Dark Bronze Research Articles

We Made It in Venice! But Then …? Reversing Notions of Center and Periphery

We Made It in Venice! But Then …? Reversing Notions of Center and Periphery

Perfecting the Body in Three Steps

Perfecting the Body in Three Steps Clare Banks (bio) After René Magritte’s Delusions of Grandeur She leans in three iterations on a pedestal at hip height, a dark bronze fixes the grace of her epidermis. First, she’s hips and upper thigh, wide ass, legs, and crotch. Hers is a body to leave, a failure of her maker’s form. Second, she’s abdomen and lower ribs. Smaller this time— a successful revision, though there’s still that pop of belly that, when she’s dressed, leans over her jeans. Evidence of pregnancy or a weakness for salt that’s important to erase. By the third, she’s toned down. A petite ribcage, tight breasts, shoulders, a hint of neck. Headless and limbless, she’s a woman resected, pared like an apple. Though perhaps she peeled herself, traded armor for emptiness, for a frame on which a dress hangs just so. [End Page 330] Clare Banks CLARE BANKS is associate editor for Smartish Pace. A 2014 recipient of a Maryland State Arts Council Individual Artist Award, her poems have appeared in Greensboro Review, Squaw Valley Review, and B O D Y, among others. She has an MFA in poetry from the University of Maryland and lives in Baltimore City. Copyright © 2017 Clare Banks

Garden Chrysanthemum Cell Membrane Thermostability and Flowering Heat Delay Differences Among U.S. and South Korean Germplasm

Global warming has created increased nighttime temperatures both in field and greenhouse production of chrysanthemums during flower bud initiation (FBI) and development, causing heat delay or complete cessation of flowering. Integration of breeding and selection for heat delay insensitivity (HDI) has become imperative for greenhouse (cut, potted types) and must be accomplished on a genotypic basis, similar to winterhardiness. This is a breeding objective in the joint garden chrysanthemum breeding project between the Chungnam Provincial Agricultural Research and Extension Services and the University of Minnesota. The objectives of this research were to test 10 genotypes (cultivars, seedlings) from both breeding programs when grown in low-temperature (LT) and high-temperature (HT) short-day (SD) and long-day (LD) conditions (four environments: LTSD, LTLD, HTSD, and HTLD); determine the extent of heat delay and HDI for visible bud date (VBD), flowering, and other phenotypic traits; evaluate relative injury (RI) and cell membrane thermostability (CMT), and to select future parents with lowered RI values, higher CMT, shorter heat-induced flowering delay, and/or HDI. ‘Magic Ball’ and ‘Minnwhite’ had the shortest plant height in HTLD and HTSD, whereas ‘Geumbangul’ had stability for height in all treatments. Lowest long day leaf numbers (LDLN) occurred under LTSD in seven genotypes. However, both ‘Geumbangul’ and ‘Magic Ball’ had complete stability for LDLN across all environments. Sigmoid curves for RI% and temperature were found for all genotypes and environments with R2 = 0.79–0.89. Only ‘Mellow Moon’ had stability or equal VBDs in HTSD, LTSD, and LTLD conditions. This is the first-ever report of stability for VBD across inductive and noninductive HT/LT treatments. Only ‘Centerpiece’ flowered in all environments and also had 0 day of heat for VBD in LT and 1 day of heat delay in HT, as well as three others (Mn. Sel’n. 01-210-43, ‘Autumn Fire’, and ‘Geumbangul’). Few had linear regressions with positive slopes for heat-induced VBD or flowering delay regressed with RI%; most had no slope (R2 ≈ 0.0) for all treatments (‘Centerpiece’, Mn. Sel’n. 01-210-43), whereas others were negative (‘Mammoth™ Dark Bronze Daisy’, Flw LTLD–LTSD). Surprisingly, one linear regression had a slope of R2 = 1.0 (‘Geumbangul’, Flw LTLD–LTSD). These responses are all novel in chrysanthemums. Selecting the best parents in both breeding programs to maximize stability of all traits across these four environments with minimal crossing and selection across generations could be accomplished by stacking parental traits. A crossing scheme involving just three parents is proposed to incorporate stability for all traits in just a few generations.

Ferrotochilinite, 6FeS · 5Fe(OH)2, a new mineral from the Oktyabr’sky deposit, Noril’sk district, Siberia, Russia

A new mineral, ferrotochilinite, ideally 6FeS · 5Fe(OH)2, was found at the Oktyabr’sky Mine, Oktyabr’skoe Cu-Ni deposit, Noril’sk, Krasnoyarsk krai, Siberia, Russia. It is associated with ferrovalleriite, magnetite and Fe-rich, chlorite-like phyllosilicate in the cavities of pentlandite-mooihoekite-cubanite ore with subordinate magnetite and chalcopyrite. Ferrotochilinite occurs as flattened on [001], prismatic to elongated lamellar crystals up to 0.1 × 0.5 × 3.2 mm, typically split and curved. Aggregates (up to 6.5 mm in size) are fanlike, rosette-like, or chaotic. Ferrotochilinite is dark bronze. The streak is black. The luster is moderately metallic. The Mohs’ hardness is ca. 1; VHN is 13 kg/mm2. Cleavage is {001} perfect, micalike. Individuals are flexible, inelastic. D(calc) = 3.467 g/cm3. In reflected light, ferrotochilinite is gray, with the hue changing from pale beige to bluish; bireflectance is distinct. Anisotropy is distinct, with gray bluish to yellowish beige rotation colors. No internal reflections. Reflectance values [R min-R max, % (λ, nm)] are: 11.6–11.4 (470), 11.2–12.4 (546), 11.1–13.6 (589), 11.0–15.5 (650). The IR spectrum shows the presence of (OH) groups bonded with Fe cations and the absence of H2O molecules. Chemical composition (wt %; electron probe; H content is calculated) is as follows: 0.02 Mg, 61.92 Fe, 0.03 Ni, 0.09 Cu, 19.45 S, 16.3 O, 1.03 H calc; the total is 98.84. The empirical formula calculated on the basis of 6 S atoms is: Mg0.01Fe10.96Ni0.005Cu0.015S6(OH)10.07 = (Fe5.98Cu0.0015Ni0.005)Σ6S6(OH)9.80(Fe 4.89 2+ Mg0.01)Σ4.90(OH)9.80Fe 0.09 3+ (OH)0.27. Ferrotochilinite is monoclinic, space group is C2/m, Cm or C2, the unit-cell dimensions are: a = 5.463(5), b = 15.865(17), c = 10.825(12) A, β = 93.7(1)°, V = 936(3) A3, Z = 2. The strongest reflections in the X-ray powder diffraction pattern (d, A-I[hkl]) are: 10.83-13[001], 5.392-100[002], 3.281-7[023], 2.777-7[150], 2.696-12[004, $$20\bar 1$$ ], 2.524-12[ $$22\bar 1$$ , $$20\bar 2$$ ], 2.152-8[134, 153], 1.837-11[135, $$17\bar 3$$ ]. Ferrotochilinite is a structural analog of tochilinite, with Fe2+ instead of Mg in the hydroxide part. The type specimen is deposited in Fersman Mineralogical Museum of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.

Thallium-rich murunskite from the Lovozero pluton, Kola Peninsula, and partitioning of alkali metals and thallium between sulfide minerals

A new thallium-rich variety of murunskite has been found in the Palitra peralkaline pegmatite at Mount Kedykverpakhk, the Lovozero alkaline pluton, Kola Peninsula, Russia. This mineral occurs as a flattened dark bronze segregation (0.3 × 0.8 × 0.8 mm) overgrowing ussingite in a cavity. The chemical composition is as follows, wt %: 8.35 K, 24.31 Tl, 29.01 Cu, 14.58 Fe, 23.26 S, total is 99.51. The empirical formula is (K1.18Tl0.66)1.84(Cu2.53Fe1.45)3.98S4.02. According to X-ray powder diffraction data, the dimensions of the tetragonal unit cell are: a = 3.869 (1), c = 13.206 (6) A, V = 197.7 (2) A3. This variety is the closest to the intermediate member of the murunskite-thalcusite series. The youngest mineral complex of the Palitra Pegmatite includes four sulfides belonging to three different structure types. These sulfides also may be regarded as three topological types distinguished by the arrangement of alkali metal atoms in their structures: (1) bartonite and chlorbartonite belonging to the zero-dimensional topological type with K atoms in isolated cells, (2) pautovite pertaining to the one-dimensional type with Cs (+Rb, K, Tl) atoms making up chains in ample tunnels, and (3) murunskite belonging to the two-dimensional type with K (+Tl) atoms forming sheets. There is pronounced partitioning of K (Cs + Rb) and Tl between these sulfides: bartonite and chlorbartonite contain 9.5–9.7 wt % K and 0.2 wt % Tl; pautovite, 36.1 wt % Cs, 1.3 wt % Rb, 0.5 wt % Tl, and 0.2 wt % K; and murunskite, 8.35 wt % K and 24.31 wt % Tl.

The Burning World, and: Lives of the Animals (review)

Reviewed by: The Burning World, and: Lives of the Animals Stephen C. Behrendt (bio) Robert Gibb. The Burning World, University of Arkansas Press. Robert Wrigley. Lives of the Animals, Penguin Books. Some books are "slow reads." Not because there is anything wrong with them. Quite the reverse. Sometimes – especially when they are collections of poetry – these books are simply so richly wrought and so densely musical that it is impossible to read through them without permitting ourselves to proceed at a leisurely, attentive pace we hardly ever allow ourselves in "normal" reading. On such occasions, we can indulge our poetic sensibilities, let them be stroked and seduced by the poet's carefully nuanced language, by the rich texture of sound devices, by the resonant imagery, and by the sheer collective aesthetic impact of the poet's work. In a poetry market filled with often shrill, hasty-seeming, and insufficiently gestated writing, these rarest of reading experiences remind the reader who is paying attention to such things that there is still such a thing as careful, deliberate artistry in contemporary poetry, and that at its best it unites beautifully wrought language and imagery with an engaged and committed world-view in a poetry that is as intellectually profound as it is aesthetically satisfying. This is precisely the sort of writing to be found in the latest books by Robert Gibb and Robert Wrigley. Both are accomplished, widely published, and much-awarded poets whose previous books have always promised even finer things to come. Now, in Gibb's The Burning World and Wrigley's Lives of the Animals, each has delivered on that promise with a collection that is carefully unified and remarkably accomplished. The Burning World is Gibb's intensely personal poetic memoir of the history of his western Pennsylvania family that extends back through three generations of mill workers in the now defunct Homestead steel mills. From his grandfather, who died in a fiery fall at the mill, through his parents, dead before their time, and on to himself as a young mill hand working the night shift and then as husband, father, and poet, Gibb presents the millworkers' lives from the inside, as lived history. He does so with remarkable sensitivity, blending minutely observed details like artists and paintings, the old aviary, the Homestead strike and the Pinkerton thugs called in by management, the documents for his parents' cemetery plots, the old buildings and the familiar figures who [End Page 179] peopled them, gone now like "the Syria Mosque Razed to Make Space for Parking": . . . I remember the scallop Of lines, seats red as fezzes On which the curved swords glowed, How outside, snug against the eaves, Tiles patterned the walls in a fret – A little band of color, beadwork Against that naked expanse. And the bare breasts of the sphinxes flanking The stairs, as though the dark bronze Of honey poured in their forms. (p. 35) This is the sort of careful imaging that informs every line, every image, every poem. The effect over some seventy pages is riveting, not the least because it communicates to its reader such a compelling particularity of place and interiority of experience. This is a history that is at once personal to the poet and his family and yet common to all of us. Indeed, this shared experience – this appeal to what in the eighteenth century was called "sympathy" or fellow-feeling – is evident everywhere in the collection, and perhaps no more so than in the following passages from the title poem: The great slabbed stairways mounting To the dead level of the lot, It looks almost Toltec, pyramidal And squared by its block of streets. I have to imagine the high school, Gone now for decades, the dingy brickAnd masonry, and a boredom so immense Even the hours seemed made of stone. . . . Even the aluminum siding is sun-struck And worn on the house on Sixteenth Avenue, where I was born, and my fatherBefore me. The faded white of the dish- Cloth his mother flung across his face The year before he brought my motherHome. The nominal white of the bone, Or the pickets in this fence, ghosting...

First report of ramorum dieback (Phytophthora ramorum) on Pieris in England

Phytophthora ramorum causes sudden oak death in California, USA, on native Lithocarpus and Quercus, as well as damage on other shrubs and trees. In Europe, prior to 2002, it was recorded only as a dieback of Rhododendron (Ericaceae) and Viburnum (Caprifoliaceae). However, its potential threat to native trees led to the introduction of emergency European Community (EC) phytosanitary measures. In November 2002, CSL received PHSI samples from a few mature specimens of Pieris formosa var. forrestii (syn. P. forrestii) cv. ‘Wakehust’ (Ericaceae) from a private garden, open to the public, at which P. ramorum was under eradication on Rhododendron. The symptoms on Pieris were an aerial twig dieback and dark bronze lesions on the petiole end of leaves, often extending down the midrib, or on their tip or edge. Stem sections were surface-decontaminated in running tap water in quarantine facilities for 4 h. Sections from the leading edge of lesions were transferred to a semiselective medium (P5ARP[H]; Lane et al., 2003). A Phytophthora sp. with characteristics typical of P. ramorum (Werres et al., 2001) was consistently isolated. The cultures were slow-growing with weakly coralloid mycelium, numerous semi-papillate, deciduous, sympodial sporangia and hyaline to light brown, large chlamydospores. The ITS sequences were identical to those of P. ramorum on the NCBI GenBank database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). A positive PCR reaction was also obtained using P. ramorum-specific primers (K.J.D. Hughes, unpublished data). Colonies of P. ramorum also developed from leaf lesions plated directly onto P5ARP[H]-agar. Pathogenicity of the isolate was confirmed by wound-inoculating healthy leaves of P. formosa var. forresti and Rhododendron catawbiense with mycelial plugs; extensive lesions developed on the leaves. The pathogen was re-isolated from the leading edge of the Pieris lesions, completing Koch's postulates. Healthy leaves inoculated with agar alone, as negative controls, did not develop symptoms. This is the first report of P. ramorum on Pieris in Europe. The plants were destroyed and the EC notified. The susceptibility of this genus was predicted in laboratory bioassays (Inman et al., 2002; Linderman et al., 2002). Pieris japonica is also reported as a natural host in the USA (R.G. Linderman, USDA-ARS, personal communication, 2002).

Effect of delivery method and population size of Trichoderma harzianum on growth response of unrooted chrysanthemum cuttings.

In a previous study, addition of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai isolate T-12 to a propagative medium resulted in improved performance of chrysanthemum cuttings. However, root and shoot growth of one cultivar, 'Dark Bronze Charm', were more responsive to a lower (5 g T-12/kg medium) than higher (25 g T-12/kg medium) rate of fungal propagules, suggesting potential phytotoxicity at higher concentrations. The objectives of this study were to investigate higher rates of T-12 medium amendment for phytotoxicity, and to examine an alternative method of delivering the fungus to the propagative medium in order to obtain a more uniform response from cuttings. Isolate T-12 was added to the propagative medium as either a powdered peat-bran amendment (0, 5, or 50 g T-12/kg medium) or as alginate prills (80 or 800 g T-12/kg medium). There were no differences among treatments on day seven, but by day 21, shoot fresh weight and heights were significantly greater for plants treated with prills at 800 g T-12/kg medium. Both prill treatments resulted in greater shoot height on day 14 and 21 than all other treatments, which were similar to controls. Amendment with T-12 powder at 50 g/kg increased root length, but 80 g/kg medium added as prills decreased root dry weight compared to the control. The highest rate of T-12 (800 g prills/kg medium) had no effect on root growth. This suggests that moderate, rather than high rates of T-12 are more effective in promoting rooting of unrooted chrysanthemum, and that there is a potential for phytotoxic effects on root growth with higher rates.

The effect of night temperature on chrysanthemum flowering: heat-tolerant versus heat-sensitive cultivars

The effect of night temperature on the flowering of heat-tolerant and heat-sensitive cultivars of potted chrysanthemum ( Chrysanthemum xgrandiflorum) was examined in four experiments over a period of 4 years. Temperature reductions were imposed only while the plants were under black cloth using a combination of air-conditioning and under-cloth ventilation. The two heat-sensitive cultivars tested were ‘Yellow Mandalay’ and ‘Coral Charm’ and the two heat-tolerant cultivars were ‘Iridon’ and ‘Dark Bronze Charm’. Differences in time-to-flower (TTF) between heat tolerance classifications were less than anticipated. TTF was affected the most in ‘Iridon’, a heat-tolerant cultivar, decreasing by an average of 4.2 days/°C as mean diurnal temperatures (MT) decreased from about 26°C to about 23°C. TTF was affected the least in ‘Coral Charm’, a heat-sensitive cultivar, decreasing by an average of 2.8 days/°C over the same range. Inflorescence diameter, on the other hand, increased by as much as 9% in the two heat-sensitive cultivars but by only about 4% in the heat-tolerant cultivars. The results suggest that the heat-tolerant cultivars tested here may have been classified based on consistency of flower quality rather than TTF.

Genetic Signatures from Amplification Profiles Characterize DNA Mutation in Somatic and Radiation-induced Sports of Chrysanthemum

The chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev.) cultivars `Dark Charm', `Salmon Charm', `Coral Charm' and `Dark Bronze Charm' are either radiation-induced mutants or spontaneous sports of `Charm' and constitute a family or series of plants that primarily differ in flower color. These cultivars, which were difficult to differentiate genetically by DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF), were easily identified by using arbitrary signatures from amplification profiles (ASAP). Genomic DNA was first amplified with three standard octamer arbitrary primers, all of which produced monomorphic profiles. Products from each of these DNA fingerprints were subsequently reamplified using four minihairpin decamer primers. The 12 primer combinations produced signatures containing ≈37% polymorphic character loci, which were used to estimate genetic relationships between cultivars. Forty-six (32%) unique amplification products were associated with individual cultivars. The number of ASAP polymorphisms detected provided an estimate of the mutation rate in the mutant cultivars, ranging from 0.03% to 1.6% of nucleotide changes within an average of 18 kb of arbitrary amplified DAF sequence. The ASAP technique permits the clear genetic identification of somatic mutants and radiation-induced sports that are genetically highly homogeneous and should facilitate marker assisted breeding and protection of plant breeders rights of varieties or cultivars.

Arbitrary Signatures From Amplification Profiles (ASAP) Distinguishes Somatic and Radiation Induced Mutations in the `Charm' Series of Chrysanthemum

Four chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora) spontaneous and radiation-induced sports from the cultivar `Charm' and phenotypically differing only in flower color were individually characterized using arbitrary signatures from amplification profiles (ASAP). ASAP analysis is based on a two-step arbitrary primer amplification procedure that produces “fingerprints of fingerprints.” In the first step, `Charm', `Dark Charm', `Dark Bronze Charm', `Salmon Charm', and `Coral Charm' were fingerprinted by DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF) with standard octamer arbitrary primers. Diluted products from three monomorphic fingerprints for each cultivar were subsequently reamplified using four minihairpin decamer primers. Each of the 12 ASAP profiles revealed about 30% polymorphic loci and some were used to uniquely identify cultivars and estimate genetic relationships. The ASAP technique permits identification of previously genetically indistinguishable plant material and should facilitate marker assisted breeding and protection of ownership rights.

Arbitrary Signatures from Amplification Profiles (ASAP) Distinguishes Somatic and Radiation-induced Mutations in the `Charm' Series of Chrysanthemum

Four chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora) spontaneous and radiation-induced sports from the cultivar `Charm' and phenotypically differing only in flower color were individually characterized using arbitrary signatures from amplification profiles (ASAP). ASAP analysis is based on a two-step arbitrary primer amplification procedure that produces “fi ngerprints of fingerprints.” In the first step, `Charm', `Dark Charm', `Dark Bronze Charm', `Salmon Charm', and `Coral Charm' were fingerprinted by DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF) with standard octamer arbitrary primers. Diluted products from three monomorphic fingerprints for each cultivar were subsequently reamplified using four minihairpin decamer primers. Each of the 12 ASAP profiles revealed polymorphic loci that were used to uniquely identify cultivars and estimate genetic relationships. The ASAP technique permits identification of previously genetically indistinguishable plant material and should facilitate marker assisted breeding and protection of ownership rights.

Biolistic transformation of chrysanthemum with the nucleocapsid gene of tomato spotted wilt virus

In vitro regeneration and biolistic transformation procedures were developed for several commercial chrysanthemum Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev, syn. Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. cultivars using leaf and stem explants. Studies on the effect of several growth regulators and kanamycin on chrysanthemum regeneration were conducted, and a step-wise procedure to optimize kanamycin selection and recovery of transgenic plants was developed. A population of putative transformed chrysanthemum plants cvs. Blush, Dark Bronze Charm, Iridon, and Tara, was obtained after bombardment with tungsten microprojectiles coated with the binary plasmid pBIN19 containing the nucleocapsid (N) gene of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and the marker gene neomycin phosphotransferase (NPT II). PCR analysis of 82 putative transgenic plants selected on kanamycin indicated that the majority of the lines (89%) were transformed and contained both genes (71%). However, some transgenic lines contained only one of the genes: either the NPT II (15%) or the TSWV (N) gene (14%). Southern blot analysis on selected transgenic lines confirmed the integration of the TSWV (N) gene into the chrysanthemum genome. These results demonstrate the development of an efficient procedure to transfer genetic material into the chrysanthemum genome and selectively regenerate transgenic chrysanthemum plants at frequencies higher than previously reported.

Enhanced Root and Shoot Growth of Chrysanthemum Cuttings Propagated with the Fungus Trichoderma harzianum

Trichoderma harzianum Rifai, a fungus that controls soilborne pathogens, can enhance growth of several vegetable and floriculture crops. Zero, 5, or 25 g of T. harzianum (isolate T-12) peat–bran amendment was added per kilogram medium in an effort to enhance the rooting of four chrysanthemum [Dendranthema ×grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura] cultivars, two considered easy to root (`Davis' and `White Marble') and two considered hard to root (`Dark Bronze Charm' and `Golden Bounty'). Adding the T. harzianum amendment at both rates tested increased root and shoot fresh weights during 21 days of rooting, relative to the control. Supplementary treated cuttings were transplanted into nontreated growing medium after 21 days. Midway between transplant to flowering, increases in height, shoot dry weight, and root fresh and dry weight were detected in `Dark Bronze Charm' with T-12, relative to the control; increases in height, shoot fresh and dry weight, and number of nodes were detected in `Golden Bounty' with T-12. By this time, there were no detectable differences in `Davis' or `White Marble'.

872 PB 226 ENHANCED ROOT AND SHOOT GROWTH OF CHRYSANTHEMUM CUTTINGS PROPAGATED IN MEDIA INOCULATED WITH TRICHODERMA HARZIANUM

Trichoderma harzianum is a well-documented biocontrol agent that has been shown to enhance rooting of chrysanthemum `White Marble'. The objective of this research was to determine if T. harzianum would enhance rooting of hard-to-root chrysanthemum cuttings. Two hard-to-root cultivars (`Dark Bronze Charm' and `Golden Bounty') and two easy-to-root cultivars (`Davis' and `White Marble') were propagated in a 1:1 peat-perlite medium amended with T. harzianum at a rate of 0, 5, or 25g/kg medium. Measurements were taken 7, 14, and 21 days after insertion of the cuttings into the medium. Interactions occurred between rate of amendment and day of measurement for some variables measured. However, overall there was increased root fresh and dry weight of all cultivars when T. harzionum rates were 5 or 25 g/kg medium. Increased root fresh and dry weight occurred on days 14 and 21 for most cultivars. Root fresh and dry weight increased with increasing rate of amendment on day 14 but there was no difference between the 5 and 25 g/kg rates on day 21. Shoot fresh weight was increased with 5 or 25 g/kg each measurement day for all cultivar except `White Marble' and shoot length was increased with 25g/kg for all cultivars.

Evaluation of the Weather Resistance of Coloured Anodized and Painted Aluminium Profiles in Kuwait's Environment

SUMMARYThe increasing use of a variety of colour anodized and painted aluminium profiles in architectural applications in Kuwait has led to some concerns about the colour fastness and weatherability of some of these finishes. Light fastness tests and natural exposure tests of the various finishes have been undertaken in an effort to identify the colours, from coloured anodized and painted aluminium finishing systems, most suitable to the weather conditions in Kuwait. The accelerated and natural weathering tests indicate that for the anodized specimens, the most durable colours for outdoor use are dark and medium bronze, dark gold and natural finishes. For the painted specimens, beige, white, yellow and grey are more suitable than blue, red and brown.

National Service Center, St. Louis County, Missouri - USA

The new building housing the National Service Center stands in a 40 Ha property in the outskirts of the city and it resembles more a university campus than an administrative centre. The building has only two levels above grade in an attempt to blend into the eminently rural surroundings, avoiding any architectural aggression to the natural environment. With a similar intention, earth hues were used in the precast concrete facade panels finish, completed by the horizontal emphasis of the dark bronze fenestration. Interiorly, the building is outstanding by its flexible arrangement, creating open and integrated office spaces. The modular structure allows for future expansion that will eventually double its present size without affecting its architectural unity.

Biblioteca en Marbach am Neckar - Alemania Federal

The Marbach Records Hall, used for the study of modem German literature, is connected to the Schiller Museum by a low terrace. The shape of the museum, similar to a castle, creates a relationship of subordination with all the surrounding structures. In this case, that subordination was the main factor conditioning the architectural design and heights of the new building. The building consists of several divided modules, in terrace form, arranged around the premises to be used. These modules are in turn made up of reading rooms and card catalogues. Next to the main entrance there is a lecture hall and a small coffee shop. With the exception of the lecture hall, the entire structure has a basement below it. The storage rooms and book and magazine storage spaces have been distributed on two floors underneath the card catalogue areas. Exposed concrete was used for the entire construction, both for the structure as well as for the interior and exterior surfaces, contrasting with the dark bronze colored aluminum bay windows.

The nutrition of the carrot. II. Grown in a fen soil

Carrots of Chantenay type wefe grown in cultures of a black fen soil shown by analysis to be deficient in phosphate but normal as regards potash. When phosphate was absent, the cotyledons, and sometimes the whole of the foliage, were dark bronze in colour. There was a statistically significant increase in yield following applications of phosphate, but a tendency for applied nitrogen and potash to diminish yield.We thank F. Shaw, Esq., N.D.H., of the Cambs. C.C. Staff for Agricultural Education, for his assistance in obtaining the fen soil used in this experiment.

Genética de coffea V: hereditariedade da coloração bronzeada das folhas novas de coffea arabica L.

No presente artigo os autores apresentam os resultados da análise genética referentes à hereditariedade das cores verde, bronze claro e bronze escuro das folhas novas de Coffea arabica L. Baseados em extensos dados de autofecundação, hibridação (F1 e F2) e back-crosses conclue-se que apenas um par de fatores alelomorfos Br-br é responsável pelo aparecimento daquelas cores, br br constituindo o tipo verde, Br br o bronze claro e Br Br o bronze escuro; a coloração bronze escuro é, pois, incompletamente dominante sobre o verde, o Fi entre estes tipos se apresentando de uma tonalidade bronze-clara. No grupo dos bronze-escuros (homozigotos) existe certa variabilidade na expressão máxima da coloração o que, em parte, é atribuido à presença de fatores genéticos modificadores, que intensificam ou diluem esta coloração. À luz dos resultados obtidos, discutem-se os trabalhos de Stoffels (8) e Narasimha Swamy (7) que versam sobre o mesmo assunto.