Dang District Research Articles

The Association Between Overweight Obesity Status and Hypertension in a Rural Community in Dang District, Gujarat, India: A Cross-Sectional Study

The Association Between Overweight Obesity Status and Hypertension in a Rural Community in Dang District, Gujarat, India: A Cross-Sectional Study

Effect of integrated nutrient management on the cauliflower yield and soil properties

Cauliflower is one of the most important and preferred vegetables and effective nutrient management is essential to improve production as well as soil properties. Thus, the study was conducted to examine the impact of integrated nutrient management on cauliflower and soil at Ghorahi, Dang district of Nepal. The single-factor experiment was organized employing a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. In this study, nitrogen (N) was applied through different sources viz 100% N via urea, 50% N via urea + 50% N via farmyard manure, 50% N via urea + 50% N via pig manure, 50% N via urea + 50% N via vermicompost, 50% N via urea + 25% N via farmyard manure + 25% N via pig manure, 50% N via urea + 25% N via pig manure + 25% N via vermicompost, 50% N via urea + 25% N via farm yard manure + 25% N via vermicompost and 50% N via urea + 50% N via (farmyard manure + pig manure + vermicmpost in 1:1:1). Among different treatments, 50% N via urea + 50% N via vermicompost recorded the highest curd diameter (17.72 cm), curd height (11.57 cm), curd weight (0.76 kg), curd yield per hectare (31.67 t ha-1), soil organic matter (3.31%), total nitrogen (0.157%), available phosphorus (76.78 kg ha-1) as well as available potassium (860.20 kg ha-1). Therefore, it is suggested to apply 50% N via urea and 50% N via vermicompost for better cauliflower production and soil properties.

Diversity of Dematiaceous Freshwater Hyphomycetes from Dang Forest of Gujrat, India

Hyphomycetes paly significant role in freshwater ecosystem. Dang district is located in the south eastern part Gujarat state of western India. Dang has an area of 1,764 km². Present paper deals with 6 species of submerged freshwater hyphomycetes belonging to 5 genera viz. Aquapteridospora bambusinum Bao, Dictyosporella aquatica Abdel Aziz, Pseudoberkleasmium chiangmaiense Lu and Hyde, Sporidesmium nujiangense Bao, Su, Hyde and Luo, Vamsapriya aquatica Bao, Su, Hyde and Luo and Vamsapriya indica Gawas and Bhat. The survey was conducted in winter season of 2019.

Effect of Spacing and Different Levels of Phosphorus on Growth and Yield of Malepatan-1 Variety of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (Linn.) Walp.) in Dang District, Nepal

The simplest strategy to boost cowpea production is to have an optimum fertilizer level and spacing. The study was performed to assess the effect of variable row spacing and phosphorus (P) levels on the growth and yield of cowpeas. The experiment was carried out using a split-plot design with three planting geometry as the main plot (15 cm × 30 cm, 30 cm × 30 cm, and 45 cm × 30 cm) and three P levels as subplots (20, 40, and 60 kg/ha), each replicated three times. The result demonstrated that P had a significant effect on the number of pods per plant at 100 days after sowing (DAS), pod length at 85 and 100 DAS, and yield of fresh pods. However, P did not significantly impact plant height or number of pods per plant at 70 and 85 DAS. The highest fresh pod yield (1.05 t/ha) and pod length at 85 and 100 DAS (20.33 and 21.16 cm, respectively) were observed at 60 kg/ha P level. Similarly, the highest number of pods per plant at 100 DAS (8.3) was recorded at a P level of 40 kg/ha, which was comparable to that obtained at a P level of 60 kg/ha (8.1). Also, the spacing showed a nonsignificant effect on any of the studied parameters, except for the number of branches per plant at 30 DAS. The 45 cm × 30 cm spacing resulted in the highest number of branches per plant at this stage (2.4).

Effect of sowing methods and varieties on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Dang, Nepal

In this study conducted in Gadhawa Rural Municipality, Dang district, from November 2021 to April 2022, the impact of two sowing methods (Line sowing and broadcasting) and four varieties (Bijaya, Gautam, Aditya, and Borlaug 2020) on wheat was investigated. We aimed to identify the best sowing method and variety using a randomized complete block design with three replications. The study focused on various growth and yield parameters, including plant height, tiller number, grain per spike, effective tillers per square meter, thousand grain weight, grain yield per hectare, and biological yield per hectare. Line sowing was found to have the highest impact on biometrical as well as yield attributing characters. More height (111.51 cm), number of tillers (3.80), grain/spike (57.02), and grain yield (3.85 ton/ha) were obtained in line sowing. There was a significant difference observed among the varieties for all the traits except tiller number and biological yield. Borlaug 2020 was found to be superior for performance based on yield attributing traits which have grain/spike, effective tiller/m2, biological yield, and grain yield of 62.88, 177.15, 6.60 ton/ha, and 3.95 ton/ha respectively. From the interaction effects, variety Borlaug 2020 and line sowing method were found to be superior for cultivation. The study further demonstrates that farmers of Dang can combine Borlaug 2020 with line-sowing methods to obtain promising results.

Community forest, environment conservation and rural livelihood

The study analyses the economic benefit to rural people derived from the community forest and the role of community forest in the livelihood of the rural people. For this purpose, Khajure Community Forest of Dang district was selected. This article analyses interactions among economic development, the environment, and natural resource use pattern. Community forestry promotes sustainable management of forests by the local community for their collective benefits and promotes equal rights regardless of caste, ethnicity and gender. Community Forest Users’ Group highly depend on CF for their basic households needs such as fuel wood, grass, fodder and timber. Community participation in managing forest has contributed to forest conservation, scientific utilization of forest products and social inclusion which ultimately fosters community ownership in management and use of natural resources. But there are problems in CF governance and benefit sharing. The main issues of community forest are elite dominance in decision-making, social exclusion, and unequal benefit sharing. Rural people go through the exploitation of forest resource haphazardly for their survival. Exploitation of natural resources, including forest resource, contribute to global environmental problems and climate change. Electric cook stoves could be a good, clean fuel source while also helping to reduce the trade deficit. Scheduled firewood collection has resulted to shortage of fuel wood and has increased dependency on cow dung cake for daily cooking. Socio-economic condition of community members has remained as the obstacle for fuel shifting towards modern and clean energy that produces no smoke and no indoor air pollution, and thus, reducing respiratory diseases. Fuel transition has great positive impact on forest conservation,too.

Evaluation of frontline demonstration of new technology on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Dang district of Gujarat

In majority of the area of Dang district of Gujarat, chickpea is grown under rainfed condition with neither improved varieties nor with recommended practices. The Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Navsari Agricultural University, Dang has organized 323 numbers of FLDs. This programme is with the objective to demonstrate the improved variety of chickpea (GG 5) for production potential. The demonstrated variety GG 5 performed better in all years compare to farmer’s variety (2018-19 to 2020-21). In the FLDs, the results revealed that seed yield (1102 kg/ha) of improved technology was higher as compared to farmers’ practice (825 kg/ha). Higher gross returns, net returns and benefit cost ratio were also recorded in FLDs plots as compared to farmer’s practice. The average technology gap, extension gap and technology index were calculated as 1398 kg/ha, 227 kg/ha and 55.93 per cent, respectively. Every year, extension gap was lower than technology gap indicating the need to educate farmers in adoption of improved technologies. Thus, it is suggested that location-specific approaches would be needed to bridge the productivity gap of chickpea crop in the region.

A Pre-experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structure Teaching Programme on Knowledge Regarding Hygienic Practices for Prevention of Urinary Tract Infection among Adolescent Girls in Selected Area of Dang District

Introduction: Urinary tract infection is one of the major global health problems in developing countries. It is very common in females, especially adolescent girls. Mainly because of changes in the hormones, and it is also associated with poor intake of water, infrequent voiding, poor menstrual hygiene, and anatomical defects. For the prevention of UTI, many points are important to keep in mind, like drinking 6-8 glasses of water each day. Avoid wearing tight pants. Wear cotton undergarments. Wash the perineum after urinating. Wiping from front to back after a bowel movement. More than three times voiding during school hours. Drying the cloth in the sunlight. Voiding in a clean toilet, etc. Aim: The main aim of this study was to assess the effect of a structured teaching program regarding hygienic practice for the prevention of urinary tract infection among adolescent girls in a selected area of Dang district. Methodology: A quantitative approach was adopted for this study with a pre-experimental research design with one group pre-test and post-test. A total of 100 (adolescent girls) samples were selected to collect the data by using the non-probability convenience sampling technique. The tools used for the study were a self-structured questionnaire consisting of socio-demographic variables and a self-structured knowledge questionnaire to assess the knowledge of adolescent girls regarding the prevention of urinary tract infection. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The findings of the study revealed that there was a significant difference between the mean pre-test (6.01) and post-test (14.19) knowledge scores, with a positive mean difference of 8.18. The calculated “t” value of 26.32 is higher than the table value of 1.645 at the 0.05 level of significance. There was a significant association between the pre-test knowledge of adolescent girls, their age, and the monthly income of the family. Conclusion: The study concluded that the structured teaching program was effective and significant in improving the knowledge of adolescent girls regarding the prevention of urinary tract infections, which was more effective and beneficial for them.

Sustainability of Knowledge and practice regarding disasters among people living in flood-prone areas of Nepal

The main objective of this study is to examine the sustainability of knowledge and practice regarding disasters among people living in flood-prone areas of Nepal. Data for this survey were collected through a cross-sectional research design using a quantitative method. CARE Nepal and Handicap International implemented a community-based disaster risk reduction VISTAR project in Nepal’s Kailali, Dadeldhura, Kanchanpur, and Dang districts. The study used the baseline, end-line, and mainly post-project sustainability (PPS) survey data for detailed analysis. The study was conducted in four rural municipalities/municipalities of the Sudurpashchim Province. Univariate, Bivariate, and multivariate analyses (binary logistic regression) were applied to examine the sustainability of knowledge and practice regarding disasters among people living in flood prone areas of Nepal. It was observed that slightly over two-thirds of the respondents (67.5%) were female, while nearly one-third (32.5%) of them were male. More than one-fourth (27.5%) of the respondents were from the 25-34 age group, followed by one-fourth (25.1%) from the 35-44 age group. Knowledge of various types of disasters had increased for all types in the end-line (24.5 in the baseline to 32.9 in the end line) and showed sustainability in the PPS study (44.08) on average. Only less than a fourth (24%) of respondents reported the Household (HH) level plan requirement to mitigate the effect of disaster. Multivariate analysis found that respondents whose caste/ethnicity was Dalit (aOR= 1.3, 95% CI=0.7 2.23) and Janjati (aOR= 1.37, 95% CI=0.7 – 2.67) were more likely to know about the requirement of the HH level plan to mitigate the effect of a disaster than Brahmin/Chettri. Likewise, respondents whose primary source of income was small business/service were 3 times (aOR= 3.58, 95% CI= 1.46- 8.81) more likely to know about the requirement of the HH level plan to, mitigate the effect of a disaster than those whose source of income was agriculture. Knowledge of the type of disaster and the need for a household-level plan to mitigate disaster is very low. Thus, programs that advocate the importance of following disaster mitigation measures at the community and household level should be targeted to motivate people to be self-equipped to tackle possible disaster incidents.

Post-Harvest and Sensory Quality Performance of Open Pollinated Cauliflower Cultivars for Mid-season at Dang District of Nepal

The study was conducted at Tulsipur, Dang, Nepal for two years (2021 and 2022 A.D.) to assess the postharvest quality performance of open pollinated (OP) cauliflower curd. Five OP cauliflower cultivars viz. Kathmandu Local, Khumal Jyapu, Agheni, Terai-1 and Terai-2 (seed sourced from Nepal Agriculture Research Council, Khumaltar, Lalitpur) were replicated four times in Randomized Complete Block Design. Freshly harvested curds from respective plots were considered in postharvest and sensory study. Maximum curd dry matter (15.91%) and Vitamin C content (37.94 mg/100 gm) was recorded in Khumal Jyapu whereas, maximum leaf dry matter (12.53%) and TSS (7.1830Brix) were recorded in Aghani. The color score (8.913) and overall appearance score (7.908) were maximum in Khumal Jyapu. The curd compactness score (7.475) and overall acceptance score (8.133) were recorded maximum in Aghani. The lowest physiological loss in curd weight with jacket leaves (8.193%) was recorded in Khumal Jyapu after 3 days after harvesting (DAH) whereas; the lowest physiological loss in curd weight recorded in Aghani were 13.47%, 19.32%% and 25.06% at 5, 7 and 9 DAH respectively. Similarly, the lowest physiological loss in curd weight without jacket leaves recorded in Khumal Jyapu were 10.45%, 14.82%, 22.83% and 29.77% at 3, 5, 7 and 9 DAH respectively. The lowest spoilage losses of curd along with and without jacket leaves recorded in Aghani were 33.27% and 38.77% respectively. Considering the economically important postharvest attributes Khumal Jyapu and Aghani were found to be the suitable mid-season cultivars in Dang condition.

Exploring Teachers’ Experiences on the Construction and Use of Teaching Materials in Mathematics Classroom: A Narrative Inquiry

Teachers' experience and knowledge with the construction and use of teaching materials influences the teacher's classroom activities. This study intended to explore mathematics teacher's experience on the construction and use of teaching materials in the classrooms. This study used a narrative inquiry approach to explore the use and construction of teaching materials in mathematics teaching, focusing on the experiences of mathematics teachers from secondary schools in Dang district of Nepal. The findings suggest that the experienced mathematics teachers used only text-books and whiteboards as teaching materials. They did not use additional teaching materials in their mathematics classrooms at the beginning of their careers. Further, with the help of in-service teacher training, the research participants got the knowledge and skills to construct and use teaching materials, like the prism models, pyramids, cones, and cylinders. Furthermore, the findings also suggested that the teachers do not use these teaching materials regularly due to poor classroom management and overwork load. The findings of this study can be helpful for mathematics teachers, teacher trainers, school administrations, and policymakers for meaningful mathematics teaching and learning.

Landslide Susceptibility Assessment in Nepal’s Chure Region: A Geospatial Analysis

The Chure Hills, already vulnerable due to their fragile nature, face increased landslide risk, prompting the need for reliable susceptibility assessment. This study uses Poisson regression modeling to assess landslide susceptibility in two highly susceptible districts of the Chure region. Variance inflation factor (VIF) tests were conducted to ensure robustness, indicating no multicollinearity among the variables. Subsequently, Poisson regression analysis identified eight significant variables, among which geology, lineament density, elevation, relief, slope, rainfall, solar radiance, and land cover types emerged as important factors associated with landslide count. The analysis revealed that higher lineament density and slope were associated with lower landslide counts, indicating potential stabilizing geological and topographical influences. The categorical variable, namely geology, revealed that middle Siwalik, upper Siwalik, and quaternary geological formations were associated with lower landslide counts than lower Siwalik. Land cover types, including areas under forest, shrubland, grassland, agricultural land, water bodies, and bare ground, had a substantial significant positive association with landslide count. The generated susceptibility map that exhibited a substantial portion (23.32% in Dang and 5.22% in Surkhet) of the study area fell within the very-high-susceptibility categories, indicating pronounced landslide susceptibility in the Dang and Surkhet districts of the Chure hills. This study offers valuable insights into landslide vulnerability in the Chure region, serving as a foundation for informed decision-making, disaster risk reduction strategies, and sustainable land-use and developmental policy planning.

Algal Flora of Dang District of Gujarat State India

Algae are pre dominantly aquatic and are mainly found in fresh or marine water. The rivers from Dang District are selected for Taxonomy of Algae. The present study is a part of a survey being conducted to study the algal flora of Dang which is situated at an altitude of 1200 meters south Gujarat. Lots of varieties of Algal species are found in nature. Some of them are very useful in various fields. A variety of Algal species were collected and identified along with their family. A total of 78 Species belonging to 27 genera and 10 orders of Green Algae have been so far recorded from the locality under present investigation.

Preliminary observations of moth fauna of Purna Wildlife Sanctuary, Gujarat, India

Purna Wildlife Sanctuary is located in the Sahyadri range in Dang District of Gujarat State. A survey of the sanctuary was conducted to explore moth fauna from the area, as no previous work is available on this group. Thus, an attempt has been made to study the moth fauna based on collections made from April 2019 to March 2021 under the various ranges of the sanctuary. During the study, a list of 42 species referable to 39 genera and nine families have been provided.

ASSESSMENT ON ECONOMICS OF PRODUCTION AND MARKETING OF MAIZE IN SHANTINAGAR, DANG, NEPAL

The research was conducted to assess the production economics, different marketing channel and efficiency of resource use of maize farming in Shantinagar, Dang district of Nepal. The study was conducted with 60 farmers and 20 traders. Data was gathered using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire survey applied to the randomly selected samples. SPSS and Microsoft excel were used for entering the data and analysis of data. Resource use efficiency of maize production was determined by using Cobb-Douglas production function. Majority of respondents were engaged in agriculture (55%). Average maize cultivated land was 2.04 hectares. Maize production was profitable in the research area as indicated by benefit cost ratio of maize growing farmer was 1.52. Discovered different marketing channel were four. Price spread and producers share were in the range from 0-6.8 and 100-80.94% respectively. 10 % increase in cost of fertilizers, seed, FYM created in increase of outcome by 3.94, 5.24% and 0.04% respectively. The sum of coefficients was 0.933. For optimal allocation of resource, expenses on fertilizers, seed, pesticides and FYM were need to be increased by 84.89% 92.90%, 92.03%, 85.07% labour, tractor, bullock and thresher were found to be over utilized resource. The sum of coefficients was 0.933 which suggested return to scale is decreasing, factor of production included in the model if increased by 100% then it would result in 93.30% increase in maize production. Further, lack of timely availability of fertilizers, incidence of disease and pest/insects, lack of influence in price determination, improper coordination between market players, producers, and government agencies were the major difficulties in the production and marketing of maize in Shantinagar, Dang. This study has highlighted the maize production’s economic feasibility, marketing channels’s efficiency, Resource use efficiency and major difficulties in maize production and marketing in Shantinagar, Maize block, Dang.

Strengthening the competitiveness of the lentil seed system of Nepal: A value chain approach

A value chain approach is the most viable and pragmatic strategy to develop an effective, inclusive, competitive and sustainable seed system for many crops globally. This study was conducted in the Kailali, Dang and Siraha districts of the Terai and Inner Terai regions of Nepal to map and thoroughly analyze the value chain of the lentil seed system. Primary data were collected through a household survey, key stakeholder interviews and focus group discussions. Altogether, 300 lentil grain-producing and 100 seed-producing farmers were selected for the study. Descriptive statistics, value chain mapping, stakeholder price spread calculation and return on investment were the major tools for the study. Conventional cultivation practices along with incidence of biotic and abiotic stresses ensured non-significant differences in yield, income and benefit-cost ratio (B:C) between local seed users and improved seed users, resulting in a distorted demand pull chain and eventually leading to the lamentable lentil seed system. Total value addition from farm gate to end user was 63.84% of the total retail price. Seed conditioners and processors contributed 28.38% of total value addition. Return on Investment (ROI) per total cost was higher for seed-producing farmers (59.3%). However, ROI per added cost was higher (214.8%) for retailers followed by seed conditioners and processors (96.37%). The total price spread along the chain was 45.21% of the total consumer price, revealing the inefficient marketing system. Scaling up the major factors behind improved seed adoption, like package of practices, use of a specialized production area, the development of stress resilient varieties, technical assistance, training, and subsidy schemes based on production and efficient market system development, can economically benefit lentil-producing farmers, thereby reinforcing the major pulling force of the lentil seed value chain. Appropriate infrastructure, government prioritization, a coordinated policy environment and innovative public-private partnership models across the seed value chain are necessary for overall sectoral growth.

Traditional Entrepreneurship Practices

This study highlights the extent to which cultural traditional basket entrepreneurship in the Tulsipur Sub-Metropolitan City-10; Gaurigoun of Dang District is poorly developed. A number of problems related to the production and marketing of crafts in the Dang District have been identified. The supply of handcraft was found to be less today than ten years ago in terms of quality, quantity, and variation of products. At the same time, it was observed that the commercialization of baskets only few of the traditional basket designs remain. Due to the absence of an overall national promotion scheme, the exports of crafts from the Dang District is said to be unorganized and underdeveloped. It was further noted that activities by the government geared towards craft development and marketing such as craft exhibitions has put more emphasis on basketry at the same time neglecting other crafts in the region especially craftwork. Lastly, it was mentioned that ever since the commercialization of Baskets in the Dang, natural resources have been over-utilized.

Electrocardiogram abnormalities and renal impairment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A healthcare facilities-based cross-sectional study in Dang district of Nepal.

The global burden of diabetes mellitus is rising substantially, with a further increase in cardiovascular and kidney disease burden. These public health problems are highly prevalent in low- and middle-income countries, including Nepal. However, there is limited evidence on cardiac and renal conditions among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. We determined the status of electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities and renal impairment among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Nepal. We carried out a cross-sectional study in Tulsipur Sub-Metropolitan City of Nepal using a multistage stratified sampling technique to recruit patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. We used World Health Organization stepwise approach to surveillance (WHO STEPS) questionnaires and carried out resting ECG to collect data of 345 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Logistic regression analysis assessed the factors associated with ECG abnormalities and renal impairment. The study showed that 6.1% of participants had major ECG abnormalities (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.8-8.6%), which were associated with hypertension (P=0.01%) and low socioeconomic status (P=0.01). The proportion of major and/or minor ECG abnormalities was 47.8% (95% CI 40.5-51%), and were significantly associated with age (odds ratio [OR] 1.04, 95% CI 1.01-1.07), higher education (OR 3.50, 95% CI 1.31-9.33), unemployment (OR 3.02, 95% CI 1.08-8.48), body mass index (OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.02-1.17) and duration of type 2 diabetes mellitus >5 years (OR 2.42, 95% CI 1.19-4.93). The proportion of renal impairment was 3.5% (95% CI 1.5-4.5%) which was associated with older age (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.00-1.17) and hypertension (OR 12.12, 95% CI 1.07-138.22). A significant proportion of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus had ECG abnormalities and renal impairment, which were significantly associated with hypertension. Therefore, hypertension management and early screening are essential to prevent future cardiorenal complications among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

PROFITABILITY, PRODUCTIVITY AND MARKETING OF FISH IN DANG DISTRICT OF LUMBINI PROVINCE, NEPAL

Fish is the rich source of various essential nutrients for wellbeing of human physical and mental health. Production of fish is one of the major enterprises preferred by farmers in Dang valley due to its suitability, profitability and higher market demand. Both of the lower and upper valleys of Dang district are considered to be feasible for high scale fish production. But due to lack of research works on production, productivity, profitability and marketing channels the potentiality is not explored at its utmost level. So, this research was aimed to assess the production, productivity and profitability in a comparative way using independent t test. For this study, two municipalities of each domain i.e., Lamahi municipality and Gadawa rural municipality of lower and Tulsipur and Ghorahi sub-metropolitan municipalities of upper dang valley were selected purposively. Pre tested semi-structured questionnaires were used for face-to-face interview with 27 and 23 randomly selected households (total samples n=50) of lower and upper valley respectively. Collected data was coded and required results such as socio-economic and demographic characteristics, profitability, BC ratio, production function analysis and problem indexing were obtained with the help of statistical software SPSS version 26 and MS-Excel. The average productivity and BC ratio of farms was estimated to be 10.65 tons-1 ha and 2.12 in the study area. The cost of production per Kg of fish was found to be NRs 244.78 with average selling price of NRs 300.06. Increase in fingerling and feed expenditure each by 1% would significantly increase the income by 0.830% and 0.329% respectively. Similarly, expenditure on organic manure, chemical fertilizers and medicine when increased by unit percentage would increase the income by 0.084%, 0.015% and 0.011% respectively. The return of scale was found to be 0.028 representing decreasing rate of return. The lower productivity of farms is due to incidences of diseases and parasites, lack of technical know-how, lack of quality fingerlings, inadequate availability of manures and fertilizers and seasonal labor force. Lower farmgate price, unhealthy competition with Indian fish products, higher price gap between producers and consumers, long and lack of safe transportation are the issues causing detrimental effects during marketing of the fresh fishes in the study area.

Optimizing ragi product distribution channels: A case study of empowering women and local communities in Dang district

Optimizing ragi product distribution channels: A case study of empowering women and local communities in Dang district