Data-driven Control Research Articles

Robust event-triggered data-driven control subject to control constraints

Robust event-triggered data-driven control subject to control constraints

Application of Mixed-Mode Ventilation to Enhance Indoor Air Quality and Energy Efficiency in School Buildings

Indoor air quality and energy efficiency are instrumental aspects of school facility design and construction, as they directly affect the physical well-being, comfort, and academic output of both pupils and staff. The challenge of balancing the need for adequate ventilation to enhance indoor air quality with the goal of reducing energy consumption has long been a topic of debate. The implementation of mixed-mode ventilation systems with automated controls presents a promising solution to address this issue. However, a comprehensive literature review on this subject is still missing. To address this gap, this review examines the potential application of mixed-mode ventilation systems as a solution to attaining improved energy savings without compromising indoor air quality and thermal comfort in educational environments. Mixed-mode ventilation systems, which combine natural ventilation and mechanical ventilation, provide the versatility to alternate between or merge both methods based on real-time indoor and outdoor environmental conditions. By analyzing empirical studies, case studies, and theoretical models, this review investigates the efficacy of mixed-mode ventilation systems in minimizing energy use and enhancing indoor air quality. Essential elements such as operable windows, sensors, and sophisticated control technologies are evaluated to illustrate how mixed-mode ventilation systems dynamically optimize ventilation to sustain comfortable and healthy indoor climates. This paper further addresses the challenges linked to the design and implementation of mixed-mode ventilation systems, including complexities in control and the necessity for climate-adaptive strategies. The findings suggest that mixed-mode ventilation systems can considerably lower heating, ventilation, and air conditioning energy usage, with energy savings ranging from 20% to 60% across various climate zones, while also enhancing indoor air quality with advanced control systems and data-driven control strategies. In conclusion, mixed-mode ventilation systems offer a promising approach for school buildings to achieve energy efficiency and effective ventilation without sacrificing indoor environment quality.

Data-driven brain emotional learning-based intelligent controller-PID control of MIMO systems based on a modified safe experimentation dynamics algorithm

The increasing complexity of modern plant systems and the limitations of precise mathematical modeling have led to a shift towards data-driven control methods. These methods present an effective alternative that treats plants as black-box systems without requiring explicit models. The safe experimentation dynamics algorithm (SEDA) is one such method that optimizes controller parameters using data-driven techniques. Nonetheless, control performance can be limited by the fixed probability coefficient used in the original SEDA to disrupt design parameters, especially when balancing exploration and exploitation phases. This study proposes an enhanced version of the SEDA: the modified SEDA (MSEDA), to address this issue. The MSEDA introduces a dynamic probability coefficient that decreases with each iteration. The adjustment improves the balance between exploration and exploitation phases, which enhances control accuracy. The MSEDA was used to tune the brain emotional learning-based intelligent controller (BELBIC) together with a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller. The result was the BELBIC-PID controller inspired by the limbic system of the human brain, which has high precision. The effectiveness of the proposed MSEDA-BELBIC-PID was validated using simulations on multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems, with a focus on tracking performance and computational efficiency. The statistical analysis of 30 independent trials demonstrated that the proposed MSEDA-BELBIC-PID was significantly improved over the original SEDA-BELBIC-PID. Wilcoxon's rank test yielded a fitness function p-value < 0.05, which confirmed the robustness and effect of the proposed enhancement. The comparative results demonstrated that the MSEDA-BELBIC-PID consistently performed better than the original approach and had improved fitness function values, reduced total integral square error, and lower total integral square input. These findings underscored the MSEDA suitability as a data-driven tool for controller design parameter optimization. Furthermore, the low computational burden of MSEDA rendered it a strong alternative to heuristic multi-agent algorithms, which frequently encounter high computational costs with large controller design parameters.

Incremental learning user profile and deep reinforcement learning for managing building energy in heating water

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has garnered growing attention as a data-driven control technique in the field of built environments. However, the existing DRL approaches for managing water systems cannot consider information from multiple time steps, are prone to overestimation, fall into the problem of locally optimal solutions, and fail to cope with time-varying environments, resulting in an inability to minimize energy consumption while considering water comfort and hygiene of occupants. Therefore, this study proposes an incremental learning user profile and deep reinforcement learning (ILUPDRL) method for controlling hot water systems. This study employs hot water user profiles to reflect the hot water demand (HWD) habits. The proposed ILUPDRL addresses the challenges arising from evolving HWD through incremental learning of hot water user profiles. Moreover, to enable the ILUPDRL to consider information from multiple time steps, this study proposes the recurrent proximal policy optimization (RPPO) algorithm and integrates the RPPO into the ILUPDRL. The simulation results show that the ILUPDRL achieves up to 67.53% energy savings while considering the water comfort and water hygiene of occupants.

Data-driven control of echo state-based recurrent neural networks with robust stability guarantees

In this work we propose a new data-based approach for robust controller design for a rather general class of recurrent neural networks affected by bounded measurement noise. We first identify the model set compatible with available data in a selected model class via set membership (SM). Then, incremental input-to-state stability and desired performances for the closed loop system are enforced robustly to all models in the identified model set via a linear matrix inequality (LMI) optimization problem. Numerical results show the effectiveness of the comprehensive method.

Data-Driven Tracking Control of a Cushion Robot with Safe Autonomous Motion Considering Human-Machine Interaction Environment

Abstract This study proposes a data-driven safety controller with velocity constraints for a cushion robot. We constructed a mathematical description of the human-machine interaction environment by decomposing the generalized input force and coefficient matrix in the dynamic model. We established a new equivalent data model, which considered various human-machine interaction environments using a pseudo-Jacobian matrix. A stochastic configuration network (SCN) estimation method for variations in the human-machine interaction environment was proposed, with hidden layer nodes added at random. We designed a safe autonomous navigation path and proposed a data-driven control method that limited the actual velocity while stabilizing the tracking error system. In addition, the desired motion velocity of the robot was designed. This approach has the advantage of ensuring safety at a specified velocity. We also demonstrated and validated the effectiveness of the proposed data-driven algorithm using simulation-based comparative analysis and an experimental study.

A New Paradigm in AC Drive Control: Data-Driven Control by Learning Through the High-Efficiency Data Set-Generalizations and Applications to a PMSM Drive Control System.

This paper presents a new means to control the processes involving energy conversion. Electric machines fed by electronic converters provide a useful power defined by the inner product of two generalized energetic variables: effort and flow. The novelty in this paper is controlling the desired energetic variables by a Data-Driven Control (DDC) law, which comprises the effort and flow and the corresponding process control. The same desired useful power might be obtained with different controls at different efficiencies. Solving the regularization problem is based on building a knowledge database that contains the maximum efficiency points. Knowing a reasonable number of optimal efficiency operation points, an interpolation Radial Base Function (RBF) control was built. The RBF algorithm can be found by training and testing the optimal controls for any admissible operation points of the process. The control scheme developed for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) has an inner DDC loop that performs converter control based on measured speed and demanded torque by the outer loop, which handles the speed. A comparison of the DDC with the Model Predictive Control (MPC) of the PMSM highlights the advantages of the new control method: the method is free from the process nature and guarantees higher efficiency.

Stable transfer learning-based control: An off-dynamics adaptive approach for unknown nonlinear systems

Although data-driven control can achieve satisfactory control performance without relying on the system’s mathematical model (i.e., model-free), extensive online interaction with the real system remains necessary. This interaction-intensive nature has become a barrier to the widespread use of data-driven control. In fact, training a controller on the system from scratch is usually infeasible due to limited data availability and safety reasons. This paper aims to mitigate this drawback while still preserving the model-free feature of data-driven control with help of transfer learning. Specifically, a controller transfer learning problem is considered for nonlinear systems with unknown dynamics, a topic underexplored in the literature. The proposed method can transfer the controller trained on the source system directly to the target system without further tuning. It is firstly be revealed that the transfer map for this problem is a dynamic system coupled with the control law, which is learned by constructing an auxiliary system in a data-driven manner. Then, the off-dynamics adaptive law is designed to train the controller using the Lyapunov stability theory. Furthermore, our method is extended to a class of higher-order nonlinear systems with stability guarantees. Finally, the stability and reliability of the method are investigated through both rigorous theoretical analysis and illustrative examples. The results demonstrate that our method successfully transfers the tracking controller between two unknown and different nonlinear systems with stability guarantees.

Data-Driven Control of Unknown Switched Linear Systems Using Scenario Optimization

Data-Driven Control of Unknown Switched Linear Systems Using Scenario Optimization

Optimal DMD Koopman Data-Driven Control of a Worm Robot.

Bio-inspired robots are devices that mimic an animal's motions and structures in nature. Worm robots are robots that are inspired by the movements of the worm in nature. This robot has different applications such as medicine and rescue plans. However, control of the worm robot is a challenging task due to the high-nonlinearity dynamic model and external noises that are applied to that robot. This research uses an optimal data-driven controller to control the worm robot. First, data are obtained from the nonlinear model of the worm robot. Then, the Koopman theory is used to generate a linear dynamic model of the Worm robot. The dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) method is used to generate the Koopman operator. Finally, a linear quadratic regulator (LQR) control method is applied for the control of the worm robot. The simulation results verify the performance of the proposed control method.

Enhanced DC Voltage and Power Regulation Using Intelligent Data-Driven Control for AC/DC Converters in DC Microgrid Applications

Enhanced DC Voltage and Power Regulation Using Intelligent Data-Driven Control for AC/DC Converters in DC Microgrid Applications

Disturbance Observer Dynamic Linearization-Based Model-Free Adaptive Control for Discrete-Time Nonlinear Systems.

In this article, a disturbance observer dynamic linearization (DL)-based model-free adaptive control (MFAC) scheme is proposed for discrete-time nonlinear systems with disturbances and uncertainties. The partial-form-dynamic-linearization-based disturbance observer (PDO) is constructed by applying the DL method to an unknown ideal disturbance observer. An adaptive updating algorithm of the observer gain is derived by minimizing a estimation criterion function. Then, the PDO-based MFAC scheme is formed and its bounded stability is rigorously analyzed using the contraction mapping principle. The proposed scheme is a purely data-driven control method, that is, both the PDO and control system are designed by using only the input/output data of underlying system. A numerical simulation and a vehicle turning experiment are given to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

Periodic event-triggered data-driven control for networked control systems with time-varying delays

This article focuses on data-driven analysis and controller design for networked control systems (NCSs) with network-induced delays. The study considers a linear time-invariant (LTI) system controlled through a periodic event-triggering mechanism. First, by leveraging data-based representations, we establish data-based stability conditions for NCSs with time-varying delays. Furthermore, we propose the data-based method for co-designing the controller and the periodic event-triggering scheme. In addition, we present novel data-based conditions for verifying dissipativity properties of NCSs. The effectiveness of our proposed methods is validated through a simulation and a turbofan engine hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) experiment.

On-line data-driven control for uncertain systems based on greedy algorithm

Considering a result that persistently exciting data can be used to replace the linear system model, this paper is devoted to applying this result in the field of data-driven control of nonlinear systems. An on-line iteration based on greedy algorithm to stabilize uncertain discrete-time systems is proposed. The method tends to obtain approximate optimal control through solving a series of programming problems. Every programming problem is linear for the convenience of solving. Besides, in particular, the method requires few prior conditions, as long as the system is controllable and observable and the equilibrium state of the system is known. First, we prove that under certain circumstances, the solution to our linear matrix inequality can stabilize the system. Next, a multi-objective programming problem is proposed to deal with situations where the required conditions are unknown. Finally, an on-line iteration is used to enhance robustness as well as real-time evaluation. The method is illustrated to be effective through a simulation under repeated experiments.

An Overview of Systems-Theoretic Guarantees in Data-Driven Model Predictive Control

The development of control methods based on data has seen a surge of interest in recent years. When applying data-driven controllers in real-world applications, providing theoretical guarantees for the closed-loop system is of crucial importance to ensure reliable operation. In this review, we provide an overview of data-driven model predictive control (MPC) methods for controlling unknown systems with guarantees on systems-theoretic properties such as stability, robustness, and constraint satisfaction. The considered approaches rely on the fundamental lemma from behavioral theory in order to predict input–output trajectories directly from data. We cover various setups, ranging from linear systems and noise-free data to more realistic formulations with noise and nonlinearities, and we provide an overview of different techniques to ensure guarantees for the closed-loop system. Moreover, we discuss avenues for future research that may further improve the theoretical understanding and practical applicability of data-driven MPC.

A robust data-driven model predictive thermal control for rack-based data center

Optimizing and controlling of air-cooled data centers cooling systems are essential for reducing energy consumption. However, traditional cooling system control strategies have been proven inadequate due to the thermodynamic processes complexity and the challenge for accurately modeling the thermal behavior of data center (DC). Therefore, a data-driven control method without explicit modeling process is urgently needed. In this paper, a robust data-driven model predictive control (MPC) method for air-cooled rack-based DCs, based on Willems fundamental lemma, is proposed. The methodology is executed in three phases: Firstly, we show that the system is approximately linear time-invariant (LTI) by zonal model method and experiment. Secondly, we propose a data-driven MPC framework for air-cooled rack-based DC. Thirdly, considering the uncertainties caused by disturbances and the nonlinear dynamics, the data-driven MPC approach is tailored as a robust one. Finally, the proposed approach is verified by computational fluid dynamics simulation experiments. This approach ensures the rack-based DC cold aisle temperature to the reference temperature as well as within acceptable limits. The experiment shows that the steady-state error is guaranteed to be less than 2%, with a control accuracy increased by 2.4% compared with the regular MPC. Thus, this method provides an alternative solution for maintaining the reference temperature in air-cooled rack-based DCs by utilizing only input–output data.

Hand It to Me Formally! Data-Driven Control for Human-Robot Handovers With Signal Temporal Logic

Hand It to Me Formally! Data-Driven Control for Human-Robot Handovers With Signal Temporal Logic

Data-Driven Control of COVID-19 in Buildings: A Reinforcement-Learning Approach

Data-Driven Control of COVID-19 in Buildings: A Reinforcement-Learning Approach

Distributed Data-Driven Control for a Connected Autonomous Vehicle Platoon Subjected to False Data Injection Attacks

Distributed Data-Driven Control for a Connected Autonomous Vehicle Platoon Subjected to False Data Injection Attacks

Data-Driven Control for Nonlinear Networked Systems on Basis of Two Description Coding Scheme

Data-Driven Control for Nonlinear Networked Systems on Basis of Two Description Coding Scheme