Dark Red Research Articles

Effect of Salt Stress on Botanical Characteristics of Some Table Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) Cultivars.

Salinity inhibits the uptake of nitrogen, which slows down the growth and prevents plant reproduction. Certain ions, especially chloride, are poisonous to plants; when their concentration increases, the plant becomes poisoned and eventually perishes. The adaptability of several table beet cultivars (Beta vulgaris L.) to saline water irrigation creates new opportunities for extending beet production, increases the added economic value, and has a positive environmental impact. A pot experiment is carried out for two successive seasons, 2019/2020 and 2020/2021, to investigate the effect of irrigation with agriculture saline drainage water on the growth and biochemical traits of three selected cultivars (Detroit Dark Red, Red Ball, and Red Ace). Four levels of salinity are applied (1000, 2000, 3000, and 4000 ppm) along with tap water of 260 ppm salinity, which serves as the control. Detroit Dark Red beets show the best results among the other cultivars under consideration. Irrigation with the first level of saline water (1000 ppm) at both seasons of cultivation results in a significant increase rate in growth parameters (13-23%). The second level of salinity (2000 ppm) shows the maximum increase rate of some chemical constituents, such as ascorbic acid (16.26%), nitrogen (58.21%), phosphorus (11.94%), potassium (34.66%), and sodium (85.14%). The levels of total soluble solids (TSS), anthocyanins, proline, total sugars, water saturation deficit, and sodium increase significantly in proportion to saline water concentrations. The selected table beet mature leaves show slight variations in anatomical structure, especially in the B. vulgaris L. cv. Detroit Dark Red under the highest salinity concentration (4000 ppm) was less than that of the control and the other two cultivars. Other cultivars may be the subject in the near future to study the effect of their salinity tolerance with the aim of increasing productivity, enhancing their characteristics, and preserving the environment.

Bioavailability, Acceptability and Contribution of Beetroot Powder Processed Under Different Conditions to The Iron Intake of Adolescent Girls Aged 10 To 19 Years

ABSTRACT Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a prevalent issue among adolescent schoolgirls, significantly affecting their cognitive development and school performance. Beetroot, known for its high iron content, presents a potential solution for mitigating IDA. This study investigated the bioavailability, acceptability, and contribution of beetroot powder, processed under different conditions, to the iron intake of adolescent schoolgirls aged 10-19 years. Two beetroot varieties, Detroit Dark Red and Crimson Globe, were subjected to different processing methods, including boiling, sun drying, oven drying, and freeze drying. The bioavailability of iron was assessed through oxalate-to-iron molar ratios, while sensory acceptability was evaluated using a 9-point hedonic scale. The results revealed that the oxalate-to-iron molar ratios were below 1.0, indicating favorable iron bioavailability. Additionally, beetroot powder contributed between 9.24 mg and 9.5 mg of iron per 100g, equating to more than 50% of the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for adolescent schoolgirls. Sensory evaluation indicated moderate acceptability, with scores ranging from "like slightly" to "like moderately." These findings suggest that beetroot powder, particularly when processed by boiling and sun drying, can serve as a valuable dietary supplement to address IDA in adolescent girls.

Effect of Preparation and Drying Techniques on the Physicochemical, Functional and Nutritional Properties of products from Beetroot (Beta Vulgaris L.) varieties

Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) is rich in biologically active compounds. This study aimed to assess how different methods of preparation and drying affect the physical, chemical, functional, and nutritional properties of iron-rich beetroot powder. Two beetroot varieties, Detroit Dark Red (DetR) and Crimson Globe (CrimG), were processed using three drying techniques: sun drying (SD), oven drying (OD), and freeze drying (FD), with both boiled and fresh beetroots. The properties evaluated in the study included water activity, color, total phenolics and flavonoids, oxalate content, and mineral content. The results showed significant (p<0.05) differences in these properties between the dried and fresh samples. Notably, drying increased calcium, zinc, and phosphorus levels while decreasing the iron content. Boiling followed by sun drying was the best method for retaining iron, particularly for the CrimG variety. The study suggests that drying can help preserve or even enhance the physicochemical properties and micronutrient content, especially iron while reducing phytochemical levels affecting iron absorption. These findings are important for developing iron-rich beetroot products to improve dietary iron intake, especially for adolescent children.

Exploring the Evolution of Postharvest Quality and Composition in Novel Mini Plum Tomatoes with Different Fruit Pigmentations

This study evaluated the postharvest evolution in terms of quality and functional traits of recently introduced mini plum tomato cultivars, differing for fruit pigmentation. The cultivars Santy Naranja (orange fruit) and Melange (dark red, green-striped fruit), along with the well-established ‘Angelle’ (red fruit), were monitored during refrigerated storage (10 °C) for 0, 7, and 14 days (hereafter S0, S7, and S14, respectively) inside closed polylactic acid trays. ‘Melange’ displayed the highest fruit fresh weight loss and total soluble solids (TSS) (9.28 °Bx), along with the lowest firmness (4.69 N), whereas ‘Santy Naranja’ showed the strongest color deviation during the storage period. Titratable acidity (TA) was relatively stable in ‘Melange’, while ‘Angelle’ experienced the highest decrease between S7 and S14, resulting in stronger TSS/TA fluctuations. Regarding the functional traits, ‘Melange’ had the highest total polyphenols content (TPC), whereas ‘Angelle’ excelled in total carotenoid content (TCC), ascorbic acid content (AsA), and fruits’ antioxidant activity, as revealed by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. With reference to storage time, the O2 concentration in the headspace, TPC, AsA, and DPPH decreased between S0 and S14, whereas CO2 concentration, TCC, and FRAP increased, but these variations were mostly cultivar-dependent. This study provides insights into the postharvest behavior of novel mini plum tomato typologies and their ability to maintain quality over time, providing information for developing strategies to preserve their sensory and nutraceutical characteristics during refrigerated storage.

The difference analysis of physicochemical indexes and volatile flavor compounds of chili oil prepared from different varieties of chili pepper

Because of its peculiar flavor, chili oil is widely used in all kinds of food and is welcomed by people. Chili pepper is an important raw material affecting its quality, and commercial chili oil needs to meet various production needs, so it needs to be made with different chili peppers. However, the current compounding method mainly relies on the experience of professionals and lacks the basis of objective numerical analysis. In this study, the chroma and capsaicinoids of different chili oils were analyzed, and then the volatile components were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and gas chromatography-ion migration spectrometer (GC-IMS) and electronic nose (E-nose). The results showed that Zidantou chili oil had the highest L*, b*, and color intensity (ΔE) (52.76 ± 0.52, 88.72 ± 0.89, and 118.84 ± 1.14), but the color was tended to be greenyellow. Xinyidai chili oil had the highest a* (65.04 ± 0.2). But its b* and L* were relatively low (76.17 ± 0.29 and 45.41 ± 0.16), and the oil was dark red. For capsaicinoids, Xiaomila chili oil had the highest content of capsaicinoids was 2.68 ± 0.07 g/kg, Tianjiao chili oil had the lowest content of capsaicinoids was 0.0044 ± 0.0044 g/kg. Besides, 96 and 54 volatile flavor substances were identified by GC–MS and GC-IMS respectively. And the main volatile flavor substances of chili oil were aldehydes, alcohols, ketones, and esters. A total of 11 key flavor compounds were screened by the relative odor activity value (ROAV). Moguijiao chili oil and Zidantou chili oil had a prominent grass aroma because of hexanal, while Shizhuhong chili oil, Denglongjiao chili oil, Erjingtiao chili oil, and Zhoujiao chili oil had a prominent floral aroma because of 2, 3-butanediol. Chili oils could be well divided into 3 groups by the partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). According to the above results, the 10 kinds of chili oil had their own characteristics in color, capsaicinoids and flavor. Based on quantitative physicochemical indicators and flavor substances, the theoretical basis for the compounding of chili oil could be provided to meet the production demand more scientifically and accurately.

KAJIAN SINTESIS ASAM LEMAK HIDROKSAMAT MENGGUNAKAN MINYAK GORENG BEKAS

Fatty Hydroxamic Acids (FHA) has been successfully synthesized from used cooking oil. The purpose of this research was the enzymatic synthesis of fatty hydroxamic acids from used cooking oil and determine the optimum conditions, which includes three stages of processing, namely the oil preparation stage, the synthesis optimization stage and the characterization stage. At the oil preparation stage, the yield of used cooking oil was 29%. At the optimization stage, the optimum conditions for the synthesis of fatty hydroxamic acids from used cooking oil were at a temperature of 35oC for 25 hours with a ratio of lipase (gram) : hydroxylamine (mmol) equal to 1:500 and the ratio of lipase (gram) : crude bran rice (gram) was equal to 1:75. The number of hydroxamic acid groups in 1 gram of dry sample of fatty hydroxamic acid was 3,16 mmol. Based on the results of the analysis of the color test with Cu (II) and Fe (III), a complex color that is typical for the two metals which obtained with fatty hydroxamic acids, they were green and dark red. Whereas, from the FTIR analysis, the spectrum of the functional groups of hydroxamic acid was obtained.

PENGARUH KONSENTRASI DAN LAMA PERENDAMAN ATONIK TERHADAP PERKECAMBAHAN BENIH ROTAN JERNANG (Daemonorops draco Blume.)

Jernang rattan is produced from a palm species surface layer of fruit by resine with dark red. Jernang rattan cultivation has several obstacles due to limiteation of seed availability, low seed production, and has technical problems in the form of hard fruit skin. This study aimed to studied the effect of the interaction of atonic concentration and soaking time for jernang rattan seeds on their germination. There were two factors in this study: Atonic concentration treatment (5 levels) and soaking time (3 levels). The results show that increasing the germination of Jernang rattan seeds can be done using an atonic concentration of 15 ppm and soaking for 1 hour. This is because it provides better results on research variables.

Comparison of the lithium storage performance and electrochromic behavior of Prussian blue and its analogues

Nanosized Prussian blue (FeHCF), cobalt hexacyanoferrate (CoHCF), nickel hexacyanoferrate (NiHCF), copper hexacyanoferrate (CuHCF), and zinc hexacyanoferrate (ZnHCF) particles are prepared by facile chemical co-precipitation method. The microstructure of the samples is characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and N2adsorption measurements. The lithium storage behavior and electrochromic performance of the five samples are systematically studied and compared. Among them, FeHCF presents two pairs of distinct charge/discharge plateaus; the other four samples exhibit one pair of charge/discharge plateaus, and plateau potential varies with the change of metal centers. During discharge and charge processes, the color of FeHCF can be reversibly switched in three colors (blue ↔ white ↔ green); while the CoHCF, NiHCF, CuHCF, and ZnHCF can be reversibly switched in two different colors corresponding to green ↔ red, yellow ↔ colorless, yellow brown ↔ dark red, and light yellow ↔ colorless, respectively. The results reported in this work could be helpful for rational design and performance regulation of Prussian blue analogues as electrochemical energy storage and electrochromic bifunctional materials.

Effects of set size and planting date on yield, quality and shelf life of kharif onion under low hill region of himachal pradesh

The experiment was conducted at an experimental farm to find out the optimum set size and suitable planting date of onion during kharif season for obtaining the maximum yield. The trials had three replications and 16 treatment combinations on Agrifound Dark Red. The treatments included four set sizes (small 1-1.5cm, medium 1.5-2.0cm, large 2.0-2.5cm, and extra large >2.5cm) and four planting dates (July 10, July 25, August 10, and August 25). The treatment combination of 1.5-2.0cm set size and 10th August planting was advantageous for several characteristics. Small sets (1-1.5 cm) produced small bulbs and also the yield was reduced. Large and exceptionally large size sets (2.0-2.5cm and >2.5cm) produced more twins, triplets, split bulbs, and bolting, which were undesirable features. Considering net profit and economic yields, medium set size and planting on August 10th was found to be more profitable (1: 3.84). Bangladesh J. Bot. 53(1): 17-23, 2024 (March)

Selection of Suitable Date of Transplanting for Year Round Production of Onion (Allium cepa L.) cv Agrifound Dark Red

Round the year onion production is an important issue to challenge the price fluctuation during different time of year and different location of the country. The present experiment was conducted at sub-tropical region of Uttar Pradesh during early kharif, kharif and late kharif season of 2021-22 and 2022-23 to find out the optimum date of transplanting and choice of suitable planting condition (raised and flat bed) for Agrifound Dark Red cultivar of onion for off-season production. The experiment consisted of nine dates of transplanting (1st day of April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November and December). Based on two years data of experiment which was laid out in two Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replications, results indicated that transplanting on 1st October showed maximum vegetative growth in terms of plant height (66.23 cm), number of leaves per plant (13.32), length of leaf (65.85 cm) was observed in plants when transplanted on 1st November (D8) at 120 days after transplanting (DAT). However, maximum neck thickness (21.92 mm) was recorded in 1st October transplanting, but the change was non-significant. The harvesting days might be early when transplanting was done on 1st July (D4) and October transplanting (D7) caused late harvesting as compared to others. It indicated that 1st October transplanting produced more bulb yield (347.76 q/ha) followed by 1st November transplanting. Among the two conditions, raised bed (B1) showed the better performance in respect of growth and yield specially in kharif season production. Therefore, it may be concluded that Agrifound Dark Red variety may be transplanted on 1st October to get maximum production in central Uttar Pradesh which may be beneficial for increasing farmers’ income.

EFFECT OF ORGANIC FERTILIZERS AND NUTRIENTS ON ANATOMICAL TRAITS OF RED BEETROOTS

A field experiment was conducted during fall season 2021-2022 In order to study the effect of soil as an agricultural medium, organic fertilizers (Vermecompost, cow manure) and foliar spraying of silicon and calcium on skin, bark and cambium ring thickness of three beetroot varieties (Red, Dark Red, and Cylindra). Seeds directly sown in the fields of Station A College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad - Al-Jadriya campus- Within RCBD a split-plot experiment, where the cultivars were the main unites, organic fertilizer, and foliar spray as the subunits, with three replicates, the number of treatments was 27. The results revealed that the triple interaction treatment of Dark Red, Vermicompost, and silicon spray V2S2F1 was superior in epidermis thickness, cortex thickness, and cambium ring thickness (55.00 μm, 78.90 μm, and 182.07μm) respectively, compared with Cylindra cultivar, soil medium, and spraying with distilled water V3S1F0, which produced the lowest averages (21.77 μm, 31.23 μm, 64.57 μm) respectively. The interaction treatment between Red cultivar, cow manure and spraying with distilled water V1S3F0 excelled in the thickness of the middle xylem ring ( 261.33 μm). Compared with the thinnest middle xylem (143.8 μm) in red cultivar roots treated with soil medium and distilled water.

Co-expression and interaction network analysis identifies neutrophil-related genes as the core mediator of atrial fibrillation.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia and can cause serious complications. Several studies have shown that neutrophils may influence AF progression. However, the key genes related to neutrophils in AF have not been fully elucidated. Here, we downloaded microarray expression data of AF, and screened differentially expressed genes. Key immune cells in AF were identified by immune cell infiltration analysis. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis were used to construct gene co-expression modules and identify hub genes. The association between key genes and neutrophils was then verified. Our results showed that 303 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened in AF and sinus rhythm (SR), of which 194 were up-regulated and 109 were down-regulated. DEGs were mainly enriched in functions and pathways of neutrophil activation and biological functions of neutrophil activation-mediated immune response. Immune infiltration analysis revealed elevated levels of neutrophil infiltration in AF. WGCNA analysis revealed that the modules in dark red were associated with neutrophils. PPI analysis of these modules yielded 10 hub genes. S100A12, FCGR3B and S100A8 are 3 potential key genes related to neutrophils in AF, which are significantly positively correlated with neutrophils. These genes deserve further investigation and may be potential therapeutic targets for AF.

First report of Fusarium tricinctum Causing Leaf Blight on Amorphophallus konjac in Hunan Province of China.

Konjac (Amorphophallus konjac) is a perennial herbaceous plant of the Araceae family, cultivated mainly in south-western China and used extensively for weight loss (Chua et al. 2010). In June 2022, leaf blight was detected on a 2,00 ha A. konjac plantation in Chenxi County, Huaihua City, Hunan Province. It infected almost 20% of the area under cultivation and tends to occur each year during warm, humid weather from May to July, causing significant economic losses to A. konjac production. There were small brown spots on the leaves which gradually spread to form irregular brown lesions. In severe cases the entire plant turned yellow and died. Nine samples were collected randomly from different plants in three plantation forests to isolate the pathogens. They were washed with sterile water and the lesions were excised. They were subsequently disinfected with 3% hydrogen peroxide for 30 s, 75% ethanol for 90 s and rinsed three times with sterile water. The cut sections were then placed on water agar plates and grown in the dark in a constant temperature incubator at 28℃ for 3-5 days, when mycelia grew they were transferred to potato dextrose agar medium and grown in the dark at 28℃ for 3-5 days. Eleven purified fungal isolates were obtained, ten of which looked like Fusarium (90.9% isolation rate), and three representative isolates (MY5, MY7 and MY9) were chosen for further study. The fungal colonies initially appeared white and gradually turnned dark red. Macroconidia were crescent-shaped, elongated, slightly curved and had 2 to 4 septations, with a predominance of 3 septations. They measured 15.540 to 42.083 × 2.760 to 4.558 μm (n=100). Microconidia were oval or pyriform, with a maximum of one septum and measured 6.135 to 24.990 × 2.158 to 4.412 μm (n=100). Two genetic regions, the translation elongation factor-1 (TEF1-α) and RNA polymerase II largest subunit (RPB1) genes, were amplified and sequenced to verify the identity of the fungus (Qiu et al. 2023). The universal primers TEF1-F/R, G2R/Fa were used for amplification and sequencing, and the sequences were submitted to GenBank (TEF1-α: OR545395, OR545397, OR545399; RPB1: OR545394, OR545396, OR545398). A joint phylogenetic tree of the two genes was constructed and analysis showed that the three isolates were significantly clustered with Fusarium tricinctum. Based on the results of morphological identification and phylogenetic tree analysis, the three isolates were identified as F. tricinctum. Pathogenicity tests were carried out on 12 uniformly growing leaf expansion stages of konjac plants，each inoculated with five young leaves. Mycelial blocks of 6 × 6 mm grown on PDA media for 5 days were placed on the surface of the leaves, while sterile PDA blocks were placed on the control plant. After 10 days of rearing the treated plants in a constant temperature chamber at 28°C and 90% relative humidity, the lesions appeared and the pathogens re-isolated from the diseased tissues had the same morphological characteristics as representative isolates. F. tricinctum has been shown to be the major pathogenic fungus causing leaf blight in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (Castañares et al. 2011) and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) (Wu et al. 2020). To our knowledge, this is the first time in the world that F. tricinctum has been reported to cause leaf blight in A. konjac. This research could provide a foundation for future control of leaf blight disease.

THE EQUIPMENT OF THE TEDHAK SITEN TRADITION AS A SOURCE FOR CREATING BATIK MOTIFS IN CASUAL CLOTHING

Fashion creation in this study uses a theme related to Javanese tradition, entitled The Equipment of the Tedhak Siten Tradition as a Source for Creating Batik Motifs in Casual Clothing. This study aims to create a batik motif with the source of equipment ideas of the Tedhak Siten Tradition. It can encourage the preservation of traditions in Indonesia. Therefore, it can create a sense of belonging to and continue to protect cultural heritage. The data is collected from the literature study. The work creation uses a method consisting of exploration, design, and manifestation. Several batik colors are used as a basis in the creation of this fashion work. They are dark brown, light brown, and dark red. The results of this study are four batik motifs by dab coloring technique. Each fashion work is given a title that is considered to have a connection among the character, appearance, and meaning of each style. Work 1 is entitled "Nawasena", work 2 is entitled "Lavanya", work 3 is entitled "Tapak Kluwung”, and work 4 is entitled "Rumaksara". As a result, this fashion creation can give new shades to the art world, in the form of batik applied in casual clothing.

Promote the Quantitative and Qualitative Production of Three Varieties of Organically Grown Beetroot

A field experiment was carried out for autumn season 2021-2022 in the fields of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering - College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad - Al-Jadriya Complex - Station A -To study the effect of cultivars (Red, Dark Red, and Cylindra), organic medium, vermicompost, and cow manure, as well as control treatment (soil only), and spraying with silicon, calcium, and distilled water (comparison) on the growth, yield, and quality of beetroot, within a completely randomized block design as a split-plot experiment. As the cultivars were counted as the main factor, organic medium, and foliar spraying as the secondary factor, with three replicates, the number of treatments reached 27, and the averages were compared according to the least significant difference L.S.D at the level of probability of 5% for each variety, and the results were as follows: The treatment of the triple interaction of the Dark Red cultivar with the Vermicompost planting medium and spraying with silicon was significantly excelled by giving it the highest percentages of the nutrients N, P, and K, as well as the concentration of the element Si in the roots of the beetroot plant, at a rate of (3.53%, 0.48%, 4.07%, and 387.67 mg L-1), respectively. While the treatment V2×F2×S2 was significantly excelled in the percentage of calcium, as it gave 2.19%. The triple interaction treatment of Cylindra cultivar and Vermicompost medium with silicone spraying were significantly excelled in (plant height, blade diameter, number of leaves and percentage of fibers), as it gave (58.56 cm, 11.00 mm, 13.55 leaf-1 and 4.01%), respectively. While the treatment of Dark Red cultivar and Vermicompost media with silicone spray 2V×F1×S2 excelled by giving it the highest root weight and the highest percentage of dry matter (387.97 g root-1 and 9.00%), respectively.

Assessment of Onion (Allium Cepa L.) Genotypes for Horticultural Traits During Kharif Season

The present investigation entitled “Assessment of onion (Allium Cepa L.) genotypes for horticultural traits during kharif season” was conducted at C”-Block farm, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal during the year 2022- 2023. The experiment was conducted in simple randomized block design (RBD) with seven genotypes and they were randomized in three replications. This Experiment deals with seven different kharif onion genotypes which consist of (viz. DOGR-1627, N-53, Bhima Super, Balwan, Bhima Dark Red, Baswant-780 and Agrifound Dark Red). Through the current investigation the genotype DOGR-1627 was found better than the others in terms of yield (491.49 q-ha), double bulb percentage (2.96 %), neck thickness (5.59 mm) and days taken for maturity (124.67 days) as well as for harvesting (139.00 days). But in terms of quality parameters the genotype Balwan showed maximum Total soluble solids (TSS) of (14.30 ̊ B), Bhima dark red in total sugar percentage (2.47 %), reducing sugar percentage (2.25 %) and the highest polar diameter was recorded from the genotype Basawant-780 (59.57 mm). The genotypes from kharif group could be selected for further improvement and breeding work in future in this particular growing region. Although from the above experiment it may be concluded that in case of Kharif onion, the genotype DOGR-1627 found to be an ideal genotype in respect to marketable yield, neck thickness, double bulb percentage and days taken for maturity.

Artificial coloration of ancient agate beads: a mineralogical study

The process of staining was frequently employed to enhance or alter the color of agate beads in ancient times. One of the key challenges in studying ancient beads is comprehending the intricate techniques employed to color agate stones. An understanding of the staining mechanism from a mineralogical standpoint offers insights into the level of technological advancement in different civilizations. In this study, the mineral structure of eight ancient agate beads from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, NW China, was analyzed using Micro X-ray fluorescence (µXRF), Raman spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) techniques. The color, transparency, mineral phase, and surface roughness of the beads were examined, revealing variations ranging from colorless to light violet to dark violet. Raman and FTIR spectroscopy were employed to determine the SiO2 phase and the changes in optical characteristics of agate beads after artificial staining. The black color of the beads was formed by carbon penetration, while the red color was produced by heating. The coexistence of α-quartz and moganite phases in the red, the dark red, the black, the idiochromatic white and the part translucent zones of the ancient beads was confirmed by the 464 cm−1 peak of α-quartz and the 502 cm−1 peak of moganite phase. The analyzed red, the dark red, the black, the idiochromatic white and the part translucent zones exhibited remarkably similar FTIR spectral features, with two prominent bands at ~ 1097 and ~ 1187 cm−1, as well as two weak bands at 798 and 778 cm−1, indicating the presence of moganite and α-quartz in the unetched ancient beads. In contrast to the idiochromatic white appearance of natural agate, the scattered white coloration in etched beads was generated by an etching reaction. Both Raman and FTIR spectroscopy indicated the absence of moganite in etched beads, indicating that the scattered white color was produced by the loss of moganite and a portion of α-quartz, resulting in a rough surface.

Assessment, estimation and economic performance of different Kharif Onion (Allium cepa L.) varieties under Malwa Plateau of Madhya Pradesh

A farm testing trial (OFT) was conducted on the 13 farmers’ fields of the Mandsaur district of Madhya Pradesh to assess the most of assessing variety of Kharif onion for two consecutive years i.e. 2018-19 and 2019-20. The present study revealed that onion variety Bhima Dark Red (BDR) performed better for most of the growth parameters, yield and yield attributing traits and economic performance as well as gross and net returns compared to Bhima Super and N-53 varieties. Maximum plant height (63.72 cm), number of leaves per plant (13.17), leaf length (51.85 cm), bulb diameter (5.95 cm), fresh weight of bulb (102.53 g), cured weight of bulb (93.38 g), bulb yield (262.56 q/ha), minimum neck thickness of bulb (1.10 cm) and bolting percentage (0.70%) were observed in Bhima Dark Red. Bhima Dark Red variety recorded an additional net return of Rs. 71,541 and Rs. 198667 over Bhima Super and N-53. Highest B: C ratio was obtained with Bhima Dark Red (6.74) as compared to Bhima Super (5.47) and N-53 (3.42), respectively.

The Effect of the Combination of Organic Fertilizer and Spraying with Silicon and Calcium on the Growth and Production of Three Cultivars of Beet

Field experiments were carried out for the autumn season 2022- 2021 in the field of College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad - Jadiriyah Complex –Station A- to study a combination of organic fertilizer (Vermicompost) and cow manure as well as a control treatment (soil only) intertwined with Spraying with silicon, calcium and distilled water (control) in the growth and production of three cultivars of beet (Cylindra, Dark Red, Red) within the design of Completely Randomized Block Design at three replications, The number of treatments was 9 for each replicate. The means were compared according to the least significant difference (L.S.D) at a probability level of 5 %, the results were as follows:-The interaction treatment of the Vermicompost with calcium spraying in the number of leaves, the concentration of chlorophyll, the percentage of nitrogen and phosphorous), was significantly superior to the combination of Vermicompost with spraying silicon significantly (in the percentage of potassium, the concentration of silicon, the root yield, the leaf yield, the percentage of dry matter, phenols and sugars), at a rate of (387.67,3%.28 mg kg−1, 35.88 ton h−1, 50 ton h−1, 8.78%, 014% and 889%) respectively. As for the percentage of calcium, it was characterized by the combination treatment of cow manure with calcium spray, and the combination of cow manure with silicon spray was superior in T.S.S. and the percentage of fiber at 3.17 and 11.66% respectively for the Red variety.As for the variety Red Dark it was significantly superior to the mixture of the medium vericompost with silicon spray in the number of leaves, the concentration of chlorophyll and the percentage of nitrogen, the concentration of silicon, Root yield and leaf yield Percentage of dry matter T.S.S, phenols and sugars at (10 leaf plant−1, 82.2 mg 100 fresh wet−1, 3.53%, 313.00 mg kg−1, 36.35 ton h−1, 40.92 ton h−1, 6.86%, 11.03%, 0.16% and 845%) respectively, while the percentage of phosphorous and potassium, it was characterized by the combination of cow manure with silicon spray, and the combination of vermicompost with calcium spray was superior to the percentage of calcium and the percentage of fiber by giving it 2.19% and 2.50% respectively. As for the variety Cylindra it was significantly superior to the combination of the Vericompost with silicon spray in the number of leaves, concentration of chlorophyll, percentage of nitrogen, phosphorous, silicon, root yield, leaf yield, Percentage of dry matter, T.S.S, Whereas, the treatment with cow manure overlapping with silicon was superior in the percentage of potassium, phenols and sugars, as it gave 4.11% 0.13 and 665% respectively, The treatment of the Vermicompost with calcium spray was characterized in the percentage of calcium as it gave 1.65%.

PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMICAL CHANGES IN SAIGAS INFECTED WITH COENUROSIS CEREBRALIS

This article describes an autopsy of an animal infected with coenurosis, a parasitic disease caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm. A cadaver infected with cenosis showed moderate hardening, the abdomen was swollen and the eyes were closed. The spleen of all sick animals is softened and the tissue structure is disturbed. Examination of the subcutaneous fat showed signs of body fat, but they were mottled with red dots. The lymph nodes were also swollen, dark red, moist, mottled with tiny red dots, with red fluid running along the surface. The lungs were enlarged, the consistency was loose, the serous membrane had many dark red dots, and bloody fluid was leaking from the surface. The heart was found to be loose, enlarged, with soft consistency. The liver was whole-blooded, enlarged, with many dark red dots on the surface, and the gallbladder was moderately full, without stones or parasites.
 On examination of the digestive tract we saw that the stomach was swollen due to a brown fluid content, the intestinal mucosa was damaged and swollen due to the fluid content within, and the intestinal mucosa was swollen, dark red and thickened in places. The brain tissue is hyperemic and oncospheres are found in tubes twisted across the surface and depth of the brain. In the early stages of cenurotic disease, newly formed haemorrhages and hyperaemia were observed in some parts of the cerebral membranes. A detailed description of the pathological anatomical changes that occurred as a result of the disease is given in the article