Object Damage Research Articles

Research on Deflagration Hazard and Its Influencing Factors on Urban Gas Pipeline

Abstract In this paper, the hazard criteria for thermal radiation and shock wave overpressure applicable to the deflagration of urban gas pipelines have been proposed. The phast software is used to analyze the hazard intensity and degree of pipeline deflagration. Based on the hazard criteria, the situation of personnel and object damage is determined, and targeted risk control points are proposed. The influence of the parameters of wind speed, atmospheric stability, air humidity, and operating pressure on the deflagration hazard is studied. The work presented in this paper can provide a reference for the disaster assessment and safety management of urban gas pipelines.

Study on the Compensation Problem of Transactional Depreciation Loss

Due to the lack of specific, substantive civil law regulating transactional depreciation damages of, and the increasing amount of related cases, the appeal of transactional depreciation compensation, including vehicle transactional depreciation compensation and housing transactional depreciation compensation,is booming. It is necessary to study its compensability and constitutive elements in detail. Trading depreciation is an objective damage. It is a direct loss and within the protection of tort law.

Microbial recolonization of artificial and natural stone artworks after cleaning and coating treatments

Historical stone artworks are susceptible to damage in many environments. Biodeterioration caused by lichens and biofilm-forming microorganisms on these artworks has gained growing attention in the field of cultural heritage conservation. The current approach is focused on planned removal of lithobionts whenever they cause objective damage and/or structural impairments to the substrate. Cleaning may sometimes be followed by the application of organic and/or inorganic products for protection and consolidation of the artworks. The lithobiontic recolonization after cleaning and coating treatments is considered as one of the most challenging subjects nowadays. It is expected to occur in outdoor conditions, particularly on porous substrates, in shaded areas, and in areas that remain moist over time. Two aspects connected to this topic are the recolonization of surfaces after removal of biofilms and lichens, and the recolonization of cleaned surfaces treated with consolidants and/or water repellents. This paper reviews the scientific advances of the last two decades on i) recolonization of artworks, and ii) interaction between synthetic polymers and lithobionts.

Controllable adhesion behavior in underwater environments.

Microstructure adhesive pads can effectively manipulate objects in underwater environments. Current adhesive pads can achieve adhesion and separation with rigid substrates underwater; however, challenges remain in the control of adhesion and detachment of flexible materials. Additionally, underwater object manipulation necessitates considerable pre-pressure and is sensitive to water temperature fluctuations, potentially causing object damage and complicating adhesion and detachment processes. Thus, we present a novel, controllable adhesive pad inspired by the functional attributes of microwedge adhesive pads, combined with a mussel-inspired copolymer (MAPMC). In the context of underwater applications for flexible materials, the use of a microstructure adhesion pad with microwedge characteristics (MAPMCs) is a proficient approach to adhesion and detachment operations. This innovative method relies on the precise manipulation of the microwedge structure's collapse and recovery during its operation, which serves as the foundation for its efficacy in such environments. MAPMCs exhibit self-recovering elasticity, water flow interaction, and tunable underwater adhesion and detachment. Numerical simulations elucidate the synergistic effects of MAPMCs, highlighting the advantages of the microwedge structure for controllable, non-damaging adhesion and separation processes. The integration of MAPMCs into a gripping mechanism allows for the handling of diverse objects in underwater environments. Furthermore, by merging MAPMCs and a gripper within a linked system, our approach enables automatic, non-damaging adhesion, manipulation, and release of a soft jellyfish model. The experimental results indicate the potential applicability of MACMPs in underwater operations.

Attitudes and beliefs towards low back pain (LBP) among physiotherapists in Spain

BackgroundThe aim of this study is to investigate the attitudes and beliefs of Spanish physiotherapists towards the diagnosis and management of low back pain (LBP). A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted according to STROBE guidelines from December 18, 2021, to May 2022. An online survey was developed based on Pain Attitudes and Beliefs Scale for Physiotherapists (PABS-PT), a reliable and validated self-administered instrument developed to assess the strength of two possible treatment orientations of physiotherapists towards the diagnosis and management of LBP. Respondents were selected through a non-probabilistic convenience sampling technique, and the selection criteria were (1) active physiotherapists with no restrictions on gender and length of service, (2) physical therapists who have worked in both public and private environments, and (3) physiotherapists who have been officially registered with no restriction on the place of practice in Spain. Survey data was obtained and analyzed using the SPSS Statistic 28 (IBM®) statistical software.ResultsThree hundred eighty-one questionnaires were finally included (F;n=151, M;n=230). In relation to the diagnosis, the respondents indicated that the tissue damage was sufficient to explain widespread and lasting pain, but rather that it was due to psychological factors. In addition, for those surveyed, the diagnosis should not focus exclusively on imaging tests but on clinical symptoms and signs. However, the weak relationship between objective damage and perceived pain intensity, as well as the weak relationship between posture and the development or worsening of LBP, did not seem to be clear to physiotherapists. From the point of view of treatment, we can indicate that professionals are committed to maintaining adequate and individualized physical activity as a first-line treatment in pain management.ConclusionsMost physiotherapists in Spain have up-to-date knowledge of the biopsychosocial model of pain care. However, regarding attitudes and beliefs towards LBP, there are still contents and behaviors based on spine protective paradigms that are not conducive to active pain management.

Failure analysis of J85-CAN-15 turbojet engine compressor disc

This paper analyzes the J85-CAN-15 engine damage due to fracture of the compressor disc 8th stage dovetail post. An Inner Object Damage (IOD) phenomenon was identified. The damaged compressor disc material is Incoloy 901 forging. The composition of the disc is determined as 42.7%-Ni, 34%-Fe, 13.5%-Cr, 6.2% Mo, 2.5%Ti, 0.1%-Cu, and 0.05%-C. The average hardness value of the material is 44 HRC. The burrs have been observed under Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and they are considered as the origin of the fatigue on the engine compressor disc. The metallurgical analysis results show that manufacturing defect was propagated under the repeated low and high cyclic loads.

Assessment of different methods for the removal of biofilms and lichens on gravestones of the English Cemetery in Florence

The control of biodeterioration encompasses the operations undertaken to eliminate the biological growth and, possibly, to delay a new colonization. The current attitude is generally oriented toward its planned removal whenever it causes an objective damage and/or structural impairments to the substratum. The English Cemetery, located in the centre of Florence, offers interesting features for a research focused on the removal of biofilms and lichens growing on stone surfaces of some tombs. The study compared the efficacy of two methods based on physical approach (mechanical cleaning with a brush and microwave heating) with a chemical approach using biocide ROCIMA™ 103 to remove biofilms and lichens from each tombstone. The research, focusing on methodologies with low impact for the environment, tested the efficacy of an innovative portable system that produces localized microwave heating. Its great advantage lays on lack of the potential risks associated with the irreversible application of microbicides. The assessment of the treatments' efficacy was carried out monitoring the chlorophyll a fluorescence's parameters, informative on the vitality and stress responses of photosynthetic organisms. The long-term monitoring of the recolonization after the treatments was performed for five years. The mechanical cleaning eliminated the superficial layer of biofilms and lichens but not the cells within the stones. The biocide was efficient in killing the biological growth; almost no recolonization was observed after about five years. The innovative microwave treatment was effective on biofilms and lichens, eliminating also cells present in the bulk of the substrata, but recolonization was observed after 15 months. This suggests that, dopo treatment aggiungere virgola the microwave treatment should be performed more frequently than biocide treatments yet guaranteeing lower impact on the environment.

Factors influencing side air curtain deployment in rollover motor vehicle accidents

Objective: Recent changes in FMVSS have led to the utilization of side air curtains to provide occupant retention during rollover events. However, the safety advantage provided by the air curtains relies on the vehicle system’s ability to detect the rollover event and deploy the curtains. The purpose of this study is to identify crash and vehicle characteristics in motor vehicle rollovers that influence side air curtain deployment and occupant outcomes. The current study aims to improve the understanding of rollover events and inspire more robust air curtain deployment strategies.Methods: Study data were extracted from rollover cases documented in the NASS-CDS data set from 2011 to 2015. Vehicle model years of 2011 or later with side air curtains installed were examined. The presence of a rollover sensor in each vehicle was determined from vehicle content data available on the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety’s crash rating website. The resulting data set contained 14,003 weighted cases of rollover accidents in which the side air curtain did not deploy (40 raw count) and 23,178 cases of deployment (80 raw count).Results: Several crash event and vehicle characteristics were similar for the nondeployed and deployed groups, including number of quarter turns, primary location of damage, initiating event for the rollover, and vehicle model year. However, the nondeployed group included significantly more passenger vehicle body types (vs. SUV or truck) and had a significantly lower rate of rollover sensor presence. Presence of a rollover sensor increased the odds air curtain deployment by a factor of 36.5 (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.06–265). Cases in which both side air curtains deployed resulted in a higher frequency of injured occupants (Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale [MAIS] ≥ 3). However, rollover events resulting in these injuries were also associated with higher rates of impact with another object or vehicle and damage to the roof of the vehicle, suggesting a higher energy event.Conclusions: Nondeployment of the side curtain airbags in rollovers occurred more frequently in vehicles without dedicated rollover sensors, which were most frequently passenger vehicles.

SOCIAL CONDITIONALITY OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR CRIMINAL OFFENSES IN THE SPHERE OF PROTECTION OF CULTURAL VALUES

The problem of criminal law protection of the cultural heritage of mankind is one of the most relevant in modern criminal law. Law enforcement practice has difficulties in qualifying the destruction or damage of cultural property. Most often, this is due to the definition of a set of crimes while encroaching on both religious feelings and cultural values. The urgency of solving this problem is growing due to the threat of destruction of cultural values due to man-made and natural disasters, as well as as a result of anthropogenic activities. These circumstances determine the relevance of the study of the problems of social conditionality of criminal liability for destruction or damage to cultural heritage sites, cultural values. The purpose of the article is to analyze the factors of social conditionality of criminal liability for criminal offenses in the field of protection of cultural values, the task of the article is to characterize the types of social harm as the basis of factors of social conditionality of these offenses. The article examines the factors of social conditioning of criminal liability for criminal offenses in the field of protection of cultural values, gives a characteristic of the types of social harm as the basis of the factors of social conditioning of these offenses. The article proves that the destruction or damage of cultural heritage objects, natural complexes, cultural values cause harm, is expressed not only in the direct loss of unique objects and objects that accumulate the centuries-old spirit of history, the foundations of material and spiritual culture, but also personify the absolute beauty and perfection of human talent and abilities, but also in the destruction of the very centuries-old spirit of the historical and cultural development of mankind, therefore, the harm from damage to this or that historical monument is necessarily reflected in all the above areas. It is concluded that the destruction or damage of cultural heritage sites are characterized by encroachment on public morality, which is expressed in the active influence of destruction or damage of cultural heritage sites included in the single state register of cultural heritage sites, identified cultural heritage sites , natural complexes, objects taken under state protection, or cultural values on cultural, historical, archeological, scientific bases of public life.

Damage accrual and mortality over long-term follow-up in 300 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in a multi-ethnic British cohort

OBJECTIVE Damage in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus is irreversible change in organs due to disease activity, concomitant disease or medication side-effects. It is measured using the Systemic Lupus International Collaborative Clinics Damage Index (SDI) and is associated with increased mortality. Previous reports have suggested associations between damage accrual and various ethnic, disease and treatment factors, but there is a dearth of long-term follow-up data from large multi-ethnic cohorts. We describe a study of damage and mortality in 300 patients from London, UK followed for up to 40 years. METHODS We carried out retrospective analysis of medical records and SDI scores of 300 patients followed for up to 40 years (median 13.3 years). Characteristics of the groups who did and did not develop damage and those who died or survived to the end of follow-up were compared using univariable and multivariable analysis. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to analyse factors affecting mortality and accrual of damage. RESULTS Damage developed in 231/300 (77%) of patients. There was a linear accrual of damage over 40 years follow-up. Factors associated with damage were African/Caribbean ethnicity, renal and cerebral involvement, early use of high-dose corticosteroids or immunosuppressants, anti-RNP and antiphospholipid antibodies. Damage was strongly associated with mortality. Of 87 patients who died, 93% had damage compared with 70% of survivors (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Development of damage is strongly associated with increased mortality. We identified groups at increased risk of developing damage, including those treated with high-dose steroids and immunosuppressants within the first two years.

Counteraction to the destruction, destruction or damage of cultural heritage objects: some modern problems

The article focuses on the issue of destruction, destruction or damage to historical heritage monuments. Examples of different approaches and actions are given in the event of an emergency situation on an object that has been classified as historical monuments. The latest changes in the legislation concerning prevention of destruction, destruction or damage of monuments and counteraction to this criminal law are considered.Making sure that the revival of public interest in the national historical and cultural heritage as a valuable intellectual property of the Ukrainian nation, an influential means of national self-identification, the formation of objective historical memory and a powerful consolidation factor of citizenship can be counterbalanced by globalization processes, we consider it expedient to recognize timely and necessary the decision of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine on February 21, 2018 and the draft law «On Amendments to the Criminal Code of Ukraine on the strengthening of the accountability for crimes in the sphere of cultural heritage and Article 44 of the Law of Ukraine «On Protection of Cultural Heritage» «(№8050). It is stressed that their adoption will contribute to preserving the cultural heritage of our state for future generations, will prevent the destruction, destruction or damage of cultural monuments

Giving room to subjectivity in understanding and assessing problem gambling: A patient-centered approach focused on quality of life.

Background and aimsProblem gambling is characterized by high stigma and self-stigma, making relevant measurement of the burden of the disorder complex. The aim of our qualitative study was to describe health-related quality of life (HRQOL) impacted by problem gambling from the patients’ perspective.MethodsWe conducted 6 focus groups with 25 current or lifetime at-risk problem gamblers to identify key domains of quality of life impacted by problem gambling. A content analysis from the focus groups data was conducted using Alceste© software, using descendant hierarchical classification analysis, to obtain stable classes and the significant presences of reduced forms. The class of interest, detailing the core of impacted quality of life, was described using a cluster analysis.ResultsThematic content analysis identified three stable classes. Class 1 contained the interviewers’ speech. Class 3 was composed of the vocabulary related to gambling practice, games and gambling venues (casino, horse betting, etc.). Class 2 described the core of impact of gambling on quality of life and corresponded to 43% of the analyzed elementary context units. This analysis revealed seven key domains of impact of problem gambling: loneliness, financial pressure, relationships deterioration, feeling of incomprehension, preoccupation with gambling, negative emotions, and avoidance of helping relationships.ConclusionsWe identified, beyond objective damage, the subjective distress felt by problem gamblers over the course of the disorder and in the helping process, marked in particular by stigma and self-stigma. Four impacted HRQOL areas were new and gambling-specific: loneliness, feeling of incomprehension, avoidance of helping relationships, and preoccupation with gambling. These results support the relevance of developing, in a next step, a specific HRQOL scale in the context of gambling.

Counteraction to sabotage measures on ammunition depots in the context of hybrid warfare

The state of the military sector is one of the most important indicators of the state’s development, it also determines the level of influence of the country on the economic and political situation that is taking place on the international scene. Ensuring the proper state of Ukraine’s national security is accompanied not only by the mentioned factors, but also by the fact that our state is in a military conflict with the Russian Federation. The article is focused on studying the issues related to the nature of the modern hybrid warfare in Ukraine, an act of sabotage was considered as one of the ways of such a war, it analyzed the acts of sabotage, the object of which is ammunition depots placed on the territory of Ukraine. The suggestions for improving and refining the system of counteraction to acts of sabotage are provided.&#x0D; The topic of the study is relevant, therefore, it requires detailed consideration and study of the hybrid warfare’s nature, which combines not only conventional combat operations, but also political, economic, information, cybernetic means of combating the enemy. In the context of the military conflict, where Ukraine is located, the issue of counteracting and combating actions of sabotage, which is understood as an act aimed at weakening the state of explosions, arson, or other actions aimed at mass destruction of people, causing bodily harm or other harm to their health, destruction or damage of objects that have an important national or defense significance, etc. In our study, particular attention is paid to such objects as stockpiles of ammunition, where weapons, missiles, ammunition, explosives, firearms, special means are stored.&#x0D; The authors of the article offer the main ways of improving and reforming the security system of these objects. The highlighted problems and suggested ways for their solution can become the fundamental basis for the development of a new security strategy.

The Principle of Proportionality in an Era of High Technology

This chapter, in the forthcoming book Complex Battlespaces: The Law of Armed Conflict and the Dynamics of Modern Warfare (published by Oxford University Press) explores the application of a key principle of the law of armed conflict – proportionality – in the context of new and emerging weapon systems and methods of warfare. The relentless pursuit of new military technologies by states continues to yield expanding lists of technology-related issues for lawyers to consider in applying the law of armed conflict in complex battlespaces on land, sea, air, space, and in cyberspace. Foremost among these issues is the challenge presented by the principle of proportionality, requiring military forces to refrain from causing excessive damage to civilians and civilian objects when attacking military objectives. New weapon systems in complex battlespaces continue to increasingly force lawyers and decision makers to revisit, reevaluate and struggle in new contexts with the “equitable balance between humanitarian requirements and the sad necessities of war.” Some technological developments may, however, also present opportunities for the principle of proportionality to achieve greater relevance to the conduct of armed conflicts and even contribute to improved compliance by states. To illustrate these challenges and opportunities, this chapter examines the application of the principle of proportionality in modern armed conflicts with respect to several critical yet still evolving military technologies: unmanned aerial vehicles, autonomous weapon systems, cyber capabilities, and outer space technologies.

Методика оценивания эколого-экономического ущерба водным объектам по данным дистанционного зондирования Земли

Методика оценивания эколого-экономического ущерба водным объектам по данным дистанционного зондирования Земли

State Responsibility for the Destruction of Cultural Property

International cultural property law has significantly developed at the level of standard-setting and to some extent at the level of ‘secondary rules’ concerning the individual criminal responsibility for the damage and destruction of cultural objects (in particular when it is intentional). But a gap remains as to State responsibility, an issue carefully shunned in treaties concerning the conservation of cultural property (especially during peacetime). This article addresses the question of how this lacuna can be filled by the application of general principles governing State responsibility for internationally wrongful acts. The analysis highlights that in this field there is a constant interplay between the conduct of States and private actors, with the consequent need to devise some form of shared responsibility for cultural offences, especially when they affect properties of outstanding value. Although no peremptory norm has yet emerged in this field, practice has shown the tendency to make a distinction between ordinary and serious breaches entailing international crimes. This affects the question of who may invoke the responsibility for destruction of cultural objects of great importance to humanity, and raises the question of the applicability of the ‘responsibility to protect’ doctrine to prevent and suppress crimes against cultural property. Keywords: Cultural Property, Destruction, Crimes against Humanity, War Crimes, State Responsibility, Shared Responsibility, Responsibility to Protect

DISTRACTION OF FAVORABLE STATE OF ENVIRONMENT AS BASIS FOR MORAL HARM COMPENSATION

The article shows that moral harm compensation is very important for problem solution in legal support of favorable state of environment. This harm is done to owners and users of natural resources caused by environmental distraction. It is stated that illegal actions encroaching not only on non-material benefits but also on property right of citizens. Such actions can be a source of physical and moral sufferings. Physical and moral sufferings (moral harm) are caused by property right violations. Such sufferings connect with change of citizen property status which led to residence choice restriction; freedom movement and health deterioration. Only individuals can feel physical and moral sufferings caused by violence for non-material benefits and property. The stated argument doesn't assume moral and physical sufferings for legal entity. As a result of this there is no legal basis for moral harm compensation for legal entities. As a conclusion it is stated that recommendations for collective claims of moral harm compensation in case of ecological delict contradict "moral harm" definition. Department of moral harm compensation which was developed thanks to non-material benefits violation or property rights violation do not have necessary reflection in ecological legislation. According to this it is possible to use standards of the Civil code of the Russian Federation for moral harm compensation at ecological offenses. Negative changes of parameters can be the basis for claim statement about moral harm compensation. These parameters characterize a favorable condition of surrounding environment caused by pollution or natural objects damage. Physical and/or moral sufferings of citizens can be calculated proceeding from market difference of real estate and the land to negative impact and after its pollution or damage of natural objects.

Intelligent system for cultural objects identification, damage assessment and restoration

Intelligent system for cultural objects identification, damage assessment and restoration

Intelligent system for cultural objects identification, damage assessment and restoration

Cultural objects and art works need ongoing conservation interventions in order to be available for the next generations. The most object-friendly analysis approaches are based on non-destructive techniques (NDTs) that allow both the materials characterisation as well as the decay detection of cultural artefacts. Non-destructive testing and evaluation includes the employment of several methods such as the well-established technique of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy with fibre optics (FORS). Such techniques produce output with multiple series of data for multiple different pigment used in objects. In this work, we present a data management solution that contributes with: 1) a library of known reference pigments/colours; 2) a proposed pattern matching technique that allows the automatic classification of any new pigment. The experimental evaluation results show that the data processing proposed is effective. Feedback is particularly encouraging as it allows automation and therefore radically decreased time for pigment/colour matching and identification.

Fano Resonance-Assisted Plasmonic Trapping of Nanoparticles

Plasmonic optical trapping is widely applied in the field of bioscience, microfluidics, and quantum optics. It can play a vital role to extend optical manipulation tools from micrometer to nanometer scale level. Currently, it is a challenge to obtain the highly stable optical trapping with low power and less damage. In this paper, we propose Fano resonance-assisted self-induced back-action (FASIBA) method, through which a single 40-nm gold particle can be trapped in hole-slit nano-aperture milled on metallic film. It is used to achieve ultra-accurate positioning of nanoparticle, metallic nanostructures at wide infrared wavelength range, quite effectively and evidently. The stable plasmonic trapping is achieved by tuning the transmission wavelengths and modifications of nanoslit, indicating that the depth of potential well can be increased from minus 8KT to 12KT, with the input power of 109 W/m2. This can be attributed to great modifications in Fano resonance transmissions according to self-induced back-action (SIBA) theory. The results are basically helpful to facilitate the trapping with lower power and less damage to the objects, which enables new scenario for the treatment of undesirable spread of a single nanoscale creature, such as virus.