Dangerous Cargo Research Articles

СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ СПОСОБОВ ЛИКВИДАЦИИ ПОСЛЕДСТВИЙ АВАРИЙ С РАЗГЕРМЕТИЗАЦИЕЙ РЕЗЕРВУАРОВ С АММИАКОМ ПРИ ТРАНСПОРТИРОВКЕ ИХ АВТОМОБИЛЬНЫМ ТРАНСПОРТОМ

Based on the analysis of the growth of ammonia production and its delivery to terminals by road in Russia, the problems of ensuring the safety of the population in case of accidents of vehicles with ammonia on the routes of its movement in settlements and the specifics of the organization of liquidation of the consequences of accidents with depressurization of reservoirs are considered. Calculated data on the depth of contaminated cloud spreading and height of its rise are given. Methods of localization of the primary cloud of ammonia contamination on the basis of operative use of heat guns and small-sized jet engines by the personnel of the brigades accompanying the dangerous cargo, as well as inclusion in the escort of the convoy of the calculation of State fire service of EMERCOM of Russia with an emergency rescue container for liquidation of the consequences of road traffic accidents associated with ASK-AHOV.

Avanços recentes na regulação ambiental da infraestrutura portuária brasileira

This document contains a report on the actions of ANTAQ, the Brazilian regulatory agency for ports and navigation, regarding positive actions related to the improvement of norms and sustainability standards for facilities. It demonstrates the evolution of regulation from 2011 to 2023, as well as the international legislation complied with and the practical results for stackeholders. The report demonstrates initiatives related to dangerous cargo, environmental licensing, vessel waste and preventive operational care.

Penerapan Matriks Boston Consulting Group untuk Penanganan Muatan Barang Berbahaya pada Kapal Barang Nasional

The main problem of the research lies in the lack of training, competencies and skills of the crew due to the lack of discipline and the understanding of marine matters, especially related to dangerous goods handling on board. The purpose of the study is to analyze the position and management strategies offered in handling dangerous cargo, especially explosives on board of Sinar Palaran ship. The method to analyze the data was using Boston Consulting Group (BCG) Matrix analysis tool. The result shows that the intensity of dangerous goods cargo mishandling increase. Based on the analysis of Boston Consulting Group Matrix, the position of Sinar Palaran Ship is in Quadrant I, which indicates the company is facing the problem of low competence of the ship’s crew in handling dangerous goods cargo. The strategy offered through BCG Matrix is the strategy to develop, build and increase the intensity of training, discipline and maritime education for crew members to improve their competencies and skills in handling dangerous goods cargo.

Decarbonization of shipping: Hydrogen and fuel cells legislation in the maritime industry

The maritime industry is a significant component of the transportation sector. Ships are the major element of the maritime industry, and propulsion power comes from fossil fuels, such as heavy fuel oil or marine diesel oil. These fossil fuels are used in conventional marine diesel engines and result in high levels of harmful emissions. These emissions contribute to the greenhouse effect and global warming, which is why efforts have been made to regulate and limit them within specific boundaries through various rules and regulations. However, with current technology, it is not possible to stay within these regulations. Therefore, the maritime sector has embarked on the quest for alternative power sources, and as a result, alternative fuels and fuel cells have gained importance. Hydrogen, one of these alternative fuels, is a promising solution with a carbon-free structure for the maritime industry to move toward sustainability. However, ships are considered high-risk areas, which is why specific standards need to be established for the use of hydrogen and fuel cell technology in ships. Hydrogen bunkering, onboard storage, and power system design, limits, and operational aspects must be properly elaborated. Although there are several substantial international standards and regulations for gas, liquid, and dangerous cargo, there is a lack of specific and detailed regulations for the use of fuel cells and hydrogen fuel onboard ships. This paper reviews the relevant regulations and standards while showing the regulatory gap concerning hydrogen and fuel cells by discussing the main barriers and highlights the current and future agenda of the industry toward decarbonization vision.

Menilai Efisiensi Pengelolaan Kargo Berbahaya Pada Operasi Bongkar Muat di Unit Penyelenggara Pelabuhan Kelas II Raja Ampat

The purpose of this study is for researchers to investigate and gather data regarding the following: The procedures involved in the handling of dangerous cargo during loading and unloading activities at the Port Operator Unit Class II Raja Ampat, West Papua in 2022. The efficiency of procedures related to the loading and unloading of dangerous cargo at the Port Operator Unit Class II Raja Ampat, West Papua in 2022. The research methodology employed was 'empirisch juridisch onderzoek,' which was conducted at the Raja Ampat Class II Port. In this context, researchers focused on a specific aspect of legal research, particularly concerning the effectiveness of the implementation of legal regulations. For this investigation, the researchers utilized both a sociology of law approach and a legislative approach. The legislative approach was chosen because all legal research originates from legislation, and all aspects of legal activity are inherently connected to the legislative framework. The study's findings lead to two main conclusions: The loading and unloading of dangerous goods at the Raja Ampat Class II Port adhere to specific procedures based on applicable laws and regulations, and the port authority has effectively enforced them. However, there are shortcomings in the facilities and equipment required for handling dangerous goods, rendering them ineffective in managing such cargo.

Manajemen Pemuatan Barang Berbahaya untuk Keselamatan Kapal Muatan dan ABK

This study aims to know and understand the labels of aged cargo labels, understand the handling of hazardous cargo on board, and understand the principles of loading principles in relation to the protection of ships, mautan and crew and also know about handling fires caused by hazardous cargo on board and handling patterns in the event of a fire caused by hazardous cargo. The impact arises due to the crew not understanding the labels of dangerous mautan, as well as the arrangement or placement of cargo in containers that do not pay attention to the segregation table that has been regulated in the IMDG Code. Causing cargo to be contaminated, causing fires, container leaks. Meanwhile, if in the loading process does not correctly understand the loading principles that exist, especially in the loading of dangerous goods. It needs special handling that will endanger the ship, cargo, even the crew of the ship itself. The role and understanding of the dangerous cargo of the crew, especially the skipper and the first crew responsible for the loading of the sangant, is important. Both during loading preparation by making a loading plan, during loading, and during unloading. Literature and documentation studies, as well as descriptive data in the form of writings from several sources. The results of the discussion can be concluded even maximum loading management such as the preparation of loading plans, loading that pays attention to the segregation table by referring to the nature of dangerous goods in accordance with the good IMDG Code when loading loads in large quantities in the container carried out by the crew will be achieved shipping safety, ship safety, cargo and also the crew itself. The pattern of handling emergencies when the ship contains good dangerous cargo, by referring to the IMDG Code and Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG) will be able to minimize property losses, namely ship damage, cargo damage, and even life losses can be minimized. Shipping safety is the main objective that we want to achieve in every freight shipping operation including dangerous goods cargo.

Modelling the Impact of Driver Work Environment on Driving Performance among Oil and Gas Heavy Vehicles: SEM-PLS

Driving heavy vehicles with dangerous cargo involves various work environments that can significantly impact road safety. This research aims to study the impact of oil and gas tanker drivers’ work environment on driving performance to identify and address any issues that may affect their ability to carry out their jobs effectively. To achieve this, a quantitative approach was employed using a questionnaire survey adapted from the literature review. The data collected from a sample of drivers of oil- and gas-heavy vehicles were analyzed using structural equation modelling. The study’s findings reveal a significant association between the drivers’ work environment and driving performance, represented by a path coefficient of β = 0.237. These results highlight the substantial contribution of the work environment to driving performance, with an effect of 63%. Consequently, the study emphasizes the importance of considering the work environment as a potential factor when assessing and enhancing tanker drivers’ driving abilities during oil and gas transportation.

A proposed design for 5-G fire detecting and extinguishing system: ultra-large container ship case study

ABSTRACT The containerized cargo volume reaches 168.2 million TEU. There have recently been a staggering number of fire catastrophes onboard container ships. Investigations have identified that a rapidly developing fire is one of the main challenges in container fires. On the other hand, firefighting regulations had disregarded container vessel capacity increase. The resulting financial losses and environmental catastrophes paid astronomical bills. This research elaborates on an innovative solution utilizing a 5 G wireless self-detecting and extinguishing fire-control system. The system was applied in a case study of 19,870 TEU ultra large-container ships; The results demonstrate the number and locations of the system components. The system can reduce human interference with the fires onboard. The feasibility analysis output shows a low initial cost compared to the losses of such incidents. Moreover, the time of radio spectrum signals of the proposed system is high speed; remarkably, the internal container monitoring needs around 30 seconds to detect heat and another few seconds to activate the CO2 and smother the suspicious container in its early intuition with allocation bothered alarm. The firefighting improvement technology could be a promising solution for monitoring and controlling dangerous cargo containers fire.

Study on the Mistakes and Countermeasures in Ship Firefighting - A Case Study of M. V. Zhonghuafuqiang

This article firstly introduces the characteristics of fire on board ships, which includes “more of ignition sources, flammable and explosive materials, fire spread quickly on board, hard to be extinguished, lack of external assistance, large losses and hazards” ; and secondly takes the fire accident of M. V. Zhonghuafuqiang as an example, elaborating the whole fire extinguishing process of the ship including the discovery of the fire, the initial emergency extinguishing of the fire, closing the fire compartment and releasing CO₂to extinguish the fire, returning to the port of departure for berthing, transferring the command authority from the master to the shore-based fire department, the explosion causing by the opening of the fire compartment by the shore department, and the severe damage of the ship. Third, this article points out that its firefighting mistakes include the loss of the master’s command authority, wrong firefighting procedures and improper use of fire extinguishing agent; then analyzes that the reasons are unclear responsibility and authority between ship and shore, unfamiliarity of the shore-based support department with firefighting procedures and the existence of inapparent dangerous cargo. Finally, this article proposes countermeasures against such mistakes, including clarifying and guaranteeing the command authority of the master, improving the familiarity of the shore-based firefighting support department with firefighting procedures on board, and strengthening the management of inapparent dangerous cargo, etc.

Method of normal oscillations and substantiation of the choice of parameters for certain nonlinear systems with two degrees of freedom

On the example of the plane model of wheeled vehicle oscillations with adaptive power characteristic of the suspension system, the methodology for selecting its main parameters that would maximize the movement smoothness is developed. To solve this problem, the mathematical model of relative oscillations of the sprung part is constructed, provided that they are carried out in the vertical plane. The latter represents the system of two nonlinear differential equations describing the relative displacement of the center of mass of the sprung part and the angle of rotation of the latter around the transverse axis passing through the center of mass of the specified part. To construct the approximate analytical solution of this equations system, and thus to describe the main parameters that determine the relative position of the sprung part under reasonable assumptions, the method of normal oscillations of nonlinear systems with concentrated masses is used. This made it possible to obtain the system of ordinary differential equations of the first order that describe the amplitude–frequency characteristics of the sprung part vibrations. Due to the analysis of the latter it is determined that at a certain ratio between the parameters describing the power characteristics of the suspension system, it can perform isochronous vertical and longitudinal–angular oscillations, and thus it is possible to achieve maximum comfort in transporting passengers or dangerous cargo over rough terrain. The main obtained results can be used to create the software product for adaptive suspension, and their validity is confirmed by: a) in passing to the limit, obtaining results known from literary sources; b) generalization, based on the use of periodic Ateb-functions, of widely tested analytical methods for constructing solutions of differential equations with strong nonlinearity.

Warship wrecks and their munition cargos as a threat to the marine environment and humans: The V 1302 "JOHN MAHN" from World War II.

In addition to endangering sea traffic, cable routes, and wind farms, sunken warship wrecks with dangerous cargo, fuel, or munitions on board may emerge as point sources for environmental damage. Energetic compounds such as TNT (which could leak from these munitions) are known for their toxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity. These compounds may cause potential adverse effects on marine life via contamination of the marine ecosystem, and their entry into the marine and human food chain could directly affect human health. To ascertain the impending danger of an environmental catastrophe posed by sunken warships, the North Sea Wrecks (NSW) project (funded by the Interreg North Sea Region Program) was launched in 2018. Based on historical data (derived from military archives) including the calculated amount of munitions still on board, its known location and accessibility, the German World War II ship "Vorpostenboot 1302" (former civilian name - "JOHN MAHN") was selected as a case study to investigate the leakage and distribution of toxic explosives in the marine environment. The wreck site and surrounding areas were mapped in great detail by scientific divers and a multibeam echosounder. Water and sediment samples were taken in a cross-shaped pattern around the wreck. To assess a possible entry into the marine food chain, caged mussels were exposed at the wreck, and wild fish (pouting), a sedentary species that stays locally at the wreck, were caught. All samples were analyzed for the presence of TNT and derivatives thereof by GC-MS/MS analysis. As a result, we could provide evidence that sunken warship wrecks emerge as a point source of contamination with nitroaromatic energetic compounds leaking from corroding munitions cargo still on board. Not only did we find these explosive substances in bottom water and sediment samples around the wreck, but also in the caged mussels as well as in wild fish living at the wreck. Fortunately so far, the concentrations found in mussel meat and fish filet were only in the one-digit ng per gram range thus indicating no current concern for the human seafood consumer. However, in the future the situation may worsen as the corrosion continues. From our study, it is proposed that wrecks should not only be ranked according to critical infrastructure and human activities at sea, but also to the threats they pose to the environment and the human seafood consumer.

ІНФОРМАЦІЙНА СИСТЕМА ДЛЯ ЗАВАНТАЖЕННЯ КОНТЕЙНЕРНОГО СУДНА З УРАХУВАННЯМ СТРУКТУРНИХ ТА ОПЕРАЦІЙНИХ ОБМЕЖЕНЬ

Increasing the efficiency of loading container ships, especially in wartime, is one of the most important problems. The paper examines elimination of safety issues in marine transportation of containerized goods at the stowage planning stage. The article examines well-known stowage planning software that was developed in order to help with the stowage planning process. This paper presents a Boolean mathematical model of integer linear programming, which considers structural and operational constraints of a vessel and containers likewise, including hazardous cargoes compatibility constraints (according to the International Maritime Dangerous Cargoes Code) and container loading sequences (that depends on discharging port order). The proposed approach for solving the task mentioned above consists of dividing it into two stages. At the first stage, a preliminary stowage arrangement is calculated using a simple heuristic, which takes into account structural and operational limitations, container loading sequence and compatibility of dangerous cargoes as well as certain safety parameters (stability, durability, etc.). At the second stage, the arrangement is optimized using the safety parameters using a steady-state genetic algorithm. Developments on the subject include - data structures for application in container vessel stowage planning software; - interface that allows a user to graphically display a stowage plan of a container ship; - interface that allows a user to display safety parameters of a container ship (stability, durability, etc.); - interface that allows to input and edit containers and vessel data, as well as dangerous goods segregation provisions according to the International Maritime Dangerous Cargoes Code, and displays a notification if those are not satisfied.

Cancer Exosomes: An Overview and the Applications of Flow

Cancer is one of the most prevalent and disruptive diseases affecting the population, and as such, is the subject of major research efforts. Recently, these efforts have been put towards understanding the role that exosomes can play in the progression of cancer. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles ranging from 40–150 nm in size that carry bioactive molecules like proteins, DNA, RNA, miRNA, and surface receptors. One of the most important features of exosomes is their ability to easily travel throughout the body, extending the reach of parent cell’s signaling capabilities. Cancer derived exosomes (CDEs) carry dangerous cargo that can aid in the metastasis, and disease progression through angiogenesis, promoting epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and immune suppression. Exosomes can transport these molecules to cells in the tumor environment as well as distant premetastatic locations making them an extremely versatile tool in the toolbelt of cancer. This review aims to compile the present knowledge and understanding of the involvement of exosomes in the progression of cancer as well as current production, isolation, and purification methods, with particular interest on flow perfusion bioreactor and microfluidics systems, which allow for accurate modeling and production of exosomes.

A Combined Method For Determining The Contributing Factors To Chemical Spills In Port Areas During Maritime Dangerous Cargo Transport

A Combined Method For Determining The Contributing Factors To Chemical Spills In Port Areas During Maritime Dangerous Cargo Transport

Reducing Risks by Transporting Dangerous Cargo in Drones

The transportation of dangerous goods by truck or railway multiplies the risk of harm to people and the environment when accidents occur. Many manufacturers are developing autonomous drones that can fly heavy cargo and safely integrate into the national air space. Those developments present an opportunity to not only diminish risk but also to decrease cost and ground traffic congestion by moving certain types of dangerous cargo by air. This work identified a minimal set of metropolitan areas where initial cargo drone deployments would be the most impactful in demonstrating the safety, efficiency, and environmental benefits of this technology. The contribution is a new hybrid data mining workflow that combines unsupervised machine learning (UML) and geospatial information system (GIS) techniques to inform managerial or investment decision making. The data mining and UML techniques transformed comprehensive origin–destination records of more than 40 commodity category movements to identify a minimal set of metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) with the greatest demand for transporting dangerous goods. The GIS part of the workflow determined the geodesic distances between and within all pairwise combinations of MSAs in the continental United States. The case study of applying the workflow to a commodity category of dangerous goods revealed that cargo drone deployments in only nine MSAs in four U.S. states can transport 38% of those commodities within 400 miles. The analysis concludes that future cargo drone technology has the potential to replace the equivalent of 4.7 million North American semitrailer trucks that currently move dangerous cargo through populated communities.

Evaluation of Factors Influencing Maritime Dangerous Cargo Transport Accidents-Induced Crew Fatalities and Serious Injuries

Maritime dangerous cargo transport accidents can lead to crew fatalities and serious injuries. This paper focuses on these accidents to evaluate the factors involved in these losses. To that end, the relevant reports of 2000–2020 maritime dangerous cargo transport accidents recorded in the Marine Casualties and Incidents (MCI) module of the International Maritime Organization’s Integrated Shipping Information System (IMO-GISIS) database were analyzed. Six initial events in six basic ship operations were determined. This paper combined the entropy weight and Grey relational analysis methods to analyze the involved factors and evaluate the extent of influences of each initial event in various ship operations. The entropy weight (EW) method was applied to determine the weights of basic ship operations. The grey relational analysis method was applied to calculate the correlational degrees of the initial events. Most crew fatalities and severe injuries occur during bunkering, berthing, and mooring operations. Occupational accidents and fires/explosions are the most influential factors; more specifically, occupational accidents during sailing, cargo loading/unloading, anchoring, berthing, and mooring operations and fires/explosions during bunkering operations are most likely to lead to crew fatalities and serious injuries. The results of this paper can aid stakeholders in improving the required strategies to ensure the safety of seafarers during maritime dangerous cargo transport. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-10-05 Full Text: PDF

위험화물에 관한 송하인의 묵시적 담보와 통지의무

To ship dangerous goods, the shipper is required to prepare a form certifying that the cargo has been packed, labeled and declared according with the IMDGC or SOLAS. But the carriage of dangerous goods raises two main problems: the responsibility of the carrier for loss of the dangerous cargo itself; and the responsibility of the shipper to the ship and the carrier for damage caused by the dangerous goods. In order to determine the foregoing responsibilities one must ascertain in each case whether the carrier and the shipper knew or should have known of the dangerous nature of the cargo.
 Under the common law, the shipper’s warranty as to the suitability of the goods for carriage is modified if the carrier knew or should have known of the dangerous cargo. Also, in the civil law such as Germany, France, and Japan, the shipper’s obligation to the carrier to tender goods which are suitable for carriage is contractual obligation and it would seem to be an absolute one. In this respect, the shipper's duty to inform dangerous goods is important in order to set the standard for the cargo claim.
 This paper discusses the subject of shipping dangerous cargo at common law and civil law. Especially, the paper reviews and analyzes some issues as to shipper’s duty to inform dangerous goods in the carriage of goods by sea. By examining theories and researching cases, it presents current problems in the Commercial Code of Korea. Finally, it proposes certain further amendments of the Code.

TRANSPORTATION OF COAL BY SEA AND RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH ITS TRANSPORTATION

Maritime and maritime transport is a vital component of the global economy and transport network. The number of people, firms and organizations using shipping is growing worldwide. As with other transport systems, safety is critical in maritime transport. Because ship emergency processes are very different from emergency evacuation processes from buildings and other vehicles and are more complex, many researchers have published a wide range of documents relevant to this specific area of research.
 In recent decades, marine accidents have attracted a lot of attention due to huge material damage, accidents and serious environmental pollution. Maritime transport can include unforeseen events resulting in catastrophic casualties as well as fatal injuries at sea. About 63% of shipping accidents in the world are recurring. In other words, they arise with courts that have already survived at least one previous accident. In this case, emergency management plans are recognized as a priority for prompt consideration, taking into account the potential consequences of natural disasters in the marine industry.
 The article discusses the issues of coal transportation by sea and requirements regarding the safe laying and transportation of coal. Unsafe transportation can lead to appropriate risks on board, such as structural damage iz-za improper distribution of coal, chemical reaction leading to spontaneous combustion, release of explosive gases and liquefaction.
 Since coal is subject to liquefaction, a number of precautions and procedures without precautions and follow procedures for safe loading and transportation.
 Purpose. The goal is to analyze coal as a dangerous cargo, and the risks associated with its transportation.
 Methodology the article used statistical methods of analysis and factor method of coal liquefaction.
 Results: parameters of comparison of coal particles, for its safe transportation.
 Practical implications it is advisable to apply the obtained results when transporting general goods by sea.

Перспективная автоматизированная система обеспечения надежной и безопасной эксплуатации объектов наземной космической инфраструктуры космодрома «Восточный»: структура и решаемые задачи

The article discusses the relevance of creation the Vostochny cosmodrome automated system for ensuring reliable and safe operation of ground-based space infrastructure, outlines its purpose, composition, principles of construction and tasks solved by it. Ground-based space infrastructure is a set of launch and technical complexes, underground and ground structures for storing rocket fuel components, a filling and neutralization station, heat, water and power supply systems, measuring complex and communication facilities. The article describes functional subsystems of the automated system for ensuring reliable and safe operation including a subsystem for integrated monitoring the technical condition of objects of rocket and space technology and the cosmodrome ground space infrastructure; a decision support subsystem for the control of rocket and space technology operation; a subsystem for ensuring the safety of space rocket launches; a subsystem for analyzing reliability, safety of rocket and space technology and cosmodrome ground space infrastructure; subsystem for providing information on the results of operation, technical condition and reliability of the rocket and space technology and cosmodrome ground-based space infrastructure, navigation and information subsystem for monitoring vehicles, especially important and dangerous cargoes of the cosmodrome; information protection subsystem. The effect of the system introduction at the Vostochny cosmodrome is assessed.

Review of Cargo Operations on Crude Oil Tankers and Methods/Models Used for Optimisation and Improvement of Safety

Very Large Crude Carriers (VLCCs) are special ships because of their length, breadth, draft, stability stresses and manoeuvrability. Cargo handling is one of the most sensitive operations in terms of safety and oil pollution, as oil is a dangerous cargo to transport. Of particular concern is the potential marine pollution from accidental oil spills. Operational oil spills on crude oil tankers are caused by operations such as loading and unloading, tank cleaning, crude oil washing, ballasting and discharge of oily water overboard. Over the years, advanced equipment, numerous procedures and checklists have made cargo operations safer, but unfortunately have also made ship crews and officers less attentive. Strict control must be maintained throughout the loading, unloading and all other cargo related operations. The main objective of this article is to review the methods and models used to improve the safety of cargo handling operations