Dark Epoch Research Articles

Unification: Emergent universe followed by inflation and dark epochs from multi-field theory

A two scalar field model that incorporates non Riemannian Measures of integration or usually called Two Measures Theory (TMT) is introduced, in order to unify the early and present universe. In the Einstein frame a K-essence is generated and as a consequence for the early universe, we can have a Non Singular Emergent universe followed by Inflation and for the present universe dark epochs with consistent generation of dark energy (DE), dark matter (DM) and stiff matter. The scale invariance is introduced and then is spontaneously broken from the integration of the degrees of freedom associated with the modified measures. The resulting effective potentials and K-essence in the Einstein frame produce three flat regions corresponding to the different epochs mentioned before. For the first flat region we can associate an emergent and an inflationary universe. Here for a parameter-space region this flat plateau possesses a non singular stable emergent universe solution which characterizes an initial epoch of evolution that precedes the inflationary scenario. Also assuming this first plateau, we study the inflation in the framework of the slow-roll approximation. In this scenario under the slow roll approximation we obtain a linear combination that is a constant. The corresponding cosmological perturbations in our model are determined and we also obtain the different constrains on the parameter-space from the Planck data.In the following flat region DE and also the DM, which does not need to be introduced separately, it is instead a result of a K-essence induced by the multi measures, multi field theory. Also stiff matter component is automatically generated from the K-essence theory from two scalar fields. From the perturbative analysis associated to the perturbation solution of background, we find a correlation between the two scalars. Besides, we obtain that our model during the dark epoch has a behavior of tracking freezing model.

Gothic Antiquity: History, Romance, and the Architectural Imagination, 1760–1840

For scholars of the Gothic, thinking about buildings and books together is an ingrained habit. Not only did Gothic fiction emerge alongside the Gothic architectural revival, but the author of the first self-proclaimed “Gothic tale” was also the builder of what he called a “little Gothic castle.” Horace Walpole's Strawberry Hill, the villa he transformed into an ersatz relic of the architectural past, is thus permanently linked in the critical memory with the ghost-ridden medieval structure he conjured up in The Castle of Otranto (1764). The many later romances that followed in the footsteps of Otranto often also wore their architectural features on their sleeves—or, rather, on their title pages, where “castles,” “ruins,” and “abbeys” proliferated for decades after Walpole's pioneering experiment. Among the pleasures of Townshend's formidably erudite book is the thoroughness with which it revitalizes this by now automatic coupling. Townshend shows that Gothic structures and Gothic romances were linked by the same heated arguments over the valence of what he calls “Gothic antiquity”—a “mythical, vague, and somewhat nebulous sense of the national British past” that spanned the Middle Ages and Renaissance. For some, this was a dark epoch of barbarity and benighted Catholicism, while others saw it as the wellspring of British political liberties and the source of a native artistic tradition epitomized by Shakespeare. The crumbling medieval edifices that fill the period's popular romances—Ann Radcliffe's Castle of Udolpho, Matthew Lewis's Convent of St. Clare, even Jane Austen's Northanger Abbey—are thus more than formulaic settings for eerie adventure or (in Austen's case) didactic parody. They are expressions of an uneasy fascination that Townshend tracks across eight decades of controversy. As Townshend shows, the eventual deflation of the debate over the Gothic legacy in the modern age was foreshadowed by a seemingly mundane linguistic innovation: the coinage of the word medieval. Its first recorded usage dated by the Oxford English Dictionary to 1817, this more neutral historical marker pointed ahead to the Victorians’ taming of the “Gothic” past into an unthreatening subject of historical and aesthetic inquiry.

Drug Tragedies: The Dark Epoch of Clinical Prosecutions That Made Manhood Mysterious Fatalities

Today, the highest importance is given to the patient’s safety and ethics during the clinical trials. The regulatory authorities take each and every aspect into consideration to protect the safety, rights and consent of the subjects during the phases of clinical trials. Besides the applications like IND, NDA further strengthen these above parameters. However, all these safety measures are a result of our previous experiences in history such as Thalidomide tragedy, Sulphanilamide disaster, Nazi’s experiments, Tuskegee syphilis studies. All these disasters are due to unethical behavior, lack of knowledge on safety, no keen idea on pharmacovigilance, no proper data storage, inexperience etc., which led to many disasters resulting in the deaths of many innocent lives and some permanent damage to the persons consuming these drugs either by force or voluntarily. This article mainly focuses on the drug tragedies and drugs introvert from the market, due to the lack of knowledge on clinical trials.

Hypersphere World-Universe Model: Evolution of the World

The main objective of this paper is to discuss the Evolution of a 3D Finite World (that is a Hypersphere of a 4D Nucleus of the World) from the Beginning up to the present Epoch in frames of World-Universe Model (WUM). WUM is the only cosmological model in existence that is consistent with the Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum. To be consistent with this Fundamental Law, WUM introduces Dark Epoch (spanning from the Beginning of the World for 0.45 billion years) when only Dark Matter (DM) Macroobjects (MOs) existed, and Luminous Epoch (ever since for 13.77 billion years) when Luminous MOs emerged due to Rotational Fission of Overspinning DM Superclusters’ Cores and self-annihilation of Dark Matter Particles (DMPs). WUM envisions that DM is created by the Universe in the 4D Nucleus of the World. Dark Matter Particles (DMPs) carry new DM into the 3D Hypersphere World. Luminous Matter is a byproduct of DMPs self-annihilation. By analogy with 3D ball, which has two-dimensional sphere surface (that has surface energy), we can imagine that the 3D Hypersphere World has a “Surface Energy” of the 4D Nucleus. WUM solves a number of physical problems in contemporary Cosmology and Astrophysics through DMPs and their interactions: Angular Momentum problem in birth and subsequent evolution of Galaxies and Extrasolar systems—how do they obtain it; Fermi Bubbles—two large structures in gamma-rays and X-rays above and below Galactic center; Missing Baryon problem related to the fact that the observed amount of baryonic matter did not match theoretical predictions. WUM reveals Inter-Connectivity of Primary Cosmological Parameters and calculates their values, which are in good agreement with the latest results of their measurements. In 2013, WUM predicted the values of the following Cosmological parameters: gravitational, concentration of intergalactic plasma, and the minimum energy of photons, which were experimentally confirmed in 2015-2018. “The Discovery of a Supermassive Compact Object at the Centre of Our Galaxy” (Nobel Prize in Physics 2020) made by Prof. R. Genzel and A. Ghez is a confirmation of one of the most important predictions of WUM in 2013: “Macroobjects of the World have cores made up of the discussed DM particles. Other particles, including DM and baryonic matter, form shells surrounding the cores”.

Hypersphere World-Universe Model: Basic Ideas

Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) envisions Matter carried from the Universe into the World from the fourth spatial dimension by Dark Matter Particles (DMPs). Luminous Matter is a byproduct of Dark Matter (DM) self-annihilation. WUM introduces Dark Epoch (spanning from the Beginning of the World for 0.45 billion years) and Luminous Epoch (ever since for 13.77 billion years). Big Bang discussed in Standard Cosmology (SC) is, in our view, transition from Dark Epoch to Luminous Epoch due to Rotational Fission of Overspinning DM Supercluster’s Cores and self-annihilation of DMPs. WUM solves a number of physical problems in SC and Astrophysics through DMPs and their interactions: Angular Momentum problem in birth and subsequent evolution of Galaxies and Extrasolar systems; Fermi Bubbles—two large structures in gamma-rays and X-rays above and below Galactic center; Coronal Heating problem in solar physics—temperature of Sun’s corona exceeding that of photosphere by millions of degrees; Cores of Sun and Earth rotating faster than their surfaces; Diversity of Gravitationally-Rounded objects in Solar system and their Internal Heating. Model makes predictions pertaining to Rest Energies of DMPs, proposes New Type of their Interactions. WUM reveals Inter-Connectivity of Primary Cosmological Parameters and calculates their values, which are in good agreement with the latest results of their measurements.

World-Universe Model—Alternative to Big Bang Model

This manuscript provides a comparison of the Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) with the prevailing Big Bang Model (BBM) of the Standard Cosmology. The performed analysis of BBM shows that the Four Pillars of the Standard Cosmology are model-dependent and not strong enough to support the model. The angular momentum problem is one of the most critical problems in BBM. Standard Cosmology cannot explain how Galaxies and Extra Solar systems obtained their substantial orbital and rotational angular momenta, and why the orbital momentum of Jupiter is considerably larger than the rotational momentum of the Sun. WUM is the only cosmological model in existence that is consistent with the Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum. To be consistent with this Fundamental Law, WUM discusses in detail the Beginning of the World. The Model introduces Dark Epoch (spanning from the Beginning of the World for 0.4 billion years) when only Dark Matter Particles (DMPs) existed, and Luminous Epoch (ever since for 13.8 billion years). Big Bang discussed in Standard Cosmology is, in our view, transition from Dark Epoch to Luminous Epoch due to Rotational Fission of Overspinning Dark Matter (DM) Supercluster’s Cores. WUM envisions Matter carried from the Universe into the World from the fourth spatial dimension by DMPs. Ordinary Matter is a byproduct of DM annihilation. WUM solves a number of physical problems in contemporary Cosmology and Astrophysics through DMPs and their interactions: Angular Momentum problem in birth and subsequent evolution of Galaxies and Extrasolar systems—how do they obtain it; Fermi Bubbles—two large structures in gamma-rays and X-rays above and below Galactic center; Diversity of Gravitationally-Rounded Objects in Solar system; some problems in Solar and Geophysics [1]. WUM reveals Inter-Connectivity of Primary Cosmological Parameters and calculates their values, which are in good agreement with the latest results of their measurements.

How bright was the Big Bang?

It is generally believed that in the epoch prior to the formation of the first stars, the Universe was completely dark (the period is therefore known as the Dark Ages). Usually, the start of this epoch is placed at photon decoupling. In this work, we investigate the question whether there was enough light during the dark epoch for a human eye to see. We use the black body spectrum of the Universe to find the flux of photon energy for different temperatures and compare them with visual limits of brightness and darkness. We find that the Dark Ages actually began approximately 6 × 106 years later than commonly stated.

Dark Matter Cosmology and Astrophysics

Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) envisions Matter carried from Universe into World from fourth spatial dimension by Dark Matter Particles (DMPs). Luminous Matter is byproduct of Dark Matter (DM) annihilation. WUM introduces Dark Epoch (spanning from Beginning of World for 0.4 billion years) when only DMPs existed, and Luminous Epoch (ever since for 13.8 billion years). Big Bang discussed in standard cosmological model is, in our view, transition from Dark Epoch to Luminous Epoch due to Rotational Fission of Overspinning DM Supercluster’s Cores and annihilation of DMPs. WUM solves a number of physical problems in contemporary Cosmology and Astrophysics through DMPs and their interactions: Angular Momentum problem in birth and subsequent evolution of Galaxies and Extrasolar systems—how do they obtain it; Fermi Bubbles—two large structures in gamma-rays and X-rays above and below Galactic center; Mysterious Star KIC 8462852 with irregular dimmings; Coronal Heating problem in solar physics—temperature of Sun’s corona exceeding that of photosphere by millions of degrees; Cores of Sun and Earth rotating faster than their surfaces; Diversity of Gravitationally-Rounded Objects in Solar system and their Internal Heat; Lightning Initiation problem—electric fields observed inside thunderstorms are not sufficient to initiate sparks; Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes—bursts of high energy X-rays and gamma rays emanating from Earth. Model makes predictions pertaining to Masses of DMPs, proposes New Types of their Interactions. WUM reveals Inter-Connectivity of Primary Cosmological Parameters and calculates their values, which are in good agreement with the latest results of their measurements.

Electrodynamics of a Cosmic Dark Fluid

Cosmic Dark Fluid is considered as a non-stationary medium, in which electromagnetic waves propagate, and magneto-electric field structures emerge and evolve. A medium-type representation of the Dark Fluid allows us to involve in its analysis the concepts and mathematical formalism elaborated in the framework of classical covariant electrodynamics of continua, and to distinguish dark analogs of well-known medium-effects, such as optical activity, pyro-electricity, piezo-magnetism, electro- and magneto-striction and dynamo-optical activity. The Dark Fluid is assumed to be formed by a duet of a Dark Matter (a pseudoscalar axionic constituent) and Dark Energy (a scalar element); respectively, we distinguish electrodynamic effects induced by these two constituents of the Dark Fluid. The review contains discussions of 10 models, which describe electrodynamic effects induced by Dark Matter and/or Dark Energy. The models are accompanied by examples of exact solutions to the master equations, correspondingly extended; applications are considered for cosmology and space-times with spherical and pp-wave symmetries. In these applications we focused the attention on three main electromagnetic phenomena induced by the Dark Fluid: first, emergence of Longitudinal Magneto-Electric Clusters; second, generation of anomalous electromagnetic responses; third, formation of Dark Epochs in the Universe history.

A Molecular Hydrogen Production Model from Li and LiH in the Early Universe

Neutral isotopes and ions of H, He and Li define the chemistry of the early universe by collisional and radiative process, where under low temperature and radiation regime, only neutral species were essential in the cooling mass that gave origin to the first proto star structures. Nevertheless, up to now, in every kinetic model Li is permanently discarded from fundamental reactions due to its extremely low density. Contrarily to these previous models we have developed a novel kinetic model based on two consecutive reactions of Li and LiH with H, in order to generate a recursive process that fit well H2 production to temperatures as low as 200 K, according to the cosmological time at the end of the dark epoch. Our results show how Li and LiH merge as first catalyzers of the H to H2 chemical reaction and permit us to explain the expected abundance of H2 as the main coolant in the early universe as well as in cold regions of the cosmos.

John Wilson

20 Historically Speaking March/April 2008 Do You Need a License to Practice History? John Wilson Adam Hochschild is a fine historian with a keen sense of human folly and self-deception . No surprise, then, that his essay begins with good sense. Yes, academic history and popular history alike are vulnerable to temptation, each in its own distinctive way. Nodiing revelatory there, but it has the merit of being true. At that point, alas, Hochschild simply goes off die rails. He vents about the disproportionate emphasis on the Civil War, World War II, and the founding fathers, ludicrously exaggerating the extent to which diese subjects—"die Big Three," he calls them—dominate "nonacademic history." He cites "the selections available on a History Book Club Web site." Is this how a historian uses evidence? Has Hochschild looked dirough a season's worth of publishers ' catalogues lately? Has he ever visited Amazon ? Worse still, he gratuitously insults historians who take up these subjects and the readers who buy their books or check them out from the library. With "rare" exceptions, Hochschild asserts, "the torrents of books on the Big Three find so many readers mosdy because they are reassuring." Rubbish. Not one of the books I've read recendy on these subjects —books such as Max Hastings' Retribution, on the last year of the war against Japan, or Andrew Ferguson's sardonically witty Landof Lincoln:Adventures in Abe's America—fits Hochschild's patronizing description. Do such sentimentalizing books exist? Of course they do—just as there are hagiographies devoted to Martin Luther King,Jr., alongside the far more substantial volumes by Taylor Branch that Hochschild mentions with approval. Why not acknowledge that diere are good books on World War II, say, and bad books, and some mat are just middling? Why not add that the same is true of popular history and academic history in general? No, what Hochschild wants is "a synthesis of diese two types of writing." As a lifetime reader of history , I have no idea what he is talking about. Among the most enjoyable new books I read in die past year were Dominic Green's Three Empires on the Nile: The VictorianJihad, 1869-1899 and Sabine MacCormack's On the Wings of Time: Rome, the Incas, Spain, andPeru. Green's book—issued by a trade publisher, Free Press—is popular history at its best, fast-paced but far from superficial. MacCormack's—under the imprint of Princeton University Press—is academic history at its best, fantastically learned but not pedantic, not narrow. Both books take up what Hochschild calls "bold" subjects. Both do what they set out to do very well. Neither one, I suspect, has been very widely read, but that is the fate of many good books. Those who have read diem, I'm sure, are grateful to their authors, and have urged the books on friends and colleagues. Running throughout Hochschild's essay is an unbecoming tone of moral superiority. What audience did he have in mind when he wrote that he'd make an exception for books on the Big Three subjects "that truly challenge our traditional picture of diese events"? Whose "traditional picture"? It's as if he imagines a crowd of simple-minded folk, ready to lap up another dish of "reassuring" kitsch—and he's signaling the reader, You andI are not like that, are we? We want the challenging stuff. We want to look rightinto the heart of darkness. Good for you. By all means probe the enigma of Russia in the 20th century, the dark epoch of Stalinism and the gulag. It's not exacdy a neglected tiieme, but neither has it been exhausted. Another good book on the subject, a book widi die scope and the moral depth of Hochschild's on King Leopold's Congo, will hardly be redundant. But please don't put on airs. History is as various as humanity, and a steady diet of self-consciously Important Books is the last thing we need. John Wilson is the editor of Books & Culture, a bimonthly review. Jay Winik Anyone reading Adam Hochschild's articulate essay can see both the elegance of his pen...

Modified non-local-[formula omitted] gravity as the key for the inflation and dark energy

We consider FRW cosmology in non-local modified gravity. Its local scalar-tensor formulation is developed. It is explicitly demonstrated that such theory may lead to the unification of early-time inflation with late-time cosmic acceleration. The quintessence or phantom era may emerge for specific form of the action. The coupled non-local-F(R) gravity is also investigated. It is shown that such theory being consistent with Solar System tests may lead to the known universe history sequence: inflation, radiation/matter dominance and dark epoch.