Dart Programming Research Articles

An Independent Learning System for Flutter Cross-Platform Mobile Programming with Code Modification Problems

Nowadays, with the common use of smartphones in daily lives, mobile applications have become popular around the world, which will lead to a rise in Flutter framework. Developed by Google, Flutter with Dart programming provides a cross-platform development environment to create visually appealing and responsive user interfaces across mobile, web, and desktop platforms using a single codebase. However, due to time and staff limitations, the Flutter/Dart programming course is not included in curricula, even in IT departments in universities. Therefore, independent learning environments for students are essential to meet this growing popularity. Previously, we have developed programming learning assistant system (PLAS) as a web-browser-based self-learning platform for novice students. PLAS offers various types of exercise problems designed to cultivate programming skills step-by-step through a lot of code reading and code writing practices. Among them, one particular type is the code modification problem (CMP), which asks to modify the given source code to satisfy the new specifications. CMP is expected to be solved by novices with little effort if they have knowledge of other programming languages. Thus, PLAS with CMP will be an excellent platform for independent learning. In this paper, we present PLAS with CMP for the independent learning of Flutter/Dart programming. To improve the readability of the source code by students, we provided rich comments on grammar or behaviors. Besides, the code can be downloaded so that students can check and run it on an IDE. For evaluations, we generated 38 CMP instances for basic and multimedia/storage topics in Flutter/Dart programming and assigned them to 21 master students at Okayama University, Japan, who have never studied it. The results confirm the validity of the proposal.

Bangla Optical Character Recognition for Mobile Platforms: A Comprehensive Cross-Platform Approach

The development of Optical Character Recognition (OCR) systems for Bangla script has been an area of active research since the 1980s. This study presents a comprehensive analysis and development of a cross-platform mobile application for Bangla OCR, leveraging the Tesseract OCR engine. The primary objective is to enhance the recognition accuracy of Bangla characters, achieving rates between 90% and 99%. The application is designed to facilitate the automatic extraction of text from images selected from the device's photo library, promoting the preservation and accessibility of Bangla language materials. This paper discusses the methodology, including the preparation of training datasets, preprocessing steps, and the integration of the Tesseract OCR engine within a Dart programming environment for cross-platform functionality. This integration provides that the application could be introduced on mobile platforms without substantial alterations. The results demonstrate significant improvements in recognition accuracy, making this application a valuable tool for various practical applications such as data entry for printed Bengali documents, automatic recognition of Bangla number plates, and the digital archiving of vintage Bangla books. These improvements are crucial to further enhance the usability and reliability of Bangla OCR on mobile devices. Our cross-platform method for Bangla OCR on mobile devices provides a strong solution with exceptional identification accuracy, which helps in preserving and making Bangla language information accessible in digital format. This study has significant implications for future research and advancement in the field of optical character recognition (OCR) for intricate writing systems, especially in mobile settings.

Penerapan Metode User Centered Design pada Aplikasi UMKM Berbasis Android (Studi Kasus : UMKM Kenyot Susu Boyolali)

MSME Kenyot Susu is one of the MSMEs in Boyolali that sells various processed foods and drinks made from colostrum milk. Currently, product introduction activities only involve participating in events and bazaars so that the community reach is not wide enough. Reseller registration is currently still done manually by coming directly to the location. This research focuses on developing Android-based MSME applications using the User Centered Design method which was built using the PHP, Javascript, and Dart programming languages and using the Flutter framework. The testing method uses a usability test with a questionnaire and is measured using a Likert Scale. This research succeeded in developing an Android application as an MSME information system that displays MSME profiles, products sold, reseller data but does not include buying and selling transactions. From the test results, an average score of 79% was obtained in the category (agree/good/like), which shows that the application design that was built was in accordance with user expectations.

A Study of Learning Environment for Initiating Flutter App Development Using Docker

The Flutter framework with Dart programming allows developers to effortlessly build applications for both web and mobile from a single codebase. It enables efficient conversions to native codes for mobile apps and optimized JavaScript for web browsers. Since utilizing a wide range of widgets in Flutter ensures consistent experiences on various devices for users, it becomes crucial in programming education by providing a unified environment for learning app development while reducing the need for platform-specific knowledge. However, the setup of the Flutter environment is challenging for novice students due to its multiple steps, such as installing dependencies and configuring environments. To support independent learning for these students, it is essential to simplify the setup by providing user-friendly instructions and automated tools. In this paper, we present a Docker-based environment for Flutter app developments across Windows, Linux, and Mac through Visual Studio Code, ensuring a unified learning experience. This paper aims to simplify complex configurations and address the obstacles encountered by students when initiating Flutter projects. For the evaluation, we prepared three simple Flutter projects along with the setup environment in a Docker container. Then, we asked 24 Master’s students at Okayama University, Japan, to install the environment and modify the source codes in the projects independently by following the given instructions. The results show that all the students successfully completed the assignments, which confirms the efficiency and validity of our proposal.

The Development of Screening Application of the Risk of Elderly with Dementia in Saraphi District, Chiang Mai Province

This research aimed to develop dementia screening tools through a mobile application for use by public health volunteers and medical personnel in an attempt to detect the risk of dementia at early stages in Saraphi district, Chiang Mai province and to explore the satisfaction of the application users towards the implementation of a dementia screening application. The sample group was 90 public health volunteers residing in Nongphueng sub-district, Yang Noeng sub-district, and Saraphi sub-district, and 15 medical personnel working in Ban Nongphueng Tambon health promotion hospital, Yang Noeng Tambon health promotion hospital, and Saraphi hospital, Saraphi District, Chiang Mai Province. The research methodology comprised eight steps as follows: 1) conducting documentary research on dementia symptoms, screening tools, and dementia data from medical personnel at the Chiang Mai Neurological Hospital. 2) carrying out a field study with community participation to investigate the circumstances of dementia in Tambon Nong Phueng, Tambon Yang Noeng, and Tambon Saraphi. 3) selecting 90 public health volunteers, and 15 medical personnel to participate in this research. 4) formulating a storyboard which described the application model 5) designing the system and create the application with the consultancy from a psychiatric doctor for the elderly and an occupational therapist. 6) testing the operation of the application and carry out the improvement. 7) preparing the manual 8) publicizing and making the application available. The data collection instrument consisted of a satisfaction questionnaire towards the implementation of an application for dementia screening. The statistics used in the research were mean and standard deviation. The dementia application, named "Brain Screening," was developed using the Flutter software development kit and the Dart programming language. It operates on the Android operating system. This application consists of four cognitive assessments: the 14-question item memory assessment, the Mini-Cog assessment, the 8-question item IQCODE-Modified assessment for relatives or caretakers to assess memories, and the AMT assessment for public health and medical personnel. Additionally, the satisfaction assessment of public health volunteers regarding the application's implementation yielded high levels of satisfaction, with an overall mean of 4.19 and a standard deviation of 0.53.

Blockchain-based cyber-security proposal in commerce mobile platforms for social and sustainability businesses

<p>This study aims to propose the integration of cyber security measures with sustainable mobile commerce platforms and evaluate their efficacy in promoting social entrepreneurship and sustainability in the field of mobile commerce. A platform was developed for Android and iOS platforms using the Flutter Framework and Dart Programming Language, and it included features designed to help social entrepreneurs and non-profit organizations connect with potential donors, volunteers, and partners. The study includes participants from social entrepreneurs, non-profit organizations, and potential donors who are recruited to use the platform to create and promote their social business projects and to provide feedback on their experience using the platform. The results of the integration are expected to show that the mobile platform for social business is effective in promoting social entrepreneurship and sustainable development and in connecting social entrepreneurs and non-profit organizations with potential donors and partners due to the security measures that have been taken in the application and data protection, ensuring privacy with a comparatively lower risk than other platforms. In conclusion, this paper presents a blockchain-based secure mechanism for mobile platforms for m-commerce and social business, which is a valuable tool for promoting social entrepreneurship and sustainable development. It can be used to create a positive social impact in local and, conceivably, international communities. The proposal explicitly explains the methodology and implementation of the platform and highlights the significance and impact of this research in advancing the fields of mobile commerce, social entrepreneurship, and sustainability.</p>

Ferramenta digital para primeiros socorros na infância: aplicativo para profissionais e cuidadores

Abstract Objective To describe the process of developing an app for children first aid support for professionals and caregivers. Methods Technological production study, developed in southern Brazil, between March/2022 and May/2023, based on the functionalities of the scrum method. Designed in cooperation with an interprofessional team, the software was developed based on a set of light and agile practices, the framework called Flutter and the Dart programming language. Results The app, developed in a systematic and participatory way with the participation of health and education professionals and caregivers, demonstrated plausible functionality, accessibility, feasibility and reliability in providing agile and safe information in events such as children’s first aid. Called SOS Kids, the app has an attractive interface, quick access to visual information and various commands on a single screen. The graphic elements are interactive, in order to favor visualization and prospective decision-making. Conclusion The development process of the child first aid support software for professionals and caregivers, based on a method that relies on light and agile practices, proved to be functional and has the potential to support, in an effective and safe way, health professionals, education professionals and caregivers in general.

Implementasi Framework Flutter Pada Perancangan Forum Diskusi Future Sight Berbasis Android

The Future Sight app is an online discussion platform designed with kids in mind. Students can utilize this application's features to create discussion groups and media for teaching and learning processes without being constrained by time, space, or distance. Students can use the Android-based Future Sight application as a platform for textual and image-based discussions, the exchange of articles, the building of friendships around online discussion topics, and statistics. The application features features such as topic creation, article creation, search, statistics, following, and followers. The Extreme Programming (XP) method was used to create this application, which has phases for planning, designing, programming, and testing. The Dart programming language, the Flutter framework, an API (application programming interface) written with Visual Studio Code as a text editor, and a MySQL database as a data storage medium were used to create the Future Sight application. Using the black box approach, the experiment produced the anticipated outcomes in line with the study's goals.

Development and Perceived Usability Evaluation of a Mobile application for Notetaking

INTRODUCTION: Notetaking is considered, by many educators, as one of the critical actions of learning. There are several note-taking methods and approaches. Based on these methods and approaches, various applications, whether mobile, desktop or -Web-based, were developed.OBJECTIVES: In this paper, a novel note-taking application based on Cornell Technique, is presented. Its development process and user acceptance trend are exhibited and results for user evaluation based on user satisfaction are presented. METHODS: For the software development process, Incremental Model was adopted. Requirement Analysis included, aside from examining principles and related note-taking structure of Cornell Technique, investigating (i) how to perform notetaking as an activity of learning, (ii) its product and (iii) relationship of notes for the purpose of storage. Models containing sub-activities, such as reviewing note have been identified and some were selectively adopted and related functions such as review alert (tickler) and collaboration on notetaking have been implemented. To the purpose of storage, a tree-based scheme called collection was modelled. User interfaces were first designed as mockups and click-through pro-totype using Adobe XD. The mobile application was implemented in Dart programming language. Google’s Firebase Service and Flutter Framework was adopted. The mobile application was compared with its equivalents in the Google Play Store and user statistics were investigated. To evaluate perceived usability, the System Usability Scale is adopted and applied to 14 university students conforming to determined persona.RESULTS: The application has been published in Google Play Store for users to install for free on 18th March 2022. As of 10th September 2023, total number of downloads is 5K and the Cornell Note mobile app is currently installed on 1108 devices. For the last three-month period (from 11th June to 10th September 2023), the active users per month changed in an increasing trend from 450 to 589. The average engagement time on 11th of April 2023 was 28 minutes 00 seconds. As the number of monthly active users increased, the average engagement time measured on 10th September 2023 decreased to 23 minutes 31 seconds. However, engagement rates measured were 76.91% and 77.19%, respectively. The mean SUS score was found to be equal to 79.5.CONCLUSION: The user statistics and comparison with equivalent mobile applications reveal that Cornell Note has potential to grow as a mobile application for notetaking since it has a good perceived usability, however, there is room for improvement. Considering any extra marketing effort was not spent for the application such as application store optimization, the statistics are another evidence for user appeal and acceptance. However, it is important to add new functionality without complicating the user experience so that user appeal and acceptance boosts.

APLIKASI EDUKASI PENCEGAHAN PENYAKIT PROSTAT BERBASIS ANDROID (STUDI KASUS RS ISLAM ARAFAH KOTA JAMBI)

Prostate disease is one of the significant health problems for men, but awareness of the importance of prevention and treatment of this disease is still relatively low. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to build an Android-based educational application specifically focused on the prevention of prostate disease. This research was conducted at Arafat Jambi Islamic Hospital, and this application will be a relevant case study in an effort to increase public awareness about the importance of maintaining prostate health. The input in this research involves the use of the Flutter framework and the Dart programming language as the main tools in building educational applications. The output of this research is an Android application that can be downloaded and used by the community at large. The app will provide reliable information on prostate disease prevention, including steps that can be taken to keep the prostate healthy. The app will also provide advice on a healthy diet, and an active lifestyle. The expected outcome of this research is an increase in the knowledge and awareness of the public, especially men, about prostate disease prevention. Thus, it is hoped that the number of cases of prostate disease that are detected late can be reduced, improving the quality of life of men, and reducing the negative impact of this disease on society.

Aplikasi Android Pencarian Coffee Shop Terbaik Menggunakan Metode Weighted Product

Coffee Shop is a place to gather and relax with family, friends, relatives to enjoy the weekend or just to unwind from the activities that have been carried out. Currently, there are many coffee shops in Sleman that provide products at affordable prices and comfortable places, so that many students make coffee shops an alternative place to complete assignments. However, many people still ask about the Coffee Shop along with detailed information such as taste, price, service, atmosphere, and distance. The Weighted Product method is one of the weighting methods, where multiplication is used to connect attribute ratings, and the rating of each attribute must be raised first with the weight of the attribute in question. The results of this study are in the form of an Android application to find the best Coffee Shop using the Weighted Product method so that it can make it easier for people to choose a Coffee Shop based on the selected criteria. The application is built using the Dart programming language and utilizes the Flutter framework and MySQL as a database management system.

PERANCANGAN APLIKASI ANDROID PENGUCAPAN HURUF HIJAIYAH SEBAGAI MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN FAST QURAN MENGGUNAKAN FLUTTER

Technological developments provide enormous benefits to all circles of society. In terms of education, it has also taken advantage of the development of android. Likewise in the field of religious education. Technology really supports the learning process among vulnerable ages, one of which is android as a medium for learning to read the Al-Qur'an. In countries that are predominantly Muslim, in fact there are still many who cannot read the Al-Qur'an. Based on PTIQ Jakarta's research, approximately 50 to 60 percent of Muslims cannot read the Qur'an. From this research, it was found that almost half of Indonesia's Muslim population could not read the Al-Qur'an. This condition is very concerning. By taking advantage of technological developments, utilizing Android and seeing existing realities, prompted me to design this application to make it easier for users to learn to pronounce hijaiyah letters correctly according to the character of the letters and according to the place where the hijaiyah letters came out. With this application to support the learning process in Fast Quran. This application uses the Flutter framework with the Dart programming language and is developed with Visual Studio Code.

Real Time Face Recognition for Mobile Application Based on Mobilenetv2

Real-time facial recognition is one of the technologies with significant applications in a variety of contexts, including supporting the process of employee attendance. Attendance is a crucial aspect of company administration that influences productivity and operational effectiveness. Traditional attendance mechanisms are susceptible to fraud and errors, so businesses must adopt digital attendance solutions. Face recognition with landmark-based anti-spoofing using MobileNetV2 on mobile devices is intended to be an innovative solution for attendance management. This system employs CNN with MobileNetV2 architecture to detect and identify employee faces in real time. MobileNetV2 is advantageous because it makes efficient use of mobile device resources without sacrificing precision. The research results demonstrate the extraction of eye and lip landmark points with the Blazeface model integrated in the Dart programming language using the Flutter framework. The implementation of the mobile system yields an application called FaceON that can aid in the prevention of potential fraud by employing anti-spoofing techniques. Before a visage can be verified, users must overcome obstacles such as winks and smiles. The contribution of this study is that this system is a dependable and innovative solution for employee attendance management in the digital age

Pengembangan Aplikasi Kalkulator Multifungsi Menggunakan Flutter Framework

Flutter is an open-source user interface (UI) software development kit (SDK) created by Google, designed for building natively compiled applications for mobile, web, and desktop platforms from a single codebase. It employs the Dart programming language and provides a rich set of pre-built widgets, offering developers the flexibility to craft visually appealing and interactive user interfaces. This paper presents an overview of the Flutter framework, discussing its core features, architecture, and benefits. Flutter's "hot reload" feature allows for real-time code changes without the need for a full application restart, enabling faster development and experimentation. The framework's performance is optimized by leveraging Skia, a graphics engine for smooth rendering, resulting in fast and fluid UI experiences. The Flutter ecosystem encompasses a thriving community, extensive documentation, and a wide range of plugins that extend functionality and simplify integration with native platform features. Its cross-platform capabilities streamline the development process and reduce time-to-market, making it a popular choice among developers and businesses alike. The paper also highlights some potential challenges faced when adopting Flutter, such as platform-specific issues and limited native functionality access. However, the benefits of code reusability, fast development cycles, and consistent UI across platforms outweigh these challenges for many projects. Overall, Flutter has emerged as a robust and versatile framework for building high-performance applications across diverse platforms. Its continuous evolution, strong community support, and commitment from Google position it as a promising solution for modern app development in the rapidly evolving world of technology.

Usability of Mobile Application for Implementing Genetic Counselling Intervention among Thalassemia Patients and Caregivers: A Case Study of Cyber Gen

Utilization of communication and information technology has been widely used in the health sector, especially nursing. As one of the nursing interventions for thalassemia patients and caregivers, genetic counseling is not only done face to face but can use android-based telenursing facilities through the complete features available in the Cyber Gen application. This study aims to measure the usability level of Cyber Gen application as an indirect genetic counseling medium for thalassemia patients. This application was developed with four main services: basic information about diseases, consultation rooms, social support, and direct surveys. This application is built using the Flutter Framework, the Dart programming language, and Cloud Firestore as the database. Usability was measured by using the System Usability Scale in two groups of 30 respondents each with an incidental sampling technique. The usability score shows 81.75 for personal users and 82.25 for counselor users with a 100% readiness level for use. These results indicate that the Cyber Gen application can be used to deliver genetic counseling intervention to thalassemia patients and caregivers.

Empowering self-advocacy for breast health: A successful educational campaign on breast cancer risk and screening recommendations.

11041 Background: The purpose was to develop and distribute an educational campaign on breast cancer risk and screening recommendations to empower women, men, and transgender individuals to take charge of their breast health. Identifying individuals at high risk for developing breast cancer through educational campaigns can lead to earlier detection and improved health outcomes. It was hypothesized that the development of a multi-platform educational campaign including televised ads, website, and mobile applications (apps), would result in a broad reach and accessibility of breast cancer risk and screening recommendations. Methods: The campaign ran from 10/1/22 – 12/2/22 and included a variety of mediums, such as televised ads, website, and mobile apps for iOS and Android devices, all of which were available in English and Spanish. An educational video series was developed to raise awareness about the updated guidelines for breast cancer screening from the American College of Radiology (ACR). Videos focused on the importance of screening for women with a high risk of breast cancer and transgender individuals taking hormone therapy. To complement the televised video, case-based teaching illustrations were created for the website and apps. Resources included screening recommendations, local resources for breast cancer screening and foundations for financial assistance. These materials could be accessed at the website https://myriskbreastcancer.com . The website and mobile apps featured a risk calculator developed using the GAIL model from SAS, coded in the Dart programming language to ensure compatibility and all user inputs were stored in a secure Firebase database. To reach a wider audience, responsive social media ads were developed and distributed through targeted Google Ads campaign. Analytics were collected and analyzed using Google Analytics and user inputs from the mobile application to assess the campaign's effectiveness. Results: Televised ads reached a total of 673,920 impressions over 142 educational video sessions. Google display ads had 152,672 impressions and 462 click-throughs with an audience of 49.2% female and 50.8% male. The mobile application was downloaded 2,030 times on iOS and 722 times on Android, and installed in 131 countries. The website saw 930 impressions and 637 users completed the online calculator, with 72 identified as high risk at time of initial data collection on 12/1/22. Conclusions: The educational campaign was successful in reaching > 500,000 impressions within two months of release, sharing knowledge about breast cancer risk and screening recommendations across all gender types. Use of multiple platforms, including television, social media, and mobile apps, allowed for broad reach and accessibility nationally and internationally, including the identification of 72 individuals at high risk for developing breast cancer.

Analysis of Cross Platform Application Development Over Multiple Devices using Flutter & Dart

With the looming of new mobile applications, the organizations, and industries of all types whether it is IT Consultancy, Human Resources, Logistics and Supply Chain Management etc. or to be more specific any industry or organization that is thriving for their development in their sectors are relying on application development now a days. Through which app development industry is quickly advancing day by day. Embracing of various Operating Systems like Android, iOS, Symbian OS etc. in mobile development industry only Android OS is most loved and used by the people now a days and this Android OS is gaining popularity in upcoming generations also. Secondly talking about iOS by Apple it is also gaining popularity but not up to that extant as Android OS has gained and stabilizes itself in the industry. Although the iOS is very famous for its security reasons. Symbian OS now is a desisted OS or in simple terms extinct from the industry was owned by NOKIA used up C++ as the programming language to provide a simple yet implicit User Interface to their user for a seamless experience in mobile applications. This thesis/Research paper aims to present the benefits of using Cross Platform Application Development using Flutter as while Java or Kotlin is basically used in Application Development but the only drawback of it was that for individual Operating System we have to code individually and for another Operating System we have to code individually. So, to overcome this obstacle we are using Dart Programming Language using Flutter as a Platform upon the Android Studio or the Visual Studio Code for Developing our App.

BovCria: an application designed to assist breeders in the assessment of beef cattle herds

The aim of this study was to develop a technological tool in the form of a mobile application that provides functionalities for the easy calculation of reproductive and productive efficiency indices. This tool aims to assist breeders, technicians, and students of agricultural sciences in decision-making for the challenges faced in cattle production systems. The application was developed using the Android Studio development environment and the Dart programming language framework known as Flutter. The application's graphical interface follows Google guidelines in the Material Design documentation. The tool will provide a practical way to calculate recognized indexes of productive efficiency of cow-calf systems and provide information such as goals and management tips to help users achieve better results. The impact of the developed product is its use as an information platform, facilitating decision-making in the area of beef cattle production and as an efficient means of disseminating technologies generated by research institutions and popularizing science. Thus, the application is an accessible and comprehensible tool, providing a means of evaluating the technologies and management practices adopted in beef cattle farms.

Designing an Android-Based “Digital Library Batik Tegal” Application

Inventory and documentation efforts as an effort to protect and preserve craft products, to provide an informative function for batik industry players, students, tourists, and the wider community can be done with a digital library. This research was conducted to design an android-based application which displays information about Tegal batik motifs in the android display of the application related to the initial display (home), a brief history of Tegal Regency, maps of Tegal Regency, the development of Tegal Regency typical batik, 400 kinds of motifs Tegal batik with its philosophical meaning, and the distribution of batik business actors in Tegal Regency and equipped with an audio explanation of the philosophical meaning of batik. The Tegal Batik Digital Library application was developed using the Flutter framework with the Dart programming language. In this study we used the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) method with a Waterfall method. This research produces an android application called “Digital Library Batik Tegal” which can be used by batik industry players, vocational students, and the general public. Application testing conducted by media experts showed good results, where in Black Box testing all features ran as they should.

APLIKASI MEMO ONLINE (E-MEMO) LABORATORIUM TEKNIK INFORMARTIKA BERBASIS ANDROID

Practicum is one of the academic activities that must be carried out by students at Gunadarma University. It's not just one department that does practicums, but all majors do practicums. One of the practicums that students must do is the Informatics Engineering Laboratory which is intended for students of the Faculty of Industrial Technology. In practicums in several majors, including practicum in the Informatics Engineering Laboratory, if the practitioner does not take part in the practicum for any reason, except for getting a special case, they must make a memo as the practitioner's identity to take part in the practicum again. To make a memo, the practitioner must come to the Informatics Engineering Laboratory Staff room to make a memo. The practitioner can make memos if the practitioner follows the specified time to make memos. Not only does the memo maker have to comply with the time the memo is written, but taking memos also must comply with the time the memo is taken. It can take quite a long time to get the memo because you have to come on time to the Informatics Engineering Laboratory Staff room and wait to pick up the memo. Therefore, the author took the initiative to create a mobile application called "Online Memo Application (E-Memo) Android Based Informatics Engineering Laboratory". With this application, the practitioner can make memos anywhere and anytime and also the practitioner can come to the Informatics Engineering Laboratory Staff room to validate the memo which is useful for checking the authenticity of the memo. This application is made with the Dart programming language with the Flutter framework. This application is also made using Android Studio and Firebase as a place to accommodate data on practitioners who have made memos. This application runs on Android Version 5.0 with the code name Nougat and above.