Dangerous Opponent Research Articles

From the Friend to the Foe-Enterococcus faecalis Diverse Impact on the Human Immune System.

Enterococcus faecalis is a bacterium which accompanies us from the first days of our life. As a commensal it produces vitamins, metabolizes nutrients, and maintains intestinal pH. All of that happens in exchange for a niche to inhabit. It is not surprising then, that the bacterium was and is used as an element of many probiotics and its positive impact on the human immune system and the body in general is hard to ignore. This bacterium has also a dark side though. The plasticity and relative ease with which one acquires virulence traits, and the ability to hide from or even deceive and use the immune system to spread throughout the body make E. faecalis a more and more dangerous opponent. The statistics clearly show its increasing role, especially in the case of nosocomial infections. Here we present the summarization of current knowledge about E. faecalis, especially in the context of its relations with the human immune system.

Bullying as an advertisement of social dominance in common waxbills.

Bullying consists of preferentially attacking individuals lowest in the dominance hierarchy, and its functions are unclear because the most subordinate individuals do not pose social challenges to the aggressor. Instead, conflict is expected mostly between individuals of similar dominance rank or socially distant (i.e. weakly associated), among whom dominance relationships may not be well established. A possible function of bullying is that it may be used as a low-risk strategy of showing-off dominance to relevant third parties. To study this hypothesis, we monitored aggressions during feeding, the composition of audiences, dominance hierarchy and social network of common waxbills (Estrilda astrild) in an open-air mesocosm, and tested (i) whether their aggressions show a pattern of bullying, and (ii) whether audience effects influence aggressiveness. Waxbills showed bullying, most often attacking the lowest ranking individuals rather than socially distant individuals or those of similar dominance rank, and aggressions increased when the audience included socially distant individuals, indicating a signalling function of bullying. Showing-off dominance in the presence of socially distant individuals may be a strategy to manage dominance hierarchies, avoiding direct fights with potentially dangerous opponents in the audience. We suggest that bullying is a safe manner of managing dominance hierarchies, by signalling dominance status to potential opponents.

Homo Homini Amicus: Tanggungjawab Kultural Gereja Dalam Zaman Ini

This article is to promote the values of friendship from the Christianity anthropology perspective in the frame of nation community as a shared-home. Very often, friendship is reduced exclusively on ‘in-group’ and enriched by primordial mentality (religion, culture, race, communities in the society). They who don’t agree with the values lived by the ‘in-group’ regarded as ‘the others’, even, treated as dangerous opponents. Firstly, to build a great cultured society, the concept of ‘friendship’ (Latin: amicitia; Greek: philia) should be re-defined. In the Christianity anthropology, friendship, as the highest form of relationship, has its source in the belief that man is created in ‘God’s image’ (Gen 1:26-28), who has the responsibility to manage the shared-world to live together in harmony. Secondly, the Catholic education institutions, from elementary to university, need to continually self-empowered with the spirituality of friendship which promotes more civilized humanity, ‘with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your mind, and with all your strength’ (Mark 12:30)

Ο βυζαντινός στρατός των Αγγέλων, μέσα από τις περιγραφές των λατίνων αντιπάλων του

The Byzantine Army of the Period of the Angeli, according to the Accounts of the Latin Sources There is hardly any information available about the byzantine army under the dynasty of Angeli, about its numbers, composition and performance in battle. With the exception of Choniates no other byzantine gives any useful information. Under this prism the western European sources of the third and fourth crusades could provide valuable information, if properly read. Chronicles such as Historia de expeditione Friderici imperatoris and the Historia Peregrinorum from Germany and the Itinerarium peregrinorum and the Estoire de la guerre sainte of Ambroise from England together with the famous and much read chronicles of Robert Clari and Geoffroi Villehardοuin from France give a very different account than usual about the true capabilities of the byzantine army on the eve of the fourth crusade. The information derived from these sources picture a very grim situation for the byzantine state in general. The army was greatly outnumbered by its foes, without capable leadership and enough reserves to defend even the capital. Nevertheless, when properly handled it could still be a dangerous opponent for the superior crusader armies.

Uticaj globalizacije na strategijske alijanse i mreže organizacija na svetskom tržištu

The paper emphasizes globalization as the emergence of 'new' market dynamics. The comprehensiveness of the concept of globalization and the number of phenomena that this phenomenon 'provokes' indicates the necessity of its continuous monitoring and analysis, especially from the point of view of the impact on strategic alliances and networks of organizations in the world market. Alliances between companies and business networks from different parts of the world are the reality of modern business. Companies begin to understand what nations have already learned: in the complex and uncertain world, full of dangerous opponents, it is best not to act alone. The large operational power on a wide stage of engagement used to be the traditional reason for understanding with those, whose interests were parallel with the interests of the company. Confederation - the basis of each alliance, is an essential part of repertoire of every good strategist. This also applies to managers of corporations and other companies in the modern competitive environment. Some alliances are just a mechanism for entering new markets. Others, however, tend to achieve complete integration of the resources of two or more enterprises in order to increase their production capabilities, development and transfer of new technology, market research, as well as the development of products and marketing. Being a good partner of an enterprise means to recognize tactical intentions of competitors, as well as the chance of gaining competitive advantage over those competitors.

OPERATION «BROTHER’S KEEPER» IN CONTEXT OF THE PALESTINIAN-ISRAELI STANDOFF

Nowadays the Gaza Strip radical movement HAMAS is the most dangerous opponent for the State of Israel in the Palestinian arena. In recent years most attention of the world community has been focused on the events in the Gaza Strip. This attention is caused by the dynamics of standoff and the scale of events occurred. During the period after authority setting in the Palestinian enclave by HAMAS movement Israel carried out a series of large-scale military operations. These were «Cast Lead», «Pillar of Defense» and «Protective Edge». However for better understanding of dynamics of the conflict between Israelis and Palestinians it is necessary to pay equal attention to confrontation both in the Gaza Strip and West Bank. In the article the authors study the events of June 2014 that were a part of the permanent standoff in the West Bank. In June 2014 after abduction of the three teenagers by radicals Israel carried out the operation «Brother's Keeper» which preceded the large-scale operation «Protective Edge». The actions of Israelis aimed at weakening the infrastructure of HAMAS. During the operation in the West Bank Israel used considerable forces. Israelis caused a painful blow to HAMAS. The results of the operation «Brother's Keeper» suggested that the radicals of the West Bank may get developed underground infrastructure and developed infrastructure for production of rockets. The events of summer 2014 in zone of the Palestinian- Israeli conflict showed that escalation may spread from one part of the Palestinian land to another.

The Evaluation of the Military Qualities of the Red Army in 1941–1945 by German Memoirs and Analytic Materials

ABSTRACTDuring the writing of this article about 30 books were analyzed—diaries, analytical materials, and memoirs of servicemen of the Wehrmacht, which contained evaluations of the qualities of the Red Army and Russian soldiers. In the opinion of the German authors, the Red Army was a worthy enemy, and the Russian soldier presented himself as an extremely dangerous opponent.

Jan Hus v proměnách šesti století

According to the Hussite approach, and also according to the approach of the Reformation streams, the death of Jan Hus represented a turning point in history, a return to the binding road to salvation. This is demonstrated in the Hussite chronicles, and also the depictions of Jan Hus as a witness to the first day and a Saint comparable to the early Christian martyrs. Although the Catholic environment viewed Jan Hus and the Hussites as heretics doomed to eternal torment in the flames of Hell, the preacher of Bethlehem Chapel was considered both a savvy and dangerous opponent. These two basic and extremely different approaches continued into the last quarter of the 18th century, when the Enlightenment began to present Jan Hus as a victim of conscience and the proclaimer of the primacy of state power. This interpretation, which viewed the current issues of the day in connection with Hus' struggle, continued up until the last days of the 20th century. There is a lack of understanding of the true essence of Hus' efforts in the contemporary Post-modern perception of the world, however. The logical results of this misunderstanding are recurrent, outdated explanations involving stereotypes, simplification and a tabloid approach.

Ritter außer Gefecht. Konzepte passiver Bewährung im Wigalois und im Widuwilt

AbstractWirnt von Grafenberg’s Middle High German romance ›Wigalois‹ features a hero who proves his knightly excellence not only actively when fighting male opponents but also passively when threatened by aggressive women. By killing his most dangerous opponent and burying that opponent’s wife, Wigalois overcomes his passivity and turns into an unquestioned sovereign ruler. The protagonist of the romance ›Widuwilt‹, on the other hand, a late medieval anonymous Yiddish adaptation of Wirnt ’s ›Wigalois‹, is characterized as passive and helpless throughout the text. Instead of overcoming his most dangerous opponent, the hero is overcome himself. Until the very end he depends upon the help of others, especially women. This transformation points to a preference for symmetrical relationships between men and women as well as to a concept of heroism that places the hero within his community instead of apart from it.

Who’s what? Prompt recognition of social status in crayfish

Crayfish are excellent model organisms to study the proximate mechanisms underlying the maintenance of dominance hierarchies in invertebrates. Our aim here was to investigate whether Procambarus clarkii males use social eavesdropping to discriminate dominant from subordinate crayfish. To this end, we conducted an experiment composed of a “passive” and an “active” phase. In the passive phase, “focal” individuals were allowed (treatment 1) or not (treatment 2) to see and smell two size-matched crayfish fighting while, in the subsequent active phase, they were allowed to freely interact with the fighting dyad. None of the recorded variables showed any significant difference between the two treatments, but, invariably, focal individuals were able to promptly discriminate dominant from subordinate crayfish. This study provides evidence that male crayfish recognize the social status of a conspecific without the need of direct or indirect experience with it and avoid dominants—and thus dangerous opponents—by means of a badge of status. A form of “winner and loser effects” could also contribute to the structuring of dominance/subordinate relationships. The implication of these results in understanding the maintenance of dominance hierarchies in invertebrates are discussed and compared with findings previously achieved in the context of mate choice by P. clarkii females, who do appear to use eavesdropping to identify dominants and subordinates.

The Monk versus the Philosopher: From the History of the Bulgarian-Byzantine War 894-896

The article is devoted to a few problems: 1 how Symeon and Leo the Philosopher looked at the Bulgarian-Byzantine war of 894–896; 2. what place it took in their life experiences; 3 how it was inscribed in the concept of relations between countries whose inhabitants follow the same religion. The war of the years 894–896 showed that Symeon was not only a cabinet scholar and a former monk, but a statesman, a gifted leader, skillful and ruthless negotiator. This war made him realize his own strength and gave him an opportunity to test his skills as a leader and a ruler. The war also demonstrated to the Byzantines that the Bulgarians, although they were Christians, were still dangerous opponents. Leo VI, a wise man and a scholar suffered a great defeat in dealing with just as scholarly but much more determined and gifted with military talents Bulgarian ruler. The former Monk defeated the Philosopher.

COMPOSICIÓ I ESTIL FORMULARIS DE LA RONDALLA MERAVELLOSA

The composite structure and style of fairy tales are highly dependent on formulas —most of them of an international character. These ingredients, which are inherited from tradition and repeated, with or without variations in different tales or in the same tale under similar circumstances, are plentiful, meaningful, and varied. They consist of conventional epithets, expressions and phrases to communicate essential ideas; archetypal settings, characters, episodes and plot outlines; codified symbols and numerical clichés. Formulas make the text aesthetically attractive, facilitate the task of the storyteller, and please the audience. Some of them are only employed by fairy tales, but others are shared with different kinds of folk tales and with other genres, like myth and popular ballad. The fairy tale begins with an opening formula and ends with a closing one. They are conventional expressions and sentences that, besides other functions, mark its frontiers and warn the audience of the fictional nature of the story. Their precise style and rigid structure depend also on the formulaic use of numbers. The number three, denoting plurality, is both a stylistic and structural formula given that many fairy tales are organized according to it. For example, often there is a tripling of characters, objects and successive episodes. Furthermore, there are many fairy tale families with three sons or sisters or in which the hero or heroine receives three magical gifts to be used on three different occasions, and so on. The number seven, which signifies “a lot,” is just a stylistic formula. It is not used for repeating episodes, because seven are too many; but it does serve to measure time, space, groups of people and other measurable items. Very often, a positive change only occurs after a period of seven days, weeks, months or years; and there are giants with three or seven heads and dragons with three or seven heads and tails, and so on. The characters of the fairy tales are archetypes clearly defined by one or a few distinctive features that have an effect on the plot and that are shown by the appropriate verbal formula and by their stereotyped behavior, which is equally formulaic. The fact that the youngest brother or sister is always the hero or the heroine and that the stepmother, stepsisters and mother-in-law are dangerous opponents also abides to a formula; and these are just two examples among many. The formulas to connect two narrative strands are scarce, because most fairy tales make use of single-strand narration. On the other hand, the formulas used by the storyteller to establish an immediate and continuous contact with the audience are frequent. They consist of rhetorical questions, exhortations and remarks directly addressed to the listeners so as to ask them for their attention or demand active cooperation. Finally, the composite structure of Catalan fairy tales follows a transcultural plot outline, as analyzed by Vladimir Propp, which orders all of its parts, themselves conventional. Catalan fairy tales, like others, are formulaic from beginning to end.

THE PROGRESSIVE PARTY’S VIEW OF THE SERBIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH

After obtaining autonomy from the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople in 1831, the Serbian Orthodox Church gradually established and strenghtened its position by means of constitutions and laws of the Principality of Serbia which were passed in the course of the XIX century. The established status of an official state church implied considerable priviledges but also the readiness to accept potential candidates designated by the Prince or the Government for the highest hierarch positions as well as the state’s control over practically all segments of religious life. This relationship in which provisions of the Canon Law were frequently ignored, forged a kind of partnership enabling the state to strenghten its economy and democratic institutions while at the same time providing the church with an opportunity to improve its internal organization, the quality of candidates entering priesthood and to create favourable conditions for its spiritual mission. The dissatisfaction with the Russian politics after the Congress of Berlin and the shift towards a new foreign policy relying heavily on the support of Austria-Hungary, soon took toll on the relations between Prince Milan and Metropolitan Mihailo who was a notorious Russophile and a fervent advocate of the Pan-Slavic solidarity. Dissatisfied with the Metropolitan’s activities in Bosnia, the new ally demanded that the Prince remove the dangerous opponent which proved to be a daunting task, due to the Metropolitan’s popularity and his demonstrated leadership skills. In 1881, under the pretext that the Church opposed the Tax law, the Prince’s Government, led by the Progressive Political Party first removed Metropolitan Mihailo which was followed by the removal of all other remaining disobedient Episcopes in 1883. The 1882 amendments to the Law on Church Authorities of the Eastern Orthodox Religion which resulted in changes of the composition of the Assembly of Bishops and included more lay people in the body tasked with the election of the Metropolitan, represented a genuine coup against the Church unprecedented in its centuries long history and practically annulled the canonical order governing the life and functioning of the Orthodox Churches. Having elected the new Metropolitan and Episcopes, the Government led by the Progressive Party established such an organization of the Church which was utterly dependent on the will of the state and the balance of powers on the Serbia’s political scene. The altered political circumstances brought about by King Milan’s abdication and normalization of relations with the Radical Party, enabled Metropolitan Mihailo’s return and reestablishment of previous order in the Church. The ancient Canons, which were ignored at one point in history, proved their vitality, but these events were also convenient for the growing middle class to send a clear message to the Church that the old times of harmonized activity were gone and that the new forces were taking over the public and state affairs.

The War on Terror: Forgotten Lessons From World War II

Setting Priorities In World War II, the Roosevelt administration believed that Nazi Germany was its most dangerous opponent. Administration officials reasoned that only Germany could possibly conquer Great Britain, and Britain’s demise would open the whole Atlantic region to German dominion and leave the United States dangerously exposed. The administration therefore adopted a “Germany First” strategy, under which it focused its power first against Germany, while only checking Japan in Asia; and concentrated on defeating Japan only after Germany was beaten.3

Metamorphosis of the Japanese Girl: The Girl, the Hyper-Girl, and the Battling Beauty

Metamorphosis of the Japanese Girl:The Girl, the Hyper-Girl, and the Battling Beauty Mari Kotani (bio) In the 1980s Miyasako Chizuru coined the term chô-shôjo, or "Hyper-Girl," to conceptualize the emergence of a new kind of girl in manga and anime, one with powers and attributes beyond those of prior shôjo figures. Since then, Girls and Hyper-Girls have continued to transform, and I would like to trace some of those changes, especially in the context of the anime series Revolutionary Girl Utena (Shôjo kakumei utena), which presents not only a revolutionary girl but also revolutionizes the Japanese Girl. Revolutionary Girl Utena Tokyo's Channel 12 broadcast Revolutionary Girl Utena for thirty-nine weeks, from April 2 through December 24, 1997. The series followed the popular manga series written by a woman artist, Saitô Chiho, who collaborated with the artists at the studio collective Be-Papas and with the director Ikuhara Kunihiko, known for his previous work on the anime series Sailor Moon. In the television version, the heroine is a fourteen-year-old girl, Tenjô Utena. Utena continues to cherish the memory of her encounter with a [End Page 162] prince, who offered her consolation when she lost both her parents (Figure 1). When she enters a private middle school, Ohtori Gakuen (an alternate romanization of "Ôtori Gakuen"), she hopes that she might once again meet the prince there. Naturally, given such a setup, viewers might well expect a variation on the Cinderella story. Yet, as the story advances, Utena adopts a male school uniform, complete with short pants. While instructors at the school try to dissuade her, their protests are in vain (Figure 2). Utena insists on male attire, and viewers who expected Utena's story to conform to that of a helpless girl seeking her prince charming may well feel betrayed. Whence Utena's insistence on male attire? The answer is simple. Utena wishes to become a prince, which (interestingly enough) is not exactly the same as being a boy (in case anyone might think she desires to be a boy). In fact, when Utena duels with Saionji Kyôichi, he (Saionji) notices her breasts and expresses his surprise that Utena is a girl. Utena retorts that she never said she wasn't a girl. Her adoption of male garb could be called cross-dressing, for she is seen as a boy, yet she does not take herself as one. She is a girl prince. Now, on the surface, Utena's middle school, Ohtori Gakuen, is just another prep school for rich kids. Yet it turns out that members of the student council control the school. Only members of this elite group are eligible to become duelists. An unseen person known only as "End of the World" chooses students to serve as council members and duelists, and this status allows them to challenge and battle one another. Students enter duels to compete for Himemiya Anthy, the Rose Bride, who holds the secret of the power to revolutionize the world. It is this power that duelists seek. Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 1. Tenjô Utena Utena in Revolutionary Girl Utena. Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 2. Revolutionary Girl Utena. When Utena enters this rigidly hierarchical school society, she is clearly an outsider. Moreover, her goals are entirely different from the other duelists. [End Page 163] Her aim is not to fight and gain the Rose Bride. Yet, to achieve her goals, she must enter into the world of duels, which amounts to a transgression of the school's hierarchies. In the end, Utena proves victorious, insofar as she defeats all the other student duelists. She never defeats Ohtori Akio, however, the school headmaster who becomes Utena's most dangerous opponent in the series' final episodes. What is important is her status as an outsider, or an other. It is this status that allows her to unravel the school's mysterious hierarchies. Transgression Fights in this series appear highly ritualized. As a world apart, the battleground becomes an object of intense curiosity and interest. Only duelists may enter the battleground, which truly stands apart from the school...

In search of Paul: how Jesus's apostle opposed Rome's empire with God's kingdom: a new vision of Paul's words & world

With dusty, tired, much-traveled Paul came Rome's most dangerous opponent, not legions but ideas, not an alternative force but an alternative faith. Paul too proclaimed one who was Lord, Savior, Redeemer, and Liberator. He announced one who was Divine, Son of God, God, and God from God. But Paul's new divinity was Christ, not Caesar. His was a radically divergent but equally global theology. -- from the Prologue Many theories exist about who Paul was, what he believed, and what role he played in the origins of Christianity. Using archaeological and textual evidence, and taking advantage of recent major discoveries in Italy, Greece, Turkey, and Syria, John Dominic Crossan and Jonathan L. Reed show that Paul was a fallible but dedicated successor to Jesus, carrying on Jesus's mission of inaugurating the Kingdom of God on earth in opposition to the reign of Rome. Against the concrete backdrop of first-century Greco-Roman and Jewish life, In Search of Paul reveals the work of Paul as never before, showing how and why the liberating messages and practices of equality, caring for the poor, and a just society under God's rules, not Rome's, were so appealing. Crossan and Reed's concise, engaging prose conjures up the complex and rich world of Paul's time, from the imperial intrigues of Rome to the theological infighting among Christian communities in Greece and Turkey to the beautiful landscapes and the cultural conflicts of the Middle East. The illustrations and short, rich, you are there descriptions help the reader to follow in the footsteps of Paul and, indeed, in the footsteps of Christianity.

Carefully Chosen Words on Antievolutionism

The November 2003 decision of the Texas State Board of Education to reject demands made by antievolutionists is good news for science. However, the report of this decision in the December issue of Physics Today (page 36) uses language that will offend some supporters of evolution and could be useful to the enemies of science.The article refers to the textbook critics as “antievolutionist,” “creationist,” and “social conservative.” The first two terms are pertinent, since those critics are challenging the correctness of evolution and promoting creationism or intelligent design as alternatives. The term “social conservative” is irrelevant and misleading.A social conservative may be a supporter of evolution, an opponent of evolution, or a person who is unconcerned about evolution. The number of physicists and readers of Physics Today who think of themselves as social conservatives is not negligible. Use of this characterization gives the appearance of criticizing supporters and potential supporters based on unrelated considerations. Thoughtless language is poor public relations.The introduction of social and political terminology into the December story aids dangerous opponents of science. The following words, written by science historian Michael Riordan, appear on page 51 of the August 2003 issue of Physics Today: “Without such a rigorous standard of truth, science will have little defense against the onslaughts of the creationists and postmodernists, for whom it is just one of many ways to grasp the world.” Darwinian evolution is included in the biology curriculum because it is the accepted scientific interpretation of biological facts. Injecting social and political considerations supports the claim of postmodernists that the conclusions of science are socially determined.Science cannot avoid interaction and conflict with various forces in society. Riordan’s statement calls attention to threats that confront science from two different sources—postmodernism and religious fundamentalism. In addressing these threats, I urge consideration of the following facts. First, postmodernism is a threat to both science and religion. Second, within the sphere of religion, only fundamentalism is a consistent opponent of science. Most people who believe in God accept science as true and regard as allegorical those elements of the Bible that conflict with science. Third, belief systems are not always based on religion—social conservatism is an example—and do not necessarily determine a person’s view of science.Science might have more support if its institutions and centers of power were more diplomatic. I offer two recommendations. First, avoid linking science concerns with unrelated social and political disagreements. Second, when communicating about public issues of concern to both science and religion, avoid extending the conflict with religious fundamentalism to include religion in general.Stephen Hawking’s immensely successful book A Brief History of Time (Bantam Books, 1988) provides an outstanding example of how to achieve that second objective. His text presents physics to a general audience in a manner that avoids showing disrespect for religion and demonstrates sensitivity to its concerns. Perhaps some eminent biologist will write A Brief History of Life in the same spirit.© 2004 American Institute of Physics.

Eavesdropping on visual cues in green swordtail (Xiphophorus helleri) fights: a case for networking.

Aggressive contests probably occur in networking environments where information about fighting ability is conveyed both to an opponent and to individuals peripheral to the fight itself, the bystanders. Our primary aim was to investigate the relative influences of eavesdropping and prior social experience on the dynamics of aggressive contests in Xiphophorus helleri. A bystander's ability to witness an encounter was manipulated using clear, one-way mirror, and opaque partitions. After watching (or not watching) the initial contest, the bystander encountered either the winner or loser of the bout. Treatment comparisons of bystander-winner or bystander-loser contest dynamics indicated the presence or absence of winner, loser, or eavesdropping effects. Winner and loser effects had negligible influences on bystander contest dynamics. Eavesdropping significantly reduced the bystander's propensity to initiate aggression, escalate, and win against seen winners regardless of whether the watched bout had escalated or not. Though eavesdropping had relatively little effect on bystander-loser contest dynamics, bystanders were less prone to initiate aggression and win against losers that had escalated in the witnessed bout. Thus, bystanders appear to preferentially retain and utilize information gained about potentially dangerous opponents (winners or persistent losers). Our data lend clear support for the importance of eavesdropping in visually based aggressive signalling systems.

Economic, Legal, and Social Implications of Information Technology

Many years ago, MIT's Joe Weizenbaum, frightened by the simple-mindedness with which his Eliza experiments had been misunderstood, expressed serious reservations about artificial intelligence's implicit assumptions and directions. He came to be seen as an adversary of those who had been colleagues, as a whistle-blower, and that particularly dangerous opponent, a convert. Whether or not he intended to, he went out on an academic, intellectual, even spiritual limb. His work has had significant effect on people outside the computing-related disciplines, but is for the most part rejected or ignored by those inside them. The adversarial approach to the social implications of I.T. is not to be recommended, because of the intellectual isolationism it can lead to, and its inherently limited effectiveness.