Dangers Of Disease Transmission Research Articles

Unveiling Pakistan's transport problems: a call to safeguard public health.

Public transportation is an important mode of transportation in developing countries like Pakistan since it is accessible and convenient. But there are also serious health hazards associated with it, especially when it comes to the transmission of infectious diseases including COVID-19, TB, and Haemophilus influenzae. Worldwide transportation systems are vulnerable, as the COVID-19 pandemic has shown, underscoring the necessity for study and mitigating measures. The danger of disease transmission is increased in Pakistan by crowded metropolitan areas, inadequate sanitation, and low health awareness. In addition, congested public transportation and inadequate ventilation lead to reduced air quality and elevated stress levels among commuters. Comprehensive actions are needed to address these health hazards, such as promoting physical distance, improving cleanliness, enforcing traffic safety laws, and implementing policy changes that support sustainable transportation. Community involvement and advocacy are critical in campaigning for safer and more sustainable transportation networks. Pakistan can enhance public health outcomes and reduce the health hazards linked to public transportation by giving priority to these measures.

The Effect Of Health Promotion On Clean And Healthy Living Behavior(CHLB) "Handwashing With Soap" To School Children Using Various Methods And Media

CHLB is a collection of behaviors that are carried out on the basis of individual awareness in order to prevent the emergence of health problems. Improving correct hand washing behavior (washing hands using soap and running water) is one of the four keys to CHLB activities in increasing achievement health degree. Childhood is a very important period in the process of developing and forming a personality to become a person who can be responsible for oneself and socially. In addition to act as a place of learning, school can also be a danger of disease transmission if they are not managed properly. besides that, school age for children is also a time prone to various diseases Clean and Healthy Living Behavior (CHLB) is one part of the development of health promotion for school children. The origin of the word media comes from medius which means middle, intermediary or introduction. Media are all channels and forms that can be used to convey information and messages. Providing methods and also media helps school children to more easily learn the knowledge that has been given. Washing hands with soap can kill as much as 73% of germs and is more effective at killing disease germs than using a hand sanitizer which only kills as many as 60% of germs. Every year an average of 100 thousand children die from diarrhea, washing hands with soap can reduce diarrhea rates by up to 47% From the several interventions that have been given, it was found that there was an increase in clean and healthy living behavior (CHLB) "washing hands with soap" after being given the intervention. Health promotion influences changes in clean and healthy living behavior (CHLB) regarding hand washing with soap for school children.

Abattoir as a Tool for Veterinary Extension and Communication Services: A Practical Demonstration of Its Implementation

Considering the widespread disease transmission among butchers/meat inspectors and a possible risk of exposure to diseases due to the attitude of some butchers and nature of meat inspector’s jobs. Ignorance and lack of awareness of such dangers has also been identified to be responsible for some of the problems encountered in most instances as well as the presence of some predisposing factors for diseases. In view of the above, this model is developed as a means of demonstrating the use of the abattoir and other registered related slaughter premises in the provision of the physical facility, where the primary role of extension personnel to develop the capacity and capability of target groups in the abattoir and livestock producing community, in order to enhance animal/zoonotic disease surveillance and control. The model if adopted and fully utilized will create awareness among target groups of dangers of disease transmission and ways of curtailing such problems, government through their agencies, professionals and private organizations should be involved in the implementation of this model in order to achieve the desired response.

History of Blood Transfusion in Sub-Saharan Africa

The adequacy and safety of blood transfusion in sub-Saharan Africa is the subject of much concern, yet there have been very few studies of its history. An overview of that record finds that transfusions were first reported in Africa (sub-Saharan and excluding South Africa) in the early 1920s, and organized transfusion practices were established before the Second World War. Blood transfusion grew rapidly after 1945, along with the construction of new hospitals and expanded health services in Africa. Significant differences existed between colonial powers in the organization of transfusion services, but these converged after independence as their use continued to grow and decentralized and hospital-based practices were adopted. It was only after the oil crisis in the mid-1970s that health spending declined and the collection, testing, and transfusion of blood began to level off. Thus, when the AIDS crisis hit transfusion services, they were already struggling to meet the needs of patients. At this time, foreign assistance as well as the World Health Organization and the League of Red Cross Societies helped respond to both the immediate problem of testing blood, and for some countries, support existed for the broader reorganization of transfusion. Overall, the history shows that transfusion was adopted widely and quickly, limited mainly by the availability of knowledgeable doctors and hospital facilities. There was less resistance than expected by Africans to receive transfusions, and the record shows a remarkable flexibility in obtaining blood. The dangers of disease transmission were recognized from an early date but were balanced against the potential lifesaving benefits of transfusion.

The impact of culture on AIDS nurses in Iran

AIDS is one of the medical professional’s or young person ventures in third world countries like Iran. The growth of AIDS victims in the recent years has made a lot of global worries about cure process and other related issues to HIV problems in these countries. One of the effective groups in the study of AIDS patients is nurses who are in direct contact with patients. Our investigation led to study two variables “consciousness” and “vision” of nurses working in Imam Khomeini hospital of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Based on the results we achieved that nurses have a low medium degree in the variables studied which is as a result of poor and low effective trainings. In addition to this as a consequence of wrong culture in Iran about AIDS patients or even people in contact with them, nurses have been in a great pressure as they might be in danger of disease transmission. This negative trend has caused a great anxiety about the real condition of AID patients in Iran and their cure process.

Introducing Zoonoses

Veterinary staff commonly face obvious hazards such as a snarling dog, but what of the less conspicuous dangers of disease transmission from animals to humans? In preparing for his Part 1 Examinations, Wayne Smith-Gillard looked at zoonotic diseases and considered a few ways to lessen the risk of infection

Drug users' sexual relationships and the social organisation of risk: The sexual relationship as a site of risk management

Research on “risk behaviour” in the time of AIDS has emphasised how social relationships influence individuals' responses to risk. Yet the social relationship remains an under-utilised unit of analysis in risk behaviour research. Drawing on qualitative research with illicit drug users in London, this paper illustrates how drug users' sexual relationships act as key sites of risk management in individuals' drug use and everyday lifestyles. First, while recent research has almost exclusively focused on the dangers of disease transmission, our findings show that drug users perceived their sexual relationships as influencing a variety of risks associated with heroin and other opioid drugs. Here, two types of relationships—“gear” and “straight” relationships—were perceived to be particularly important. Second, while research has tended to focus on drug and health risks as an outcome of relationships, drug users' accounts emphasise that managing risks to their relationships is an important facet of everyday risk management made complicated by drug use. It is argued that risk is a product of social interactions, and that the sexual relationship is an important site of risk management in this process. Future interventions should target drug users' sexual relationships as agents of risk management and behaviour change.

Role of the blood transfusion service in tissue banking.

Tissue transplantation and banking are rapidly growing services throughout the world reflecting the widening availability of transplantable cadaver tissue and the mounting clinical indications particularly in orthopaedic, plastic and cardiovascular surgery. In the US tissue banking is more established, yet continues to show a rapid growth profile. In the UK it is currently organised in a variety of different ways and by a number of different organisations. The risks of disease transmission by tissue transplantation are similar to those for blood transfusion and the majority of tissues are grafted during procedures that are not life saving. The danger of disease transmission has resulted in the introduction of legislation in the US which allows the FDA to inspect tissue banks and to recall and destroy tissues. In the UK, there is currently no regulation or inspection of tissue banks to demonstrate that donor selection, tissue processing and tracking are conducted to acceptable standards. Blood transfusion services in the UK, US, New Zealand, Australia and possibly other countries have extended their roles to include organ and tissue donation to varying degrees, with the collection, processing and distribution of bone and tendon allografts most commonly undertaken. They have readily available special capabilities and experience with an established infrastructure, compliant with Good Manufacturing Practice, placing them in an ideal position to provide this service safely and cost-effectively.

Role of the Blood Transfusion Service in Tissue Banking

Tissue transplantation and banking are rapidly growing services throughout the world reflecting the widening availability of transplantable cadaver tissue and the mounting clinical indications particularly in orthopaedic, plastic and cardiovascular surgery. In the US tissue banking is more established, yet continues to show a rapid growth profde. In the UK it is currently organised in a variety of different ways and by a number of different organisations. The risks of disease transmission by tissue transplantation are similar to those for blood transfusion and the majority of tissues are grafted during procedures that are not life saving. The danger of disease transmission has resulted in the introduction of legislation in the US which allows the FDA to inspect tissue banks and to recall and destroy tissues. In the UK, there is currently no regulation or inspection of tissue banks to demonstrate that donor selection, tissue processing and tracking are conducted to acceptable standards. Blood transfusion services in the UK, US, New Zealand, Australia and possibly other countries have extended their roles to include organ and tissue donation to varying degrees, with the collection, processing and distribution of bone and tendon allografts most commonly undertaken. They have readily available special capabilities and experience with an established infrastructure, compliant with Good Manufacturing Practice, placing them in an ideal position to provide this service safely and cost-effectively.

The dangers of disease transmission by artificial insemination and embryo transfer

This review summarizes the major infectious diseases of the three major agricultural species (cattle, sheep and pigs) and horses, and presents the evidence for and against the possibility of infectious agents being transmitted between animals via the venereal route or by the use of semen or early embryos in commercial artificial insemination (AI) or embryo transfer (ET). Cattle feature most prominently in the widespread distribution of frozen semen, and national and international organizations have set out guidelines to work towards disease-free bull studs with semen free from potential pathogens. With the control of major epizootic diseases, attention has been focused on such diseases as IBR, BVD and blue tongue, where clinical signs are rarely evident but the detection of virus in semen is of great importance. New information on the relevance of bacterial disease such as Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, campylobacteriosis and leptospirosis is reviewed, along with details of the mycoplasma and ureaplasma species of the bull's genital tract. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) has attracted much research and semen is not regarded as a source of infection. New work on the pathogenesis of a number of diseases and the use of new biotechnology in diagnosis is included. The International Embryo Transfer Society (IETS) has encouraged a great deal of experimental work--much originating in Canada--on the risk of transmission of disease from donors to recipients via a 7-day-old blastocyst. There has been much success in demonstrating that with an approved protocol of handling the embryos, to date there is very little danger in disease transmission with both viruses and bacteria. The mycoplasma group appear more intractable and the role of BSE is still being evaluated. In sheep, scrapie, Brucella ovis infection and blue tongue feature in current work. In the pig there is a surge in international movement of pig semen, and Aujeszky's disease and the new so-called Blue Ear disease feature prominently. Much work is in progress on infectious agents likely to be found in the semen of stallions, with an expanding trade in the international movement of chilled and frozen semen. Equine embryo transfer experiments are hampered by the very limited number of embryos available. Reference is also made to the further risk of disease transmission by in vitro manipulated embryos.

Occupational biohazards affecting clinical engineers & BMETs. Part III: Blood and other body fluids.

Results of a previously reported survey of BMETs and CEs indicated a need for further education of these professionals concerning work-related biohazards. In this third article of a five-part series, the dangers of disease transmission by blood and other body fluids are discussed. Susceptibility factors are cited to indicate those persons at greatest risk of infection, and recommendations are provided to assist BMETs and CEs in effectively protecting both themselves and other clinical and nonclinical personnel from infection. The recommendations presented include suggested disinfection procedures for contaminated equipment. Persons interested in further information are advised to contact the infection control officer at their facility, or the Centers for Disease Control.