Dangerous Period Research Articles

LNG EXPORTS – A CONTRIBUTION TO WORLD ENERGY SUPPLIES IN THE DECADES TO COME

This paper deals with the impact which the development of OPEC gas – in the form of LNG – could have on world energy supplies in the decades to come. In it, the author submits that, merely to stop the wasteful flaring of natural gas, could add over two million barrels per day of oil equivalent to world energy supplies, and that full development of this resource base could increase the figure ten‐fold, equivalent to a 60 percent increase in current OPEC oil production levels. And this at a lower cost – in terms of capital expenditure – than alternative new sources of energy.The writer warns that we are now entering a “dangerous period” of two to three years, during which energy supplies will appear to be adequate. This could breed a false sense of security, leading to a delay in making necessary decisions. We must, he says, avoid complacency!In conclusion, he opines that_ exports of OPEC LNG could increase many times over in the coming decades, leading to a massive upsurge in orders for ships, plants, pipelines and so on, which would have a direct, positive impact on the balance of payments of consumer economies. But in order to bring this about, the economic fact of higher energy prices needs to be grasped now and a more equitable burden of risks between producers and consumers worked out.

Preference for shock signals as a function of the temporal accuracy of the signals

Three groups of rats were exposed to pairs of three different contingencies on two sides of a shuttlebox. One signaled contingency provided 10-min danger and safety cues plus an additional 10-sec cue immediately preceeding shock (P-S), another signaled contingency provided 10-min danger and safety cues but random 10-sec cues with respect to shock (R-S), and an unsignaled contingency provided no safety period, but only a 20-min danger period during which shock could occur (NS). Signaled P-S and R-S contingencies were preferred in a choice test to the unsignaled NS contingency, and P-S was preferred to R-S. Independent tests of the fear-eliciting properties of the cues made in an off-baseline test of suppression of ongoing exploration indicated more freezing (fear) to the 10-sec cue in rats experiencing the P-S contingency. The results were interpreted as indicating a preference for cues providing more precise information about the temporal location of shock even when those cues were fear-eliciting.

Fetal monitoring during cesarean section

AT H o u G H a great deal of research and development has been expended in improving fetal monitoring during labor and vaginal delivery, very little conside)-ation has been given to fetal monitoring during the course of cesarean section delivery. Certainly the obstetric complications necessitating abdominal delivery, or the hazards associated with the required major anesthesia, pose high-risk situations for the f.etus.‘. ’ The time interval from initiation of anesthesia until section delivery occasionally extends to 30 or 45 minutes, yet fetal assessment during this dangerous period is rarely satisfactory. Utilization of the lower abdomen for the surgical procedure precludes the use of standard monitoring techniques other than the fetal scalp electrode. In this hospital, the latter technique is available in only 25 to 30 per cent of cases which come to cesarean section delivery. The risk of maternal infection associated with delivering t.he attached scalp electrode from the vagina through the uterine and abdominal incisions makes even this technique less than optimal for monitoring abdominal delivery. The purpose of this study was to determine whether placement of ultrasound transducers in positions other than the lower abdomen might be applicable to fetal monitoring during the preparatory steps and performance of cesarean section delivery. In an attempt to identify alternate positions for monitoring, Doppler ultrasound transducers* were applied to the upper abdomen, the flank, the back, and within the vagina in patients beyond 34 weeks of gestation. Transducers placed within the vagina were first disinfected by a IO minute immersion in buffered glutaraldehyde so1ution.t They were immediately rinsed in sterile water and dried with a sterile towel prior to being placed in the posterior fornix, adjacent to the presenting part. A viscous conducting jelly was applied liberally to the face of the transducer in all cases. The results of this study indicate that the fetal heart rate is best detected by placing the transducer in the midline of the abdomen just superior to the umbilicus. Acceptable fetal pulse signals were obtained in 46 out

Diagnosis and Treatment of Minor Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Usually the underlying cause is rupture of an intracranial aneurysm, which can be treated surgically after the period of maximum danger to prevent a recurrence that might prove fatal. Too often, ho...

Stephen Prokofievitch Timoshenko, 1878-1972

Stephen Prokofievitch Timoshenko will long be remembered as an outstanding scientist, distinguished engineer, and a great and inspiring teacher. His long and active career extended from Czarist Russia, across Europe, and finally to America. The events of his interesting and often exciting life can be read in his most delightfully written autobiography, As I remember . Throughout his career, Timoshenko held steadfastly to one goal. This was to further the advancement of mechanics as a science and to promote its application to practical engineering problems. He strove always to bring mathematical theory and engineering practice into closer harmony. In attaining this goal he had singular success. His scientific papers, which taken collectively represent a monumental contribution to applied mechanics, were always aimed at solving real problems. His world-famous engineering textbooks put the most recent theoretical results into usable form for practising engineers. As a teacher, he was able to pass on to his students not only knowledge but much of his enthusiasm for mechanics. He was much loved and admired by all of his students and can never be forgotten by those who were fortunate enough to come under his influence. Stephen Timoshenko really had two careers: one in Russia before the Revolution and one in America after the first world war. Each of these careers divides itself rather naturally into three periods. The first period in Russia, representing his early childhood and formal education, begins with his birth in 1878 and ends with his graduation from the Institute of Engineers of Ways of Communication in St Petersburg in 1901. The second, representing his early years as a professor, his graduate study in Germany and the beginnings of his creative scientific work, ended abruptly with dismissal from his university post for political reasons in 1911. The third, covering the years from 1911 to 1922, represent the impact of the Revolution on his life. They represented for him and his family a period of great uncertainty and danger during which they wandered all over Russia, then into Western Europe, and finally to America. The first period in America finds Timoshenko in the role of research engineer, first in Philadelphia and then with the Westinghouse Company in Pittsburgh. This period extended from 1922 to 1928. The second period (1928-36) constitutes his eight years at the University of Michigan and marks his return to academic life. Without doubt, these years represent the high point of his impact on American engineering education. The third period, which he spent at Stanford University, was the longest in his life. It extended from 1936 until 1965, at which time he returned to Europe to live with his daughter in West Germany. Except for summer trips to Switzerland and one to Russia, he remained there until his death on 29 May 1972, at the age of 93.

Tägliche Futtersuchwanderungen bei tropischen Riffischen

1. Many tropical reef fishes that feed during the day rest at night, whereas many that feed at night rest during the day. The feeding grounds of many are some distance from their resting grounds. Thus they migrate between these two locations during twilight as part of a general changeover between diurnal and nocturnal situations. 2. At least many of these migrations are predictable, both as to time and to the route taken. The distances traveled vary between species, ranging from just a few meters, to more than several kilometers. 3. The pattern of migrations is strongly influenced by the relative threat from predators at different periods of the diel cycle. 4. During the day, migrations of reef fishes are limited to intra-reef movements: short vertical movements by certain plankton feeders, and lateral excursions from one part of the reef to another by certain herbivores and plankton feeders. Movements into the open regions that lie adjacent to many reefs are not adaptive in daylight due largely to a danger from predators. 5. Despite constant threat from predators during the day, smaller reef fishes remain relatively secure during most of this period by staying close to shelter, or by schooling. However, these defenses are less effective during twilight, when the danger from predators intensifies. The diurnal migrators return to the shelter of their resting places prior to that part of evening twilight when danger is greatest, and the nocturnal migrators usually do not expose themselves for their nightly foraging until after the period of maximum danger has passed. During morning twilight the sequence is reversed. 6. The major mechanisms whereby smaller reef fishes reduce predation during the day — schooling and staying close to shelter — are less evident at night. Not only do reef fishes range freely at night into the open regions that are avoided in daylight, but their schools are more loosely defined, and many are active as solitary individuals or in small groups. The tendency for looser associations and ranging farther afield increases on darker nights. 7. Most predators that threaten reef fishes are visual feeders whose mode of attack loses effectiveness when light falls below a certain level. Although they operate to some extent under moonlight, they threaten small reef fishes less at night than during the day. 8. In addition to whatever other ways a shcool may be adaptive, by reducing variable behavior among its members the school is especially important to migrating species. Responses to the various cues that mark the migration routes may be refined to within acceptable limits for the population as a whole only by coordinated group action. 9. Submarine topographical features are important reference points for migrating reef fishes.

Omental protection of intestinal anastomoses

Pedicle (blood supply intact) omental wrapping of an avascular anastomosis in the small intestine of the dog gave significant protection against leakage. The omentum formed an adherent sleeve preventing a leak in a dangerous period before there had been time for revascularization. The protection was effective in intestine so devitalized that revascularization led to stenosis and obstruction. Free (blood supply severed) omental wrapping in the same experimental model was significantly less effective. The omentum did not adhere to the avascular intestine and became necrotic, offering no protection against leakage.

Economic and Other Factors Affecting Petroleum Exploration: ABSTRACT

There is today almost universal agreement that we are facing a potential energy crisis, both imminently in the U.S. and possibly worldwide after the turn of the century. All studies of energy supply and demand indicate such tremendous growth in demand that conventional sources will be hard pressed to supply it. The short-range annual growth rate in domestic and freeworld demand for petroleum is estimated at 5% and 7 1/2% respectively, resulting in 19 million and 57 million bbl/day total demand in 1975. By 1980 U.S. demand will be nearly 25 million bbl and free foreign need nearly 90 million bbl/day. The areas which will supply this demand, especially for the U.S., are quite uncertain because of the bewildering variety of political, legal, and environmental factors--as contrasted with purely economic ones--which will be of critical influence. Therefore, it is difficult to forecast the areas and the amounts of costs of exploration and development, as well as prices and earnings. One thing is certain, however, there will be a growing shortage of domestic crude and an increasing dependence on foreign supplies. Both the cost and dependability of the latter are questionable in view of political considerations and the policies and actions of OPEC. End_Page 1897------------------------------ Any interruption of our foreign energy supplies would have a dramatic effect on our economy and security and would show the dangerous results of the lack of a coherent and positive energy policy. There are very few discovered but undeveloped oil reserves in the U.S. except on the North Slope, and those probably cannot be made available before 1976. Though the recent NPC-AAPG study indicates almost 200 billion bbl of undiscovered but expectable recoverable U.S. reserves, any large increase in exploratory effort to find them cannot have any great effect on our crude deficit before 1978 because of the necessary lead times. It is obvious, however, that certain steps can and should be taken immediately to encourage or to cause such an increase so that the period of danger to our economy and security will be as brief as possible. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1898------------

Exploration and Development of Petroleum Resources, 1970-1975: ABSTRACT

The annual growth rate in domestic and free-world demand for petroleum from now until 1975 can be estimated at 5 and 7.5% respectively, resulting in 19 million and 57 million bbl/day total demand in 1975. However, the areas which will supply this demand, especially those in the United States, can hardly be determined because of the bewildering variety of political, legal, and environmental factors--as contrasted to purely economic ones--which will be of critical influence. Therefore it is difficult to forecast definitely the areas and the amounts and costs of exploration and development, as well as prices and earnings. One thing is certain, however, there will be a growing shortage of domestic crude and an increasing dependence on foreign supplies. Both the cost and dependability of the latter are questionable in view of political considerations and the actions of OPEC. Any interruption of our foreign energy supplies would have a dramatic effect on our economy and security and would show the dangerous results of the lack of a coherent and positive domestic energy policy. There are very few discovered but undeveloped oil reserves in the United States except on the North Slope, and those probably cannot be made available until 1976. Though the recent NPC-AAPG study indicates almost 200 billion bbl of expectable recoverable reserves, any large increase in exploratory effort to find them cannot have any great effect on our crude deficit before 1975 because of the necessary lead times. It is obvious, however, that steps should be taken immediately to encourage or to cause such an increase so that the period of danger to our economy and security will be as brief as possible. End_of_Article - Last_Page 611------------

Danger periods for suicide in patients under treatment.

SYNOPSISUsing statistical methods, the hypothesis that suicide occurs either at the beginning or at the end of a spell of treatment is shown to fit the available data.

An estimation of the incidence of toxoplasmosis infection during pregnancy: The experience in Hungary

The frequency of toxoplasmosis infection, prevalence, was determined by Frenkel cutan test in 942 nonpregnant women of different ages in Budapest. Knowing prevalence, age-specific incidence of infections was calculated. The probability of age specific toxoplasmosis infections and that of toxoplasmosis infections occurring in all pregnancies could be estimated from age-specific birth rates. This estimation suggests that about 7.7 per mille of pregnant women might have been infected with T. gondii in the dangerous period (between the fourth and ninth months) of pregnancy. Data in the literature show that the development of an injury of the fetus or an inflammatory disease can be expected to develop in 25 per cent of these women. Thus, about 286 newborn infants with congenital toxoplasmosis might have been born in Hungary in 1967. This affected 20 per mille of pregnant women.

Technology and Neo‐Mercantilism in International Agricultural Trade

HILE developments in agricultural trade in this decade have VW Vbeen reasonably favorable, the underlying trend and some recent developments suggests a very difficult and dangerous period ahead in the 1970's. The results of the Kennedy Round trade negotiations were clearly beneficial for certain commodities. Agricultural trade has generally been increasing. Among the OECD countries, which are the major trading countries, it increased by 6.5 percent per annum from 1960 through 1967 [5]. But in spite of this overall progress, some of the general problems raised by other writers in the recent past are even more threatening now [2, 4]; and there are technological and policy developments that add new complex dimensions. All countries were aware of the need to provide for expanding trade opportunities for agriculture during the course of the Kennedy Round. However, the substantive negotiating sessions in agriculture came too close to the end of the Kennedy Round talks to allow time for negotiating fundamental changes in access to markets or in national farm policies. The liberalization that took place was therefore modest in character.

Pithomyces chartarum in pasture, and measures for prevention of facial eczema

Spores of Pithomyces chartarum (Berk. & Curt.) M. B. Ellis, (Dematiaceae), contain ‘sporidesmin’, a liver-damaging chemical. The fungus grows saprophytically on pasture debris, and is ingested by grazing sheep and cattle. Outbreaks of ‘facial eczema’, caused by the poison, occur if spore numbers in the pasture are greater than about 10 5/g dry weight of pasture. P. chartarum is not prominent in pasture in winter, spring, or early summer, but is a major constituent of the saprophytic flora in late summer and autumn. During this period, spells of warm rainy weather encourage growth and sporulation of the fungus, at times to the levels which render pasture dangerous for grazing. A warning service to farmers is operated by the New Zealand Department of Agriculture in the warmer districts where facial eczema occurs. Information on P. chartarum spore numbers through summer and autumn is obtained by regular spore trapping in sample pastures. When spore numbers have risen to levels approaching those known to be dangerous, warnings are issued if rain falls and the weather remains warm. Farmers are recommended to remove sheep and cattle from pasture during danger periods, and either to feed the animals with hay, or to graze them on crops of chou moellier, rape, or turnips grown especially for this purpose. Growth of P. chartarum in pasture has been held down to a safe level experimentally by combining irrigation with close grazing to reduce the amount of substrate available to the fungus. In other experimental work, thiabendazole sprayed on pasture has prevented the fungus from developing to a dangerous level.

The Mapping of Musical Classicism, a Little-known and Dangerous Period

The Mapping of Musical Classicism, a Little-known and Dangerous Period

Quelques observations sur le comportement en frottement du cupro-aluminium

The series of tests carried out during this study shows that cupro-aluminium behaves in three distinct ways, (i) It either sticks to itself or to stainless steel if the friction is carried out in air, or (ii) it abrades against itself or stainless steel if the friction is carried out in synthetic sea water, or (iii) when the friction does not lead to an irremediable accident, it quickly undergoes superficial physico-chemical transformations terminating in a copper “buttering” of the surface; therefore, the good antagonists of cupro-aluminium are those which satisfy the rule of compatibility of the metals towards copper. But even in the latter case, performance remains a stochastic process since aging rhythms appear in this copper layer which are marked on the one hand by periodic wrenchings of the copper layer (followed by regenerating phases) and on the other hand by creeping actually inside this copper layer. It follows that the bulk cupro-aluminium alloys show unsatisfactory friction characteristics in sea water. However, good friction performance is obtained against chromium or molybdenum by first carrying out a systematic coppering of the cupro-aluminium in order to eliminate the dangerous transient periods.

Influence of ionizing radiations on the development of the nervous system

SUMMARYThe first cellular differentiation in the process of segmentation leads to the embryonic period, the major organogenetic period for the nervous system. In man, it appears between the second and the eighth week after conception.During the foetal and perinatal periods, the nervous organization mainly develops at the cerebellum and cerebral cortex levels. The cerebrum functional maturation continues well beyond birth.Neuroblasts are the most widespread mother-cells in the developing nervous system during the embryonic period, but some are still to be found after birth.Animal experiment has demonstrated that ionizing radiations were able to disorganize neurogenesis in any of its maturation stages, even at very low doses. It is possible to establish a chronological table showing the anatomical or functional deformities in relation with the embryonic age at which rays have been given.It appears that in man the most dangerous period is between the beginning of the second and the end of the eighth week after conception. At that moment, pregnancy is often ignored and a dose of 20 to 40 r is sufficient to entail serious damages, such as microcephaly, protrusions of the brain or mental retardation. On drawing near to birth the foetal or neonatal nervous system of rodents or primates is still radiosensitive, especially at the cerebral cortex level and the consequences will be of a neurophysiologic or psychosensorial nature. Certain embryopathies or neurologic alterations would only be apparent in subsequent generations, following mutations induced into the mother-cells of the nervous system. Genetic deformities of the nervous system can also result from moderate irradiations of the gonads.Further to the precise experimental research work on the radiovulnerability of the embryonic or foetal nervous system of the animal, certain clinical observations are presented, which lead to similar conclusions.The atomic bombardments have caused numerous neurological trouble among the children who had been irradiated in utero. And the genetic effects are not yet perfectly known to-date.This set of experimental and clinical data must prompt us to be very careful when using ionizing radiations, even at low doses, in pregnant women and newborn.

"AIRPLANE" SPLINT FOR FOREARM FRACTURES IN CHILDREN.

POSTREDUCTION swelling and Volkmann's ischemic contracture are the most common and most feared complications of fractures of the forearm in children. The following method of assuring forearm elevation is proposed in an attempt to reduce the chances of inadequate venous drainage, regardless of whether the patient is hospitalized or is treated as an outpatient. No originality is claimed for this method; I feel sure that other physicians have used this method. However, a review of the literature did not reveal publication of this procedure. There are many methods of assuring elevation, but this method seems to be the most foolproof way of assuring adequate elevation by mechanical means. This splint affords some hindrance to getting about, and will help in keeping the small child inactive during the danger period of the first 24 to 48 hours immediately after the fracture. The only comfortable position is to have the splint resting

PREVENTION OF HYPOMAGNESAEMIA AND GRASS TETANY

SUMMARYA seasonal hypomagnesaemia, sometimes accompanied by a hypocalcaemia, was demonstrated in beef cattle at pasture and receiving supplementary hay in North‐East Victoria.An effective method of prophylaxis under extensive grazing conditions was developed. This consisted of mixing a cheap magnesium oxide supplement with water and spraying it on a small percentage of the hay ration, which was then fed to stock before the remainder of the hay was made available.Results from 1961‐63, showed that a dose of 2 oz/cow/day of magnesium oxide significantly raised serum magnesium levels. A dose rate of 4 oz/cow/second day appeared to be equally effective, but there was little evidence to support the use of 4 oz/cow/third day.The data also suggested that the magnitude of the response to magnesium supplementation depended on the initial level of serum magnesium in the susceptible stock.The practice of feeding magnesium oxide either daily or every second day to cattle and sheep during the grass tetany danger period has become widespread in Victoria since 1961. Losses on affected properties since feeding was initiated have been negligible.

Weather conditions, spore counts, and facial eczema in test sheep

Relationships were sought between rainfall, grass rrumrnum temperature, trends in spore trap and green leaf spore counts of the facial eczema fungus, Pithomyces chartarum (Berk. & Curt.) M. B. Ellis and facial eczema liver damage in groups of test lambs admitted for three, 12, 24, 48, 96 hours or longer and in “day” and “night” grazers on paddocks prepared by weekly mowing. Groups of six test lambs, which had been fasted for 24 hours, were used to examine pasture toxicity through possible “danger periods”—when a rainfall of 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) was accompanied or followed by two or more days of grass minimum temperatures reaching or exceeding 12.8°c (55°F). The “indicator blip” in spore trap counts (as in previous seasons) was seen following a warm, wet period of weather in mid-December 1962. Although no liver damage occurred in test animals grazing at this time, it did occur at subsequent “danger periods” in January and February 1963. Pastures were highly toxic for two to four days at “danger periods” which...

SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE--FACTORS IN PROGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT.

A CONSIDERABLE diversity of opinion exists concerning the management of subarachnoid hemorrhage and of its principal cause, ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Moreover, that the controversy transcends disciplinary boundaries is illustrated by the conclusions of McKissock et al. ~-35 thatthe untreated appear to fare as well as those operated and that there can be no proof of the value of surgical treatment in this condition. ''3a Benson ~ concluded that if those patients who terminate fatally in the early danger period are excluded, conservatively treated aneurysms and surgically treated aneurysms have nearly the same prognosis. Yet many reports 1,1~176 have emphasized the poor outlook offered by conservative management, and the advocates of surgical therapy a r e many. 5,9,14Ag,2a,25,31,as,42,45'5~ Among the proponents of surgical therapy, however, the relative merits of different therapeutic approaches are contested. Direct attack, 39,42,52 as in clipping 9 or reinforcement 5~ of the lesion, is recommended by some, while others prefer indirect measures, 2,6,s,~6,2s,29,46 such as ligation of the carotid artery in the neck or trapping procedures. The timing of surgical intervention also evokes controversy . 12Ag,22,3~ Norl~n and Olivecrona 39 concluded that direct attack upon the lesion or ligation of the carotid artery in the neck was extremely dangerous during the acute phase of the illness and advised delay of surgical intervention until after the third week of the acute illness; Pool 42 recommended that direct surgical attack should be carried out between the 7th and 9th day after the initial hemor-