of research fields such as petrology, sedimentology, structural geology, seismology, and geomorphology, to name a few, which aim to understand interrelated processes on the surface and in the interior of our planet. Many of the research questions studied in the Earth sciences, such as, understanding past climates, the human impact on the Critical Zone*1, or the co-evolution of the geo- and biosphere, require interdisciplinary approaches, employing methodologies and integrating observations from diverse subdisciplines such as geochemistry, mineralogy, geophysics, and paleontology, but also increasingly from other disciplines, specifically biology and genomics. The use of data and samples in multi- and interdisciplinary research is substantially facilitated by consistent metadata including schemas and vocabularies, data formats, and data exchange protocols. The association of Biodiversity Information Standards (TDWG) with the Earth Science part of the Natural Sciences has, until recently, been largely limited to palaeontology, primarily due to its close affinity with biology. Standards have been developed that support the taxonomy of fossils and include terms for "deep time" intervals (chrono- and bio-stratigraphy) and "paleo-surface environment" (sedimentology). Other important and highly relevant fields such as mineralogy, geochemistry, meteoritics, and soil sciences have not been included or coordinated with so far. Although some progress is being made with the ongoing development of the Mineral Extension for Darwin Core and the inclusion of some geological terms in Latimer Core (Woodburn et al. 2022), more effort should be made to link and align with existing and emerging data standards in these Earth Science communities. These Earth Science communities are very active, building their own domain-specific FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) data standards and infrastructures with data systems such as EarthChem, the Astromaterials Data System, Mindat, and WoSIS. We will introduce the users, data systems, and community standards and best practices, including metadata, vocabularies, and persistent identifiers for data and samples being used and developed in the subdisciplines of the Earth Sciences mentioned above. We advocate for collaboration and coordination with these fields to make TDWG more inclusive, expand accessible resources, and provide an opportunity for TDWG to link to these other communities. Broader networking within an interdisciplinary research framework has the potential to address more fundamental and over-arching issues of both scientific and public relevance.

Modbus Data Provider for Automation Researcher Using C#

Purpose: Modbus is a popular protocol for data exchange between devices in industrial automation. It has several advantages over other protocols, like noise immunity, long-distance coverage, and easy integration with the microcontroller's serial module. Sometimes we need a device that provides data for our research work. Here we demonstrate a procedure so researchers can create a virtual Modbus client to get Modbus data for their research work. We created a Modbus client in C# language In Visual Studio. We added a couple of modules, Like the Modbus client, serial module, and message display. We added a couple of graphical user interface elements to control the application. The project code is available on GitHub. The researcher can get and customize according to their needs. Design/Methodology/Approach: We created an application in C#. The application has several modules. The main module is the Modbus client. The external device is connected through USB to RS485 converter. When our application starts, the COM object is created. One timer is also started. Its interval is one millisecond. It checks whether the data is reached or not. Once the serial object receives the data, the packet is passed to that Modbus client. The Modbus client starts parsing the received packet. If the packet is OK, then, Extract the command. According to the received command, it created a response packet and added the data of the requested register. Calculate the CRC and add it at the end of the packet. After preparing the packet, send a response back to the master. Findings/Result: Sometimes, the automation researcher does not have the device to provide the research data. Through this research work, we provide a procedure so the researcher can create a virtual Modbus client to provide the data for their research work. So it can be helpful to the researcher to get the data using their working system. We tested it several times with the baud rate of 9600. It is working perfectly without any issues. Researchers can use it for their research work as a software tool. Originality/Value: Several software programs are available to provide the data over the Modbus. Sometimes we need to customize the software according to our requirements. Most of the software is not open source, so here we provide an application so that researchers can optimize and customize the code for their research work so it can provide them with some valuable resources. Paper Type: Experimental-based Research.

Materials characterisation and software tools as key enablers in Industry 5.0 and wider acceptance of new methods and products

Recently, the NMBP-35 Horizon 2020 projects - NanoMECommons, CHARISMA, and Easi-stress - organised a collaborative workshop to increase awareness of their contributions to the industry "commons" in terms of characterisation and digital transformation. They have established interoperability standards for knowledge management in characterisation and introduced new solutions for materials testing, aided by the standardisation of faster and more accurate assessment methods. The lessons learned from these projects and the discussions during the joint workshop emphasised the impact of recent developments and emerging needs in the field of characterisation. Specifically, the focus was on enhancing data quality through harmonisation and standardisation, as well as making advanced technologies and instruments accessible to a broader community with the goal of fostering increased trust in new products and a more skilled society. Experts also highlighted how characterisation and the corresponding experimental data can drive future innovation agendas towards technological breakthroughs. The focus of the discussion revolved around the characterisation and standardisation processes, along with the collection of modelling and characterisation tools, as well as protocols for data exchange. The broader context of materials characterisation and modelling within the materials community was explored, drawing insights from the Materials 2030 Roadmap and the experiences gained from NMBP-35 projects. This whitepaper has the objective of addressing common challenges encountered by the materials community, illuminating emerging trends and evolving techniques, and presenting the industry's perspective on emerging requirements and past success stories. It accomplishes this by providing specific examples and highlighting how these experiences can create fresh opportunities and strategies for newcomers entering the market. These advancements are anticipated to facilitate a more efficient transition from Industry 4.0 to 5.0 during the industrial revolution.

Learning digital emulators for closed architecture machine tool controllers

Machine tool controllers (MTCs) are evolving rapidly in response to the growing precision requirements, industry-wide thrusts to integrate cloud applications, external sensors and other data sources, as well to assure cybersecurity. However, most of the MTCs have closed architecture. This severely impedes the innovations to enhance their performance as well as assure their safety and security. Digital emulators, as alternatives to real closed architecture MTCs, are considered essential to assess the performance of the closed MTCs and various innovations therein. We present a machine learning method to create digital emulators that can mimic the dynamics of closed architecture MTCs. The proposed method is based on interrogating the controller using a set of production recipes (e.g., G-codes) and employing the response of the controller to learn a low-dimensional parameterization of the underlying architecture. The low-dimensional base model captures the key aspects of the structure and dynamic connectivity among the various components of an MTC. The parameters of the base model are tuned based on the outputs of an MTC gathered using standard data exchange protocols (e.g. OPC UA, MTConnect). We applied the proposed approach to develop emulators for a SIEMENS controller that mimics X–Y motion of their 2-axis motion control systems. The current implementation of the emulator can track the measured path trajectories up to 0.23 mm accuracy for various geometries tested. Our approach can be used to generalize emulator development for different types of real world MTCs.

Bee colony remote monitoring based on IoT using ESP-NOW protocol.

Information and communication technologies, specifically the Internet of Things (IoT), have been widely used in many agricultural practices, including beekeeping, where the adoption of advanced technologies has an increasing trend. Implementation of precision apiculture methods into beekeeping practice depends on availability and cost-effectiveness of honey bee colony monitoring systems. This study presents a developed bee colony monitoring system based on the IoT concept and using ESP8266 and ESP32 microchips. The monitoring system uses the ESP-NOW protocol for data exchange within the apiary and a GSM (Global System for Mobile communication)/GPRS (General packet radio service) external interface for packet-based communication with a remote server on the Internet. The local sensor network was constructed in a star type logical topology with one central node. The use of ESP-NOW protocol as a communication technology added an advantage of longer communication distance between measurement nodes in comparison to a previously used Wi-Fi based approach and faster data exchange. Within the study, five monitoring devices were used for real-time bee colony monitoring in Latvia. The bee colony monitoring took place from 01.06.2022 till 31.08.2022. Within this study, the distance between ESP-NOW enabled devices and power consumption of the monitoring and main nodes were evaluated as well. As a result, it was concluded that the ESP-NOW protocol is well suited for the IoT solution development for honeybee colony monitoring. It reduces the time needed to transmit data between nodes (over a large enough distance), therefore ensuring that the measurement nodes operate in an even lower power consumption mode.

Blockchain-Oriented Data Exchange Protocol With Traceability and Revocation for Smart Grid

&lt;p&gt;The smart energy system (SES) encourages data administration and information services developments, particularly smart grids. Presently, numerous SESs cloud environments are accessible to smart grids. Nonetheless, because of the semi-credible character of the SES cloud environments, achieving secured access, information storage, updates, deletion, tracing, and revocation of ill-disposed clients is a genuine concern. In this publication, an Ethereum blockchain-oriented secured access regulation design upholding traceability and revocability is offered for smart grids to resolve these problems. The blockchain implements unified identity verification and saves all public-keys, users&amp;rsquo; attribute sets, and revocable lists. The system administrator creates system parameters and sends private-keys to users. The domain administrator prepares the domain&amp;rsquo;s security and privacy-preservation policies and executes encryption procedures. If the attributes correspond with the access policy and the user&amp;rsquo;s ID is unrevoked, they could acquire interim-decryption capabilities from the edge/cloud servers. Tracking malevolent users for revocation is applicable throughout all stages, ensuring the system is secured under Decisional-Bilinear-Diffie-Hellman (DBDH) complex theory and can withstand multi-attacks. Analysis revealed the size of the public/private keys to be shorter, contrary to relevant schemes. The overhead duration is less for generating the public-key, data encryption, and decryption phases. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;