Danau Sentarum National Park Research Articles

The diversity and use of dwarf swamp forest vegetation in a tropical floodplain lake in West Kalimantan, Indonesia

To alleviate the consequence of severe biodiversity threats, fifteen national priority lakes to be rehabilitated have been declared in Indonesia. Lake Sentarum National Park (LNSP), one of the lakes, is a distinctive floodplain lake that exhibits significant vegetation and flora diversity. One particular ecosystem type in the area is dwarf swamp forest vegetation, which displays enormous amounts of floral vegetation in that area. This study intends to uncover vegetation data in the dwarf swamp forest habitat, which currently has relatively limited data series about its diversities. The vegetation specimens were collected using a 50 x 50 m line transect. Fourteen species from ten families were collected from six observation stations. The most prevalent vegetation is C. cf. ensifolius, I. mentangis, and B. acutangula. The species diversity index (H') is 1.78 (low category), and the small lake area has a greater species variety than the river area in the LNSP area. Furthermore, we found that dwarf swamp forest vegetation is mainly used as food for Apis dorsata honey bees to produce forest honey. The findings of this study will be helpful as a fundamental reference for future monitoring, research, and conservation efforts in the park.

Business Models and Strategies for Managing Indigenous-based Natural Tourism in and around Danau Sentarum National Park (Ecotourism Meliau Hamlet)

Danau Sentarum National Park (DSNP), situated in West Kalimantan's Kapuas Hulu region, stands out as a unique destination. Meliau Hamlet, located within and around DSNP, servesasasettlementfortheDayak Ibantribe, preserving theirdistinctcustoms. The surrounding area boasts captivating landscapes, including lakes, swamps, rivers, and hills, drawing both domestic and international tourists. Recognizing this potential, the Melemba Village government established KPP Kaban Mayas, an ecotourism initiative. However, challenges such as limited human resources, insufficient infrastructure, and management issues hindered Meliau Hamlet's ecotourism operations. This research aimed to assess ecotourism development feasibility, economic viability, and community engagement. It also outlined the ecotourism management's business model and strategies. Data was gathered through field visits, interviews, and surveys. Analysis encompassed scoring tourist attractions, evaluating stakeholders, financial assessments, and community capital. The Business Model Canvas (BMC) described the business model, while strategies were formulated using SWOT analysis, Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM), and Blue Ocean Strategy (BOS). Results underscored natural resources as vital assets for ecotourism. Meliau Hamlet's ecotourism could thrive by focusing on value proposition, keyresources, keyactivities, and keypartnerships.

IDENTIFICATION OF LOCAL WISDOM IN COMMUNITY CULTURE IN DANAU SENTARUM NATIONAL PARK

Cultural diversity spans from Sabang to Merauke with a variety of local wisdom. One is on the island of Borneo, especially in West Kalimantan Province. An area with a variety of very rare ecosystems and local cultural wisdom that has existed for generations is the Danau Sentarum National Park (TNDS) area which has two types of local cultural wisdom of the local community, namely the Malay tribe and the Dayak tribe. The purpose of this research is to identify the characteristics of local wisdom on culture in Danau Sentarum National Park with a case study in Batang Lupar District, Kapuas Hulu Regency, West Kalimantan Province. This research used qualitative research methods. Data were collected through interviews, field observations, and document review. Sampling used the purposive sampling method. Data analysis techniques used qualitative descriptive analysis. The results of this study found that the local wisdom of the Danau Sentarum area community from the Malay tribe community and the Dayak tribe community has much uniqueness in its culture and has customary rules that have been carried out for generations to regulate the lives of people who are in the Danau Sentarum National Park area. The forest area and Danau Sentarum are a very important part of the lives of the people who live in the area, so they must be protected and managed together with the guardians and managers of the forest, namely local and traditional communities.

PRELIMINARY STUDY: FEEDING ECOLOGY AND DAILY ACTIVITY OF THREE COLORED LANGUR (Presbytis chrysomelas ssp cruciger Thomas, 1892) IN DANAU SENTARUM NATIONAL PARK

Three colored langur (Presbytis chrysomelas ssp cruciger Thomas, 1892) is a primate that has been recognized as a critically endangered species in accordance with the International Union for Conservation of Nature, however still not protected and lacks substantial information about the bio-ecology of their natural habitat. The habitat plays a determining factor not only in space utilization but also the daily activities of the three colored langurs (P c cruciger). The aim of this preliminary study is to collect information regarding their habitat characteristic, feed species, daily activity, and canopy stratum utilization. This research was conducted between July and August of 2021 at Bukit Semujan, Lupak Mawang Resort, Danau Sentarum National Park. The method implemented was to collect the habitat characteristic by plot samples, and their daily activity data by scan sampling with consecutive recording. The study demonstrated that langur inhabited both primary as well as mixed forests (swamp, cultivation land, and secondary forest). There were 27 species as feeds of langurs and the most preferred types of feed are Gita susu (Willughbeia coriacea), Merepat (unidentified), and Karet (Hevea brasiliensis). The most preferred feed compositions consisted of leaves (50%), fruits (30%), and seeds (20%). The most frequently utilized stratum for activities was stratum C (70,49%) and B (27.87%). The highest daily activities were categorized into three parts of time, the morning was dominated by social (44,26%), the afternoon was dominated by rest (59,7 7%), and the evening was dominated by social (73,68%). The highest social activities shown by three colored langurs were agonistic (48,48%), followed by vocalization (39,39%), playing (10,61%), exploring (1,52%), and sexual (0%).

Natural Tourism Potential for Sport Tourism Activities in the Bengkayang Regency Area

This study aims to develop an effective game-based volleyball learning model at Sungai Kakap 21 state elementary school. The research method used is development research. The stages of the research include needs analysis, and designing learning models, Bengkayang Regency has quite interesting natural tourism potential to carry out sport tourism activities. Here are some natural attractions in Bengkayang Regency which can become sport tourism destinations: 1. Lake Sentarum is the largest lake in West Kalimantan and is one of the most popular natural attractions in Bengkayang Regency. This lake presents beautiful scenery and offers various sports tourism activities such as fishing, water cycling, and traveling by boat. 2. Bathing Waterfalls: There are several waterfalls in Bengkayang Regency that can become sport tourism destinations, such as the Bathing Waterfalls located in Jawak Village, Siding District. In this place, tourists can do rafting and trekking activities. 3. Gunung Palung Protected Forest is an ideal place for hiking and trekking activities. Here, tourists can enjoy beautiful natural scenery and see various types of flora and fauna that live in the forest. 4. Tanjung Netherlandsng Beach is a beach located in Lubuk Landai Village, Sejuang District. Here, tourists can do surfing and snorkeling activities. Those are some of the natural tourism potentials in Bengkayang Regency which can become sport tourism destinations. In addition, Bengkayang Regency also has unique culture and traditions, such as Dayak dances and various festivals which can be a special attraction for tourists who are looking for a different cultural experience.

Is the Newly-Found Tricolour Langur More Tolerant to Humans Than We Think? Inspecting Human-Langur Interaction in Danau Sentarum National Park

Although formerly found exclusively in Malaysia, in 2019, the tricolour langur was also discovered in Danau Sentarum National Park (DSNP), Indonesia. As this primate lives on Borneo Island, it has been facing its inevitable anthropogenic habitat loss invo

Habitat Characteristics and Roaming Area of Proboscis Monkey in Bukit Semujan Swamp Forest Danau Sentarum National Park

The proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus Wurmb. 1787) is an endemic and endangered primate, also very depends on its habitat characteristic. This study aims to identify habitat characteristics and roaming area of proboscis monkey. Located at Bukit Semujan within Betung Kerihun Danau Sentarum National Park, during January 2022. The methods use in this research are using scan sampling and ad libitum sampling for daily activities, roaming area of proboscis monkeys are acquired using GPS, and the vegetation type in the habitat where proboscis monkeys are active are inventoried using the checkered line method with the plot size 20 x 20 m. Research was resulted that the proboscis monkey at Bukit Semujan only found in swamp forests with daily temperatures ranging from 25,8˚C–26,9˚C and daily humidity between 97%-99%. Vegetation like Shorea blangeran is dominant and important species that occurred in swamp forest surrounding at Bukit Semujan. The species diversity in the swamp forest classified as moderate (2.76), the species evenness and the species richness index are classified as high (0.90 and 4.02). The diets of proboscis monkeys found in this study are six flora species such as kawi (Shorea blangeran), engkurun (Xanthophyllum affine), ensubal (Elaeocarpus mastersii), kenarin (Diospyros coriaceae), putat (Barringtonia acutangular), tembesu (Fragrea fragrans). One group of Proboscis monkey roaming area calculated to be 13.22 ha with daily range have an average of 579.2 meters. Sleeping trees and the edge of the swamp forest have distance 50 m with the night position shift calculated to be around 216.92 meters.

Bornean orangutanPongo pygmaeus pygmaeuspopulation estimate within and around Danau Sentarum National Park, Kapuas Hulu, West Kalimantan

AbstractOf the three subspecies of Critically Endangered Bornean orangutans,Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeushas the smallest population size. One of its most important habitats is the tropical forest within and around Danau Sentarum National Park (DSNP). Research in the late 1990s estimated that ca. 1025 orangutans inhabited DSNP, while ca. 1717 orangutans inhabited the forest beyond DSNP's boundaries. However, concerns were later raised that incorrectly estimated nest decay rates (tvalues) may have led to the overestimation of the population size. Furthermore, the area experienced forest degradation and land use change between 2000 and 2013. Given these changing landscapes, updated population estimates were needed to inform policy makers and land‐use planners on the implications of habitat loss for resident orangutans. We conducted this study to recalculate nest decay rates based on current recommended methods, and to update our knowledge on the orangutan population in the region. Our average nest decay rate was 288.3 days; applying this to the study in the late 1990s generated estimates of 807 individuals within DSNP and 1578 beyond DNSP's boundaries. New surveys of the transects undertaken between 2010 and 2014 revealed that the population size had declined substantially in these two areas, to 202 and 71 individuals respectively. Both declines are considerable, but larger losses occurred in logged‐over and cleared forests outside the park. We discuss factors potentially driving these declines, emphasizing the need to improve habitat protection both inside and outside of DSNP, and make recommendations for improving the prospects for future orangutan conservation.

PEMBERDAYAAN SUMBER DAYA ALAM BERBASIS KEARIFAN LOKAL DI WILAYAH KERJA RESORT SEMANGIT

Semangit Resort is a management unit of Lake Sentarum National Park that has wealth and biodiversity as a supporter of conservation development, sustainable economy, and socio-cultural life of the local community. The natural resources available there are utilized by local communities to meet economic needs. People in the Semangit Resort Work Area conduct natural resource management based on local wisdom because local habits have been done since long ago and can support the sustainability of natural resources. This research aims to find out the available natural resources, the form of local wisdom in the management of natural resources, and their effect on improving the economy of the community in the Semangit Resort Work Area. The method of data collection in this study is done by doing field observations, semi-structured interviews, and documentation of community activities. The data obtained is then analyzed, assisted by the literature related to the purpose of research. The results of this study show that the available natural resources are divided into 3 sectors, namely the fisheries sector, the forest products sector, and the agricultural and plantation sectors. Most of the local wisdom carried out by the community related to the management of natural resources is proven to improve the economy of the community. This shows that natural resource management based on local wisdom can improve the economy in support of sustainable development.

Morphology and Anatomy of Endemic Fish Leptobarbus melanopterus (Cyprinidae) in Danau Sentarum National Park Kapuas Hulu Regency

One of the endemic freshwater fishes in Danau Sentarum National Park (DSNP) is Leptobarbus melanopterus which has high economic value for both commercial and collection purpose. However, the overfishing of L. melanopterus running over decades with harmful catch tools is worried could contribute to the population decline in the future. At the same time, this species has never been cultured and fishermen catch directly in the habitat on a daily basis. This research was aimed to identify the morphological and anatomical characters of L. melanopterus. All samples were collected from three different sites in DSNP and measured its morphological and anatomical sizes manually. The results showed that the length of mandibula barbel was the distinguishing character between females and males, with loading score of 0.81. Most meristic variables showed no difference between two sexes. In terms of anatomical measurements, L. melanopterus females had larger gill sizes than males, including gill raker, gill arch and fill filament. Our findings signify the thorough morphological and anatomical sizes of L. melanopterus which are important in identifying fish stock, growth pattern and sexual dimorphism for future culture management.

Identification of Rainfall and Inundation pattern using remotely sensed data in Lake Sentarum Floodplain Area

Wetlands are vulnerable natural habitats that should be preserved to protect habitat for fish and wildlife, flood mitigation, improve water quality, recharge area, and maintain surface water flow during dry periods. Water bodies and swamp areas are two primary components of the wetland. Considering its essential roles for the ecosystem, Lake Sentarum was set as a national park area (Lake Sentarum National Park – TNDS), Indonesia's 15 national priority lakes, and; designated as a Ramsar site (The Convention on Wetlands) in Indonesia. Despite the significant roles for the ecosystem, providing the limnological characteristic of Lake Sentarum remains a challenge due to its remote location. This study aims to identify the rainfall and inundation characteristics in the Lake Sentarum area and develop the rainfall-inundation relationship in the TNDS area. First, we carried out rainfall analysis using the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) data. Second, we utilized a remote-sensing-based global surface water map from the Joint Research Centre (JRC) to describe the historical inundation pattern. Third, we applied the Normalized Different Water Index (NDWI) combined with Modification Normalized Different Water Index (MNDWI) to the selected Landsat dataset to extract the inundation area. Finally, we developed a rainfall-inundation relationship in the TNDS area. The result indicated that the yearly rainfall in the TNDS area has an increasing trend, with the highest peak in December and the second peak in April. Historical Landsat data shows that the TNDS has a complex pattern of inundation. The maximum water extent was 649 km2, with a 95 km2 as permanent (90>- 100 % water occurrence). These areas were constantly flooded, even in the dry season. The most significant non-permanent water was 161 km2 (80>- 90 % water occurrence). This permanent and larger temporary water area provides fish and other aquatic biotas habitats. It temporarily stores the water flowing slowly into the River Kapuas through the Tawang River. We captured the spatial inundation pattern and its relationship with the temporal regional rainfall. The developed relationship showed a lag of -60 days of accumulated rainfall correlated with the inundation area (R2 of 0.48, n=11). These findings will thus provide valuable data for lake managers and policy-makers to protect the biota and habitat in Lake Sentarum National Park area.

Flood Pulse and Aquatic Habitat Dynamics of The Sentarum Floodplain Lakes Area

The Lake Sentarum is a complex of floodplain lakes in the middle part of the Kapuas River system in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. The area has a great ecological and economic importance, however, the Sentarum lakes complex and its catchment area are generally threatened by deforestation, fire, monoculture agroindustry, and pollution.The objective of this research is to establish the hydrological characteristics of the Sentarum lakes area and to reveal the dynamics of aquatic habitat resulted from changing water levels. Data were collected during our field campaigns of 2013-2017 representing the seasons. The water level was measured using a pressure sensor placed at the Lake Sentarum National Park resort, while rainfall data were obtained from the data portal of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission. Inundation monitoring was carried out using a time-lapse camera. A hydrological model is used to simulate water levels beyond measurement period. Water quality and fish sampling were carried out at the lake area. Vegetation observation was carried out at the selected riparian zone of the lake area using the line transect method. Water level records show that the Sentarum floodplain lakes have two peaks of inundation period following the bimodal pattern of rainfall in the equatorial Kapuas catchment. This water level dynamics induced changes in water quality, nutrient availability, vegetation cover, and fish diversity found in the Sentarum lakes area. Despite its seasonal changes, water quality of Sentarum lakes is generally good and suitable for aquatic biota. Fish diversity of the Sentarum lakes is relatively higher during high water periods.

List of aquatic plants at several priority lakes for conservation in Indonesia

According to the national conference of Indonesian Lakes II in Bali in 2009 concerning sustainable lake management, 15 lakes regarded as Indonesia’s priority lakes for conservation in 2010-2014. The ability to control invasive aquatic plants in the ecosystem is the important factor to support ecosystem sustainability. Ecologically, the aquatic plants provide shelters and spawning sites for the fish, purification system, water current stabilizing system, erosion, and turbidity controller. This research aimed to study the diversity of aquatic plants in some of the Indonesian priority lakes, that are Lake Sentarum (West Kalimantan), Rawa Pening (Central Java), Tondano (North Sulawesi), Tempe (South Sulawesi), and Sentani (Papua). The observations were conducted from 2012-2014. As a result, there were 34 identified species categorized within 18 families. The recorded families were Pontederiaceae, Polygonaceae, Convolvulaceae, Onagraceae, Araceae, Lentibulariaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Ceratophyllaceae, Plantaginaceae, Alismataceae, Salviniaceae, Hydrocharitaceae, Leguminosae, Menyanthaceae, Nymphaeaceae, Pandanaceae, and Equisetaceae. Based on its life form, founded 7 species of submerged plants, 18 species of emergent plants, 3 species of free-floating plants, and 6 species of rooted with floating leaves plants. Among the listed species, 27 species were recognized as natives, while 7 species were identified as introduced species (South America, America, Asia, and India).

Diversity of fish caught using gill nets in Lake Sentarum, West Kalimantan – Indonesia

Lake Sentarum National Park (LSNP) is a Ramsar site located in the Upper Kapuas Regency, Province of West Kalimantan, Indonesia. This national park is an unique freshwater fish habitat formed by flat basin or floodplain with fluctuated water level throughout the year in response to rainfall and supply of water from the Kapuas River system. This study aims at describing the fish diversity variation in the LSNP caught using gill nets during high water period (rainy season) in March, June, October 2013, and June 2014 and during low water period (dry season) in March 2014. Samples were taken in three locations, i.e. River Tawang (outlet), Lake Pengembung, and Lake Belida. Six orders, 15 families, and 39 fish species were found. The total number of species found during the low water depth period was less (20 species) than that during high water depth period (32 species). ‘Flood-pulse’ cycle and the corresponding rise and drop of water level in the floodplain area, sustained by aquatic productivity and habitat diversity, are considered to be the responsible hydrologically controlled seasonal variation in the study area.

Clay minerals in the sediments as useful paleoclimate proxy: Lake Sentarum case study, West Kalimantan, Indonesia

Lake Sentarum is a flood-plains lake that will dry and flood as climate cycle that is interesting to be studied climate change from the past to near the present. The objective of this study is to reveals paleoclimate conditions by analysing clay minerals that present in the lake sediments. The study investigated clay mineral in lake sediments from 70 cm long core, X-RD analysis was obtained to identify various of clay minerals. The clay minerals of Lake Sentarum comprises of illite, chlorite, and kaolinite. The relative change in abundance of clay minerals indicating climate conditions, besides numbers of chemistry and crystallinity of illite represents weathering mechanism. Our research reveals that climate history of Lake Sentarum from sediments core began cold and arid climate episode. This episode was characterized by low value of illite chemistry and illite crystallinity were 0.37-0.41 and 0.19°Δ2θ-0.2°Δ2θ, respectively, and slight decrease abundance of kaolinite. There was no significant changes until the middle of the sediments core. Significant changes of abundance of kaolinite and illite chemistry occurred in top of the core. The percentage of kaolinite and illite chemistry became the highest value that reflected strong chemical weathering occurred in the watershed with warm and high rainfall climate conditions.

Economic valuation of the Danau Sentarum National Park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia

Abstract. Authors. 2019. Economic valuation of the Danau Sentarum National Park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 1983-1989. The Danau Sentarum ecosystem in West Kalimantan, Indonesia is officially protected by its status as an Indonesian national park. Nevertheless, it remains under severe threat of deforestation. Rainforest destruction has already caused a decline in ecosystem functions and services. In addition, it is affecting numerous economic activities in and around the Danau Sentarum National Park. The objectives of this study are to determine the total economic value (TEV) of the Danau Sentarum National Park and look for appropriate mechanisms to realize such values. Survey methods were used in this research. 180 respondents were selected by random sampling method from three Management Section National Park (MSNP). TEV in this research was restricted on direct use value, indirect use value and option value. Estimation of DSNP ecosystem benefits was approached by market price, travel cost method, contingent valuation method, and opportunity cost adjusted for the benefits calculated. The direct use value of Danau Sentarum National Park is IDR 18.5 billion/year while the indirect use value of Danau Sentarum National Park is IDR 34.2 billion/year. The option value of Danau Sentarum National park is IDR 86.2 billion/year. The total economic value resulted in Danau Sentarum National Park is IDR 139,1 billion/year, equivalent to an average of IDR 1.1 million/year for the total park area (132,000 ha). When compared to the TEV of the DSNP, such costs amounted to only 4.87 percent compared to the value of the benefits Based on monetary values of ecosystem services that are provided by this park we could assess the mechanisms to finance the park’s conservation and sustainable use. This will help the self-management of national parks.

Pola Pertumbuhan Ikan Peam (Leptobarbus melanopterus) di Taman Nasional Danau Sentarum Kabupaten Kapuas Hulu

Overfishing has been being the major problem for Leptobarbus melanopterus population in Danau Sentarum National Park. This activity was feared could affect the declining of L. melanopterus population in the future. This research aims to determine growth pattern of L. melanopterus through length-weight relationship and relative weight analysis. The total of 64 fishes were collected which consisted of 32 males and 32 females. The range of male total length was 146-248 mm with weight was 40-170 gram, whereas total length female was ranging 141-299 mm with weight was 40-350 gram. Based on the regression analysis of length-weight data, the b value of male and female were estimated 2,46 and 2,81 respectively. Moreover, the b value of all samples without distinguishing sex type was 2,69 with relative weight was 101,33. The results of this research confirms that either females or males has negative allometric growth pattern.

Jenis-Jenis Pakan Alami Leptobarbus melanopterus di Taman Nasional Danau Sentarum Kabupaten Kapuas Hulu

As the endemic fish of Danau Sentarum National Park, peam fish or Leptobarbus melanopterus had environmental problem such as overfishing due which threaten either juvenile or adult fish. These conditions were feared will led L. melanopterus population decrease in future if there is no sustainable management such as aquaculture. This research aims to identify the natural foods of L. melanopterus. Sixty four samples of L. melanopterus were collected through purposive sampling method. The results of gut analysis were found 17 genera of phytoplankton, 4 genera of zooplankton, 1 plant, and 1 Insecta. Zygnematophyceae had the most various genera which consisted of 7 genera while Ulvophyceae and Xanthophyceae only had 1 genera each of them. The natural food of L. melanopterus can be used as preliminary data for the application of aquaculture in the future.

Monitoring of an Indonesian Tropical Wetland by Machine Learning-Based Data Fusion of Passive and Active Microwave Sensors

In this study, a novel data fusion approach was used to monitor the water-body extent in a tropical wetland (Lake Sentarum, Indonesia). Monitoring is required in the region to support the conservation of water resources and biodiversity. The developed approach, random forest database unmixing (RFDBUX), makes use of pixel-based random forest regression to overcome the limitations of the existing lookup-table-based approach (DBUX). The RFDBUX approach with passive microwave data (AMSR2) and active microwave data (PALSAR-2) was used from 2012 to 2017 in order to obtain PALSAR-2-like images with a 100 m spatial resolution and three-day temporal resolution. In addition, a thresholding approach for the obtained PALSAR-2-like backscatter coefficient images provided water body extent maps. The validation revealed that the spatial patterns of the images predicted by RFDBUX are consistent with the original PALSAR-2 backscatter coefficient images (r = 0.94, RMSE = 1.04 in average), and that the temporal pattern of the predicted water body extent can track the wetland dynamics. The PALSAR-2-like images should be a useful basis for further investigation of the hydrological/climatological features of the site, and the proposed approach appears to have the potential for application in other tropical regions worldwide.

Social capital of the community in the management of Danau Sentarum National Park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia

Roslinda E. 2018. Social capital of the community in the management of Danau Sentarum National Park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 1249-1257. Many studies on the management of National Park have been conducted in various countries. This research highlights the management of Danau Sentarum National Park which is administratively located in West Kalimantan Province precisely in Kapuas Hulu District, from the view of social capital. The research method was surveyed using a quantitative approach. Social capital of the community in the area of Danau Sentarum National Park is still high/strong. Based on this fact, the management of the National Park that has been conducted by the government alone can collaborate with the management by community and collaborative management that pays a good attention to the minimum resistance and maximum synergy.