Dark Brown Lines Research Articles

First Report of Colletotrichum siamense causing anthracnose on Podocarpus macrophyllus in Sichuan Province of China.

Podocarpus macrophyllus (Thunb.) D. Don is a perennial evergreen tree of the Podocarpaceae family, which is widely used in landscape, medicine and forest interplanting (Qin et al. 2021). In August 2020, approximately 10% of the leaves have expressed symptoms of anthracnose in the campus of Sichuan Agricultural University (E103°51'35.88″, N30°42'30.41″). The lesions were light brown small sunken spots on the leaf tip in the early stage, then spread along the petiole to expanded into larger, irregular gray-white lesions in the late stage, with sparse black dots arranged above. The edge of the lesion was obvious with a fine smooth dark brown line. Samples taken from the lesions were surface disinfected for 3 min in 4% sodium hypochlorite, rinsed in sterile water and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA), Eight single-spore cultures isolates from 10 samples were obtained and subcultured. After five days at 25°C in the dark, the mycelium of a representative culture LJS1 covered the entire plate surface (9 cm diameter). Hyphae were initially white at first, and turned pale grayish in the later stage. After about 10 days, a large number of pink conidial mass were formed around the center. Conidia 14.7 - 18.6 μm (mean 16.2 μm) in length and 4.4 -7.1 μm (mean 5.8 μm) in width (n = 100), nonseptate, cylindrical, two ends round or one end slightly acute. Conidial appressoria 5.7 - 9.3 μm (mean 7.8 μm) in length and 4.4 - 7.9 μm (mean 6.2 μm) in width (n = 50), clavate, ovoid to slightly irregular. Based on these characteristics, isolates were tentatively identified as Colletotrichum siamense complex (Sharma et al. 2013). Pathogenicity tests were conducted by spraying a conidial suspension of LJS1 (1 × 107conidia/ml) to 10 wounded and 10 non-wounded leaves from P. macrophyllus plants. Two areas of cuticle on either side of the midrib of each leaf were wounded by lightly scratching with a needle prior to inoculation (Du et al. 2020). As a control, distilled water was sprayed onto an equal number of wounded and non-wounded leaves. All inoculated and control plants were incubated in greenhouse (about 25 ± 2°C). Lesions similar to those observed in the field appeared on all wounded inoculated leaves within eight days after inoculation, whereas the non-wounded inoculated leaves and the controls remained symptomless. Reisolations of the putative pathogen were confirmed through morphological characteristics and the representative culture LJS1 were confirmed to be the pathogenic agents. The internal transcribed spaces (ITS), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), gene spacer region between Apn2 and Mat1-2(ApMat) genes were sequenced (Sharma et al. 2013) and deposited in GenBank (accession numbers OK036793, OK067325 and OK086086 respectively). These sequences were highly identical to those of C. siamense Prihastuti, L. Cai & K.D. Hyde (culture LF 139): accession numbers KJ955087.1 (99%), KJ954788.1 (99%), KJ954503.1 (99%), respectively. Based on the morphology and our multi-locus approach, the pathogen was convincingly identified for the first time as C. siamense. However, there are no reports of C. siamense causing anthracnose on P. macrophyllus worldwide. The identification of the causal agent of the disease made clear the pathogen causing anthracnose on P. macrophyllus, and provide theoretical basis for the diagnosis and treatment of disease.

Hirticrusta gen. nov. segregated from Neofomitella in Polyporaceae (Polyporales)

Abstract Taxonomic studies including morphological observations and phylogenetic analyses were conducted on Japanese “uragin-take”, an unidentified species from Amazonia, Brazil and their allies. Phylogenetic analyses using ITS, nrLSU and RPB2 regions revealed that “uragin-take”, Neofomitella polyzonata and the unidentified species formed a monophyletic clade separate from the clade including the other four Neofomitella spp. and that “uragin-take” is conspecific with N. polyzonata. Morphological investigations on authentic specimens revealed that Polyporus subradiatus is a prior name for N. polyzonata. We propose Hirticrusta gen. nov. typified by H. subradiata segregated from Neofomitella, and we erected H. amazonica sp. nov. for the unidentified species. Hirticrusta is characterized by annual to biennial and sessile basidiocarps, semicircular to dimidiate pileus, velutinous to tomentose hairs on pileus surface, buff to brown context with a crustose layer indicated by a dark brown line forming a longitudinal section below the superficial hairs, a trimitic hyphal system, crustose layer composed of parallel and densely arranged brown hyphae and cylindrical basidiospores. The new species, H. amazonica is distinguishable from other polypores by downy and long tomentum on the pileus surface (up to 20 mm thick), brown context with a dark brown layer below the tomentum and round pores (5–7/mm).

Asturodes Amsel (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae): Three New Species from the Western Hemisphere and Food Plant Records from Area de ConservaciÓn Guanacaste, Costa Rica

AsturodesAmsel, 1956, a Neotropical genus of distinctive pyraloid moths (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) with dark brown lines and silver scales on a yellow ground color on the wings and abdomen, is revised. As defined herein, the genus includes four species: A. fimbriauralis Guenee, the type species, A. bioalfae Solis, new species, A. encisoensis Solis, new species, and A. junkoshimurae Solis, new species. During this study, a petaloid scale formed by a group of coalesced setae in the abdominal androconial organs of the male genitalia was discovered and illustrated for the first time. Androconial organs in the Pyraloidea are briefly discussed. The type species and two new species, A. junkoshimurae, new species and A. bioalfae, new species, were reared from larvae feeding on the leaves of Rhamnaceae in the Area de Conservacion Guanacaste (ACG) in northwestern Costa Rica representing 913 rearing events. This contribution is part of a long-term inventory of ACG caterpillars, their food plants, and their parasitoids, that includes COI DNA barcoding of specimens for discovery and identification.

About the Covers

Previous articleNext article FreeAbout the CoversPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailQR Code SectionsMoreThe attachments on this Bakongo nkisi nkondi modeled on a soldier include the regulatory knob from a German lantern used on the Western Front, a trumpet sold by a New York company that supplied military musicians during World War I, and even apparent grenades. I seize the opportunity presented by the statue’s assemblage to analyze its significance layer by layer and show how the sculpture is a door between worlds. As we walk through this portal, we will see how the nkondi probably testifies both to the religious responses of some Congolese soldiers to the war’s violence and to their meeting with such African American troops as the Harlem Hellfighters in a sector of the front with so many black fighters that it was dubbed L’Afrique. The untold story of that meeting amidst combat in which whites used blacks to kill other whites will unearth everything from hidden cosmograms to conversations that spawned civil rights and independence movements around the world.—Duncan CaldwellFront and back covers: Nkisi nkondi, ca. 1918–21, Bakongo, Loango Coast. 127 × 57 cm. Photos: author.Inside covers: Enhanced image of the nkisi nkondi, with drawings outlining its various attachments. Photos and drawings: author.Objects:• Green: metal attachments other than the nails, blades, and canisters (trumpet, helmet, hoops, bracelets, horse bit, padlocks, lids, bells, bronze jugs, and a golden object under the skull).• Dark blue: biological/organic attachments other than leather (fur/hair, gourds, a bone, a coconut, a monkey skull, a wooden antelope head, tusks, horns, teeth, and shells).• Red: canisters (probable grenades and a trench mortar).• Solid dark brown bands: leather straps around shoulders.Networks:• Black lines: thin wire looping around nails (which are not shown).• Dark grey series of ovals: chains, including that around the neck.• Dark brown lines: industrial twine under shoulder lid and through trumpet.• Brown rope-like lines: coiled and braided artisanal ropes, which lie below the wire (e.g., beside the bell of the trumpet) and below the twine.• Light blue lines: thick copper wire below the chain around the neck of the statue and around the base of the antelope horn.Correction: Due to a production error, this introductory page was omitted from the RES v69/70 print edition. The publisher deeply regrets the error. Previous articleNext article DetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Res Volume 69-70Spring-Autumn 2018 Published in association with the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/703051 Copyright © 2018 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. All rights reserved. No part of this issue may be reproduced without permission of the publisher.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Comparison Among Three Lines of Quail for Egg Quality Characters

A total of 300 eggs from 45 female quails from three different lines (Dark brown, light brown and white) aged 10 weeks old were equally divided into three experimental groups having 15 birds of each and caged separately, to estimate the external and internal egg quality traits. Half eggs were measured 24 hrs. post lay and others were measured after one week of storage at room temperature. The results showed that there were significant differences among lines for egg length, yolk height, yolk index, albumen diameter, albumen index and Haugh unit. The light brown line resulted in the best quality. All internal egg quality characters and egg length were differed significantly between fresh and storage eggs. The fresh eggs resulted in better quality than stored eggs. Phenotypic correlation appeared that there were significant correlation coefficients between some egg quality characteristics in dark brown line more than light brown and white lines.

Reflections on Covers

Look at this month’s cover, the leftmost image in Figure 1Figure 1. Can you figure out what it means? Five months ago, the Cell Systems editorial team revised our guidelines for authors who are interested in submitting cover images. Now, with a full hand of covers to reflect on, I’d like to highlight these new guidelines and their broader significance.Figure 1Left to Right: Volume 5 Issue 5, November 22, 2017; Volume 5 Issue 4, October 25, 2017; Volume 5 Issue 3, September 27, 2017; Volume 5 Issue 1, July 26, 2017; Volume 2 Issue 1, January 27, 2016 (copyright William Rainey).View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint SlideThe inset white diamond on the November cover is a radar chart. The purple and grey quadrilaterals drawn on the chart each plot four parameters of an oscillating waveform: its period (top vertex), amplitude (bottom vertex), rise time (left vertex), and decay time (right vertex). The purple shape is squashed on the bottom because that waveform oscillates with a much shorter amplitude. The gray shape doesn’t extend as high as the purple because it has a shorter period.Now, let’s layer on more information. The gray quadrilateral represents the behavior of a synthetic gene circuit containing a single branch of negative feedback. The purple quadrilateral represents the circuit with two parallel feedback branches. So the differences in shapes tell us that the oscillatory behavior of the circuit changes—predictably, as it turns out—when the circuit’s components are modified. This captures the essence of the work by Ping Wei, Wendell Lim, and Chao Tang on page 445 of this issue.Our new cover guidelines request images based on data and photos instead of original artwork. The previous guidelines specified, “Although submissions featuring original artwork will be considered, editors will look more favorably toward submissions that feature actual scientific data.” The new guidelines read, “The ideal cover image will either feature actual scientific data from the paper or high-quality photographs that convey the paper’s message.”So why the shift? Simply put, we believe in powerful stories told through data, clearly presented and set center stage. The use of visual design principles and an artistic touch can enhance the visual appeal of a piece of data. But beneath this surface appeal, we are looking for images that shine a spotlight on a crucial idea or piece of data central to a paper.Three recent covers provide examples of different approaches to featuring data. In some cases, a single figure panel showing a central result of the paper is visually striking and can be used on its own, as in the case of our October 2017 cover (second image from left; dark brown lines show the accumulation of metabolites secreted by yeast and then consumed by lactic acid bacteria). In other cases, an image can be rearranged, rotated, or repositioned to create an attractive composition (middle image; an initial oval-shaped group of cells was shifted down and left, and some cells were “wrapped around” to the top right corner). Alternatively, the strong use of color and background can accentuate an interesting shape (the silhouette of a tomato plant on the July 2017 cover; second image from right). For the inspiration behind this cover, see Henri Matisse's “Algue blanche sur fond orange et rouge.”Photos can also often be used to effectively create an enticing visual puzzle, and it is relatively easy to achieve polished results using them. For instance, for the cover of our January 2016 issue, which highlights engineering in biology, we chose a cover of a beaver—nature’s engineer—drinking at water’s edge.In contrast to photos, it can be more challenging to generate a scientifically meaningful and aesthetically appealing cover in which original artwork is used. We have used original artwork in the past, but going forward, we now request that authors use either original data or photos, which provide, in our experience, the most straightforward route to produce a compelling cover.To facilitate the creation of a cover image, we provide a template that shows the placement of the journal title and that indicates what parts of the image will be lost when the cover is trimmed to generate an online image (hint: make sure the important parts of the image are contained within the box labeled “trim”).I hope that exposing our approach to thinking about cover images will help those of you creating your own image for our covers. Going forward, we aim to further expose how we think about other aspects of running the journal, ranging from nuts-and-bolts decisions (such as how we choose the cover) to deeper issues (such as editorial decision-making criteria). Please write with any comments or suggestions for other aspects of our thinking that you would like to hear about (systems@cell.com).

Determination of some structural features of the nest paper materials ofDolichovespula SaxonicaFabricius, 1793 (Hymenoptera: Vespinae) in Turkey

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to identify the nest materials, some physical characteristics and the elemental composition of the nest ofDolichovespula saxonica(Fabricius, 1793). The nest surfaces were observed with a stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). In the inner surface of theD. saxonicanest the medium thickness of the fibers in the envelope and comb varied between 7.14 and 26.9 μm, respectively and averaged 16.4 μm. In the outer surface of the nest the medium thickness of the fibers in the envelope and comb were between 3.52 and 5.70 μm, respectively and averaged 4.63 μm. The nitrogen concentration of the nest ofD. saxonicawas 0.616% and the amount of protein was 3.08%. The percentages of the fibers, saliva, oil and the water absorption capacity were calculated as 67–70%, 23–30%, 12–18% and 110–140%, respectively. However, the amount of the element Cadmium (Cd) in the nest was found to have a value of 0.2 ppm. The major compounds of wasp nests are plant fibers, saliva and oil. However, the concentrations and ratios of the nest material compounds depend on the plant variety, place of origin, and time of harvest as well as on the processing and saliva conditions. The colors of the nest are beige, cream and grey with long dark brown lines. As a result of our study, we have found that the rates and quantities of physical characteristics, elemental composition and the fibers in the envelope and comb of the nest ofD. saxonicachange with environmental conditions.

A Remarkable New Genus and Species of Ghost Moth from Peru (Lepidoptera: Exoporia: Hepialidae)

ABSTRACT A new genus and species of a large ghost moth (Lepidoptera, Exoporia, Hepialidae) is described from south—central Peru based on a single pair of adults, male and female. Viridigigas ciseskii, new genus, new species, is recorded from two locations along the eastern versant of the Amazonian Andes. Its phylogenetic position within the Hepialidae is currently inconclusive with some features suggestive of affinity with two other genera, Puermytrans Viette, 1951 (Chile), and Phassodes Bethune-Baker, 1905 (Fiji). The forewing pattern is distinct from all other Hepialidae, consisting of green with numerous sub-circular dark brown to yellowish—brown spots of irregular shape enclosed by up to three concentric dark brown lines. In the male a prominent scent gland is present at the base of the fore wing and the metatibia support well-developed, elongate androconia.

Recognizing the benefits and pitfalls of reflectance confocal microscopy in melanoma diagnosis.

Recognizing the benefits and pitfalls of reflectance confocal microscopy in melanoma diagnosis.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW EIMERIA SPECIES AND REDESCRIPTION OF EIMERIA MAYERI (PROTOZOA: EIMERIIDAE) FROM WILD REINDEER RANGIFER TARANDUS IN ICELAND

Altogether, 195 fecal samples of reindeer calves (Rangifer tarandus) were collected from the ground in 3 distinct areas in eastern Iceland, where geographically isolated reindeer populations graze during the summer months. The samples were examined for coccidian parasites. Two species were found, and all infections were monospecific. Eimeria mayeri was found in calves in all sampling areas, with 1-4% prevalence and 450-167,700 oocysts per gram (opg). The sporulated oocyst lacks a polar granule but has an inconspicuous micropyle, and a small Stieda body is present on sporocysts, which are ovoid but not pointed as reported in the original description. The other coccidian, found in single calves in 2 of the 3 areas (prevalence 1 and 4%, 150 and 500 opg, respectively) is described here as a new species. The oocysts are ovoid, average 34.9 x 27.6 microm, and have 2 distinct walls. Wall thickness is approximately 1.9 microm, and the outer wall, approximately 3/4 of total thickness, is generally smooth and appears bicolored. The outermost portion is pale red and the innermost portion yellow to pale brown. The inner wall is grey to dark brown and separated from the outer wall by a dark brown line. Oocysts contain a prominent micropyle, approximately 5 microm, and enclose 4 spindle-shaped sporocysts, slightly pointed at the end opposite the Stieda body. Average size of sporocysts is 18.6 x 9.2 microm. Sporocysts contain granular sporocyst residuum and usually 2, sometimes 1, large refractile bodies in each sporozoite.

Equine laminitis basement membrane pathology: loss of type IV collagen, type VII collagen and laminin immunostaining.

Disintegration of the basement membrane (BM) of the equine hoof lamellae and failure of the BM to remain attached to the basal cells of the secondary epidermal lamellae (SEL) is one of the earliest pathological events to occur in acute laminitis. Changes in the lamellar basement membrane were investigated by immunolabelling the key structural components of the BM, type IV collagen, type VII collagen and laminin in the lamellar BM of horses 48 h after the induction of laminitis. Lamellar tissues were harvested from 2 normal horses and 2 horses with acute laminitis. Immunostaining with antibody raised against human epitopes for type IV collagen, type VII collagen and laminin successfully stained the basement membranes of horse hoof lamellar tissues. Vascular tissue did not immunostain with type VII collagen antibody. Normal BM stained as a fine dark brown line and the lamellar BM was adhered to the basal cells of the SELs with no evidence of lamellar separation. At least 2 changes to the lamellar BM occurred in acute laminitis: loss of attachment of lamellar epidermal basal cells to their underlying BM and disintegration of the lamellar BM. In some sections from feet affected by acute laminitis, there was widespread separation of the SELs from their BM without loss of BM immunostaining and in others there was extensive loss of BM immunostaining. In lesions characterised by lamellar separation, the epidermal basal cells at the tips of the primary epidermal lamellae appeared to have slipped away from their BM and were an amorphous clump of epidermal cells devoid of immunostained BM. The BM from which they had separated remained in its original position in the dermis and was clearly outlined by all 3 antibodies. In other areas, however, virtually all the BM immunoreactivity at the PEL tips was absent. Only the occasional distorted SEL tip and fragments of BM retained sufficient immunostaining to allow anatomical identification. Numerous polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) invariably surrounded the tips of lamellae showing large scale loss of immunoreactivity and many PMNs had penetrated the lamellar BM and were within the epidermal compartments. PMNs were less frequent in the midlamellar region. Immunostaining of the BM of many SELs was absent in the midlamellar region. In some lamellae loss of BM immunostaining had occurred only at the bases of the SELs and fragments of immunostained BM were present in the zones of lysed BM suggesting that BM lysis was incomplete at the time of tissue fixation. In other lamellae, lysis of the BM was complete; there was no immunostained BM between SELs and the bulk of the epidermal cells of each PEL were an amorphous column of cells on either side of the central keratinised axis of the PEL. The lamellar BM which remained appeared as immunostained strands of unattached BM along the edges of the PDLs. Activation of BM degrading metalloproteinases (MMPs) occurs in acute laminitis and it seems likely that uncontrolled MMP activity is responsible for the loss and disorganisation of lamellar BM demonstrated in this study.

Antagonism of two decay fungi, Peniophora polygonia and Phellinus tremulae associated with Populus tremuloides

AbstractInteractions between the two most common decay fungi of Populus tremuloides, Peniophora polygonia and Phellinus tremulae were studied. Pe. polygonia inhibited the growth of Ph. tremulae when grown in paired culture. The presence of a culture of Pe. polygonia reduced the growth of Ph. tremulae in a volatile metabolite test. A culture filtrate of Pe. polygonia reduced the growth of Ph. tremulae in liquid culture. The growth of both the fungi was inhibited, and they formed a dark brown line at contact point when grown on a Po. tremuloides block.

Effects of short-term thyroxine treatment on pancreatic cytology and responses of blood sugar, serum insulin and serum free fatty acids to epinephrine infusion.

The influence of short-term treatment with l-thyroxine on pancreatic histology and on the responses of glycemia, insulinemia and serum free fatty acids to a continuous l-epinephrine infusion in the absence or presence of alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockade was studied in male dogs. l-Epinephrine dosage: 0.06 microgram/kg body weight/min for 55 min. Two experimental groups were studied, one treated for 10 days with sodium l-thyroxine, one daily dose of 100 micrograms/kg body weight, the other of untreated controls. Three alternative treatments were applied to dogs of both groups: 1) no treatment; 2) alpha-adrenergic blockade with phentolamine (2.0 mg/kg body weight, 35 min before starting the l-epinephrine infusion); 3) beta-adrenergic blockade with propranolol (0.3 mg/kg body weight, 20 min before starting the l-epinephrine infusion). Body weight, rectal temperature, heart and respiratory rates were used as guidelines to assess experimental hyperthyroidism. Insulin immunocytolocalization was also studied in the Langerhans islets of T4-treated and control dogs. Body weight decreased and rectal temperature did not vary as a result of thyroxine administration which had no significant effect on respiratory and heart rate. The mean number of breaths from 0 to 120 min from the start of l-epinephrine infusion decreased in both T4-treated and control dogs submitted to propranolol blockage compared to non-blocked animals; phentolamine had no effect on the respiratory rate. Thyroxine treatment did not modify the number of heart beats, but phentolamine blockade had a different effect in T4-treated compared to control dogs whereas propranolol had similar effects in these two groups. Histological examination of the Langerhans islets of dogs submitted to short-term thyroxine treatment showed degranulation though no vacuolation. Most of the beta-granules contained in the B-cells of these islets were found near the cell membrane, thus forming a dark brown line after the immunochemical reaction. Since negative images of B-cell nuclei and vascular spaces were predominant in these specimens, the pancreas of T4-treated dogs presented a mesh structure. In dogs submitted to short-term thyroxine treatment, the hyperglycemic response to l-epinephrine was enhanced and prolonged as compared to untreated controls. In normal dogs, this response is mainly mediated by alpha-adrenergic receptors while beta-receptors hardly influence this response.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Pyrenophora teres . [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria

Abstract A description is provided for Pyrenophora teres . Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Primarily barley, but also occurs sporadically on wheat, oats and many other Gramineae . DISEASE: Causes net blotch of barley. Primary infection occurs from seed-borne inoculum and produces lesions on the first leaves, which are at first pale but develop into dark spots or streaks later. Secondary infection on older leaves produces pale brown blotches, in which is a network of dark brown lines; these may later coalesce to form irregular leaf stripes. Lesions also occur on the floral bracts. On other hosts the reticulate pattern of the lesions is usually absent. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide; occurs in most barley-producing countries (CMI Map 364, ed. 2, 1968). TRANSMISSION: The disease can be seed-borne as mycelium or conidia, but can also over-winter on crop debris. Perithecia are common on old barley stubble in the spring and ascosporic inoculum can produce much infection (49, 116). Secondary infection by air-borne conidia occurs throughout the growing season.

Ear burn, a new bacterial disease of barley.

1) Ear burn of barley, a new bacterial disease, appears at the upper part of a culm and its ear. Soon after the earing awns of an affected culm discolor to yellow, then light brown, at the tip. This occurs first at a side of an ear. The discolored area enlarges towards base, rapidly extending to glumes (Fig. 1). Then, the same appears on the other side, and an entire ear discolors prematurely to light brown, producing usually no or rather rarely incomplete seed grains. This early symptom on the ears is very attractive, since the discoloration proceeds amongst the field of all green. The burned ears are observed dispersed over an affected field, but it is unusual that all the culms of an individual plant are invaded.2) On the neck of the burned ear, there is usually a longitudinal dark brown line which runs down the culm into the flag-leaf sheath. By examining the clum within the sheath, a large brown necrotic area is observed at about 2-3cm above the node, and it encircles soon the culm. From this area dark brown lines run upwards, the longest one reaching to the ear. At the centre of the necrotic area, there is usually a pit, simulating an injury by insects. It is more precisely a small transverse crack which was resulted by one side tention in earing growth of the side remained still uninvaded in that time. (Fig. 2) At the a bottom of the cavity of the culm centre just below the necrotic area, oose of somewhat viscid milky white to light yellowish color is frequently accumulated as a pus. No remarkable symptom is caught outside of the leaf sheath there. A detailed study, however, proves frequently a slight darkening of the green color at the narrower part just above or just below the nearest node of necrotic area. In a few cases, the invasion of culm appears in the sheath of subflag-leaf, but any at all further below this.3) A milky white bacterial colony was isolated from the discoloved parts (glumes, culm). Inoculation by prick on borley resulted the disease as in nature. It is also moderately phathogenic by inoculation to wheat, very slightly to oat, but not at all to corn. As far as the authors are aware, this organism differs from other pathogenic bacteria on Graminae, as well as known species of Aplanobacter. Therefore it is concluded that this organism is new to science. It will be named as Aplanobacter Hordei n. sp.4) The disease distributes in Prefs, Nara, Mie, and Gifu, and probably also in Prefs. Aichi and Shiga. The disease is supposed to be seedborne.

THE LIFE HISTORY OF EPIRRANTHIS OBFIRMARIA, Hbn.

Epirranthis obfirmaria is a swamp insect. I take it in “The Gomin” near Quebec, where, in ordinary seasons, it is on the wing from early in June till the close of that month. The following is a brief description of this beautiful insect:♂. Expanse of wings one inch; length of body half an inch; length of antennæ three-tenths of an inch. Colour a rich, warm brown. The primaries have a broad ochreous band, widest at the costa, outlined with dark brown. In this band, not far from the costa, is a dark brown spot. The secondaries have the outer third of the same warm brown as the primaries, with an ochreous patch at the outer angle of it. The rest of the wing is ochreous, clouded towards the base. The marginal dark brown line of this ochreous portion is somewhat angulated. In the part of lighest colour in the wing is a conspicuous dark brown spot. The antennæ are pectinsted.