Dairy Shops Research Articles

A Comparative Study of Raw Buffalo Milk Components from Two Sources: Local Markets and Buffalo Breeders' Fields in Shatrah City

A study was conducted in Shatrah City, Iraq, from April 1 to August 1, 2022, to compare and evaluate the physicochemical Composition of raw buffalo milk from two sources: local markets (including street vendors and dairy shops) and buffalo breeders' fields. 100 raw buffalo milk samples were collected, with 50 samples from each source. The results showed that raw buffalo milk samples from breeders' fields had significantly higher (p < 0.05) fat, solid non-fat, protein, lactose, total solids, ash, and milk density than those from local markets. In contrast, raw buffalo milk samples from local markets had significantly (p < 0.05) higher water content (moisture) than those from breeders' fields. The mean values of fat, solid non-fat, protein, lactose, total solids, water, ash, and density in samples from breeders' fields and local markets were as follows: (31.33±0.590, 0.62±0.0142, 85.98±0.312, 14.01±0.312, 4.97±0.122, 3.28±0.073, 8.89±0.204, 5.25±0.150) ((24.42±0.745, 0.49±0.016, 90.22±0.256, 9.76±0.251, 3.92±0.125, 2.59±0.083, 6.99±0.225, 2.77±0.130), respectively. The study results indicated that some vendors in the local markets of Shatrah City (street vendors and dairy shops) adulterated raw buffalo milk to increase their profit margins by adding water, partially removing fat, or using other readily available adulteration methods.

Molecular serogrouping and virulence of Listeria monocytogenes from sheep and goat milk in Jordan

Listeria monocytogenes is a serious pathogen with several serogroups that differ in virulence and distribution among countries. This study determined the serogroups and virulence of 116 L. monocytogenes from sheep milk (n = 52) and goat milk (n = 64) in Jordan by several multiplex PCR. The results showed that the L. monocytogenes isolates belong to five serogroups. Most isolates (37.9%) belonged to serogroup 4b (d, e), followed by serogroup 1/2a (3a) (31.9%), serogroup 1/2b (26.7%), and serogroup 4a/c (2.6%) and serogroup IV (serotypes 1/2c and 3c) (0.9%). All isolates carried the internalin (inlA, inlC, inlJ) and lmo 2672 genes. Additionally, 36.4% and 29.0 % of 4b and 1/2b isolates carried the Listeriolysin S gene (llsX). Therefore, L. monocytogenes in sheep and goat milk are potential public health hazards because they belong to the major listeriosis-causing serogroups (4b, 1/2a, and 1/2b), and carry major virulence genes. Small ruminants’ milk and cheeses should be considered high-risk foods for L. monocytogenes infection. Thus, safe production practices should be monitored and enforced in small dairy shops.

Comparison between antibacterial effect of nanoparticles and non-nanoparticles of chitosan on Listeria monocytogenes isolated from different types of Egyptian cheese

The objectives of this paper were to investigate the existence of Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) in different types of cheese (Mozzarella, Thalaga, and Romy cheeses, 40 samples each) sold in Assiut dairy shops and to evalute antibacterial properties of chitosan and its nanoparticles against isolated strains. L. monocytogenes was isolated in higher percentage from Mozzarella cheese (25%) followed by Thalaga and Romy cheese samples. L. monocytogenes isolates were validated by PCR utilising the 16S rRNA gene. Zeta-sizer and TEM were used to characterise nano-chitosan. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of chitosan and nano-chitosan on L. monocytogenes were detected by MIC test. Nano-chitosan (3.125%) could prevent organism growth in cheese as early as the third week. The findings revealed that 3.125% nano-chitosan had a sufficient effect on L. monocytogenes while also providing good consumer satisfaction; therefore, nano-chitosan should be utilised as a natural food additive in Egyptian dairy products.

Antibiotic Resistant Profile of Coliform and Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Paneer Sample of Kathmandu Valley

Microbial contamination with antibiotic- resistant bacteria are major threats to public health in Nepal. This study aims to detect microbial quality of paneer and determine antibiotic susceptibility pattern of coliforms and S. aureus isolated from Paneer. For this, 30 paneer samples were randomly collected from dairy shops in Kathmandu and respective bacterial count were determined by using pour plate technique. All isolated organisms were identified by biochemical tests using appropriate selective media. Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing (AST) was carried out by Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. In this study, Total Bacterial Count (TBC) of 18 (60.1%) samples, Total Coliform Count (TCC) of 5 (16.6%) samples and Total Staphylococcal Count (TSC) of 6 (50%) samples were within the limit of FSSAI guideline (2012). A total of forty-six bacteria were isolated in this study, of which 34 (73.9%) were identified as coliforms and 12 (26.1%) were identified as S. aureus. The coliform bacteria showed higher resistance towards Azithromycin (100%) followed by Cefoxitin, Ampicillin, Amikacin, Levofloxacin, Nalidixic acid, Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline and Gentamicin in descending order. While in case of S. aureus, higher resistance was shown against Penicillin. G (41.7%) and Nalidixic acid (41.7%) followed by Cefoxitin, Ampicillin, Azithromycin, Chloramphenicol and Levofloxacin. 4 (33.4%) MRSA were identified based on their full resistance towards Cefoxitin. Also, 24 multiple-drug resistance (MDR) bacteria were detected and higher MDR was observed among coliforms 21 (87.5%). To summarize, the maximum number of samples exceeding microbial quality specification and presence of multiple antibiotic resistance among isolated bacteria signifies poor quality of the paneer available in the market and can be considered a possible threat to consumers. Therefore, it is utmost necessary to monitor and control the quality of paneer sold in Kathmandu.

Phenotypic and Genotypic Identification of Typical and Atypical Staphylococcus aureus Isolated From Bovine Milk Samples

This study aimed to determine the phenotypic and genotypic identification and differentiation of typical coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus (CPSA) and atypical coagulase negative Staphylococcus aureus (CNSA) from other Staphylococci isolated form bovine milk. Out of 111 milk samples, 67 Staphylococcus strains were isolated, phenotypically, based on resistance to Acriflavine; Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was detected in 44 isolates of them (30 CPSA strains and 14 CNSA strains). Twenty five from CPSA and 5 from CNSA isolates were positive for slime production on Congo red agar plates. Genotypically, the all five tested typical Staphylococcus aureus (CPSA) as well as three atypical Staphylococcus aureus (CNSA) strains encoded all investigated genes (nuc, spa-x and clfA), while the other two atypical CNSA strains, one encoded only nuc gene and the other encoded both nuc and clfA genes. Acriflavine sensitivity test must be included in the routine of phenotypic identification S. aureus as the gold method together with tube coagulase test. PCR analysis is most important confirmation method by detection of nuc gene. Genotypically both typical and atypical S. aureus isolates are virulent. Typical and atypical S. aureus isolated from isolated from bovine milk samples sold in dairy shops were with higher percentage than subclinical mastitic milk samples threating public health hazard. Attention must be paid toward detection and identification of atypical tube coagulase negative S. aureus strains.

Retailer's characteristics and compliance with the single-use plastic bag ban

The increasing use of single-use plastic bags has led to a global concern. Cities in developing countries are enforcing a (single-use) plastic bags ban to reduce the use of plastic in the retail supply chain. In Nepal, some retailers such as fashion outlets and pharmacies support the ban and others like dairy shops protest. This analysis aims to investigate how retailer heterogeneity in terms of shop characteristics and social association influences bag use behavior and compliance with the plastic bag ban in Nepal. This study based on the 1300 retailers’ plastic bag use data in three different plastic bag ban scenarios from 13 municipalities of Nepal shows that retailers’ response to the ban depends on their shop type, the nature of the goods they sell, and their social association. In addition, retailers' perception also affect their response to the plastic ban decision. Their perception of the performance of regulatory authority is likely to affect their compliance. Similarly, retailers who consider that the municipality has strong enforcement in place, tend to cooperate with the ban. This article highlights the need for retailer-specific interventions to reduce bag use.

Quality evaluation and safety assessment of buffalo milk collected from Mathura city

The present study was carried out for quality and safety assessment of buffalo milk collected from five different areas of Mathura city viz. Holigate (H), Sadar (S), Aurangabad (A), Chungi (A) and Township (T). The milk samples were collected from dairy shops, vendors and milk producers and evaluated for various organoleptic tests, Physico-chemical properties, proximate estimation and microbiological studies by following the standard procedures. Among organoleptic tests, Chungi (80%) and Township (90%) samples had a more clear appearance than Holigate (30%), Sadar (40%) and Aurangabad (60%) areas. There were 40, 60, 80, 90 and 100% samples which were white in color, in H, S, A, C and T areas respectively. The normal consistency of milk was observed in 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90% samples in H, S, A, C, and T area. There were 40, 50, 70, 80 and 90% samples that had a normal odor in H, S, A, C, and T respectively. The COB test was positive in 40, 30, 20, 10 and 0% samples of H, S, A, C and T regions respectively. The temperature, pH and specific gravity were lower though titrable acidity was higher than the normal prescribed limit in all milk samples. All the proximate parameters showed significantly (P<0.05) difference between buffalo milk samples. Among proximate parameters, moisture content were comparatively higher; however other parameters (protein, ash, total solids) showed lower values than the normal prescribed range. The formalin adulteration was detected in 50, 30, 10, 10 and 0% milk samples from H, S, A, C, and T areas. All buffalo milk samples were negative for other preservatives, neutralizers, and adulterants. The microbial load of all milk samples were higher than normal prescribed limit in terms of SPC, DMC, Coliform count as well as Staphylococcus count.

The relationship between physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of Surk cheese.

In this study, the relationship between the physicochemical and microbiological properties of the Surk cheese was investigated through the analysis of dry matter (D.M.), ash, protein, salt, acidity, pH and enumeration of the total mesophyll aerobic bacteria (TMAB), yeast-mold, presumptive lactobacilli and lactococci. Surk samples were obtained randomly from 36 different local dairy shops in Antakya province of Turkey. The average values of the dry matter, ash, protein, fat, and salt, acidity and pH analysis were 44.4%, 9.09%, 17.5%, 17.0%, 8.08%, 0.916% and 4.17, respectively. The average values for TMAB, yeast mold, presumptive lactobacilli and lactococci enumeration in the microbiological analysis were found to be 6.23, 4.09, 6.04, and 3.42 log cfu/g, respectively. Based on the statistical analysis, Surk samples were divided into 3 groups in terms of salt content (3-6, 6-9 and > 9%). Then, the physicochemical and microbiological properties of Surk samples were evaluated according to these groups. This study suggests that besides the different methods to produce Surk cheese as followed by the different manufacturers, the amount of salt added to Surk cheese affects its microbiological and physicochemical characteristics.

Veterinary and sanitary examination of dairy products in the central regions of Yakutia

As a result of the studies of veterinary-sanitary examination, quality of curd and cream in SPPC "Amma" and "Churapcha" located in the Central districts of Yakutia it should be noted high taste, biological value, market competitiveness of products. In dairy shops, whole milk is used for the production of whole milk and fermented milk products. The quality of the finished products produced by SPPC "Amma" and "Churapcha" meets the high quality and environmentally safe requirements of regulatory documents on organoleptic, physical, chemical and microbiological indicators. The technological mode of production of SPPC "Amma" and "Churapcha" products and the sanitary and epidemiological state of the enterprises fully comply with regulatory documents.

Prevalence, Molecular Characterization, Antibiotics Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Egyptian Soft Cheese, and Effect of Rosemary Essential Oil on its Viability

Staphylococcus aureus has the ability to yield heat stable enterotoxins resulting in food intoxication in human with variable intensity. So, the objectives of this research are to investigate the incidence of Staphylococcus aureus in Egyptian Soft Cheese (Talaga cheese), molecular identification of nuc and mecA genes in isolated strains by Multiplex PCR, assess the antimicrobial resistance profile using 16 different antibiotics as well as evaluate the Antimicrobial activity of rosemary oil on the viability of S. aureus. Sixty random samples of Talaga soft cheese were collected from different market places and dairy shops in various districts of Mansoura town, Dakahlia governorate. Egypt. S. aureus was discovered in 30% (18/60) from examined samples where 4 isolates (22.2%) were proved to be enterotoxigenic strains. All S. aureus isolates contained on nuc gene, however the mecA gene was found only in 5 S. aureus isolates (27.7%). S. aureus isolates showed a higher multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) where the average MAR index was 0.479 and this leads to an increase in the public health hazard. The antimicrobial properties of rosemary essential oil as a natural antimicrobial agent were evaluated against S. aureus strain (ATCC 25923). It could be concluded that using rosemary essential oil with 2% concentration was highly effective in reducing and inhibiting S. aureus.

Detection of Milk Impureness

Milk is an essential element of our daily diet. It provides many nutrients, including vitamins, minerals, protein, healthy fats, and antioxidants. It is very much essential to drink healthy milk. However, due to different aspects of our society, i.e., unhealthy environment, corruption, and lack of food security, we are consuming impure milk provided by dairy shops. Among the causes of small-scale dairy producers’ difficulties in producing hygienic products are informal and unregulated marketing, handling, and processing of dairy products, lack of financial incentives for quality improvement, and insufficient knowledge and skills in hygienic practices. This impure milk produces adverse effects on our health and, worst cases. According to the World Food Organization report, 41% of health issues are due to impure milk in Pakistan. Unfortunately, there is no absolute or intelligent system to identify the Milk quality in Pakistan. In this work, an Intelligent Milk Quality Detection system is proposed. The project proposed an optical sensor based digital system that identifies milk quality. The optical signal is acquired from Milk and after that signal processing techniques will be applied to convert the signal to be classified for the machine learning approach. In addition to optical, the other sensors such as fat, protein, and water preserve sensors are used to get accurate results. The project will offer an intelligent and accurate system to detect the quality of milk that will acknowledge the best milk to be consumed by the public.

The Impacts of Food Taboos and Preferences on Food Security in Developing Countries: Evidence from Ethiopia

Abstract Food norms are embodied within all the essential components of food security; availability, access, utilization, and stability. However, the adverse economic influences of these norms are largely under–researched in developing countries. Unique in its scoop, this study thus investigates the impacts of food taboos and preferences (FTP) on food security in Ethiopia, one of the world’s food–insecure nations combined with a culture of strict food norms. On the basis of a qualitative research design with semi–structured in–depth interviews, primary data was collected from eleven key informants of pertinent multidisciplinary backgrounds, experts and decision–makers. The empirical evidence revealed that religious and secular– based FTP have put significant restrictions on the efficient utilization of the existing edible resources in the country. For example, during Orthodox Christian (OC) and Muslim fasting days, the overall food supply chain undergoes economic turbulence. Particularly, the economic challenge of OC fasting is expressed by (1) a decrease in consumption and supply of non–vegan foods, (2) the temporary closure of butcher and dairy shops, (3) an increase in the demand and price of vegan foods, and (4) an overall reduction in consumption and economic transactions. Moreover, the tradition of animal consecration at home has made many Ethiopians to rarely depend on supermarkets, groceries, and other licensed meat shops. In turn, this impedes the country’s endeavor of attracting local and foreign private investors in the general food sector. It also alienates people from access to food labels, meat quality controls, price, size, and choice advantages, all of which are essential for better, adaptive, and stable food utilization. The results discovered in this thesis enrich our understanding on the role of food norms in the economic systems. Particularly, the study sheds light on the indispensable need to consider the subject of FTP in policies and programs aiming to end food insecurity.

Control of Virulent Listeria monocytogenes Originating from Dairy Products and Cattle Environment Using Marine Algal Extracts, Silver Nanoparticles Thereof, and Quaternary Disinfectants.

IntroductionListeria monocytogenes is an important foodborne pathogen of public- and animal-health concern globally. The persistence of L. monocytogenes in the dairy-processing environment has multifactorial causes, including lack of hygiene, inefficient cleaning, and improper disinfection practices.Materials and MethodsA total of 300 dairy-product and environmental samples were collected from dairy-cattle facilities and local dairy shops and vendors in Qena, Egypt. Samples were screened for the incidence of Listeria spp. and to detect virulence determinants and disinfectant-resistance genes. Three marine algal species — Caulerpa racemosa, Jania rubens, and Padina pavonica — were collected from Hurghada on the Red Sea coast. Algal extracts were screened using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The antimicrobial activity of some marine algal extracts, nanoparticles derived therefrom, and some disinfectants against L. monocytogenes strains were assessed in vitro using agar-well diffusion and liquid-broth methods. The impact of P. pavonica extract on the growth and survival of virulent L. monocytogenes in cheese and whey were clarified.Results and DiscussionThe incidence of L. monocytogenes in dairy products and environmental samples was 15.5% and 19%, respectively. The most common toxigenic gene profile found among the isolates was hlyA+–inlA+–prfA+. The sensitivity pattern of L. monocytogenes strains to disinfectant containing alkyl (C12–16) dimethyl BAC was high compared to other tested quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) disinfectants tested, which showed lower log reductions against resistant strains. The QAC disinfectant–resistance gene qacH was detected in 40% of the isolates. Potent bactericidal activity of a petroleum ether extract of P. pavonica and silver nanoparticles of P. pavonica were obtained against the virulent L. monocytogenes strain. The population of L. monocytogenes in cheese curd and whey after 14 days was reduced at a rate of 9 log CFU/g and 8 log CFU/mL, respectively due to the effect of P. pavonica extract. After 28 days of storage, L. monocytogenes was completely inactivated in those dairy products.ConclusionP. pavonica extract showed promising antimicrobial properties, calling for further comprehensive studies prior to it being applied in the food industry to enhance the safety, quality, and shelf life of products and protect public health.

STUDYING THE EFFECT OF CHITOSAN ON BACILLUS CEREUS PRODUCING CEREULIDE TOXIN IN MILK AND SOME DAIRY DESSERTS

A total of 150 samples of raw milk and two types of refrigerated processed dairy desserts dishes (cooked rice with milk and Mehalabia dishes) (50 for each) were collected from dairy shops and local restaurants in Assuit City, Egypt. ISO7932 method was used for enumeration of B. cereus, afterwards a PCR was performed to confirm the presence of cereulide toxin (ces) gene. In addition, the effect of different concentrations of chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) (0.05, 1%) on B. cereus was studied in pasteurized milk.The shelf life was evaluated by clot on boiling test and Ph value. Their pathological effect was detected by orally administration to experimental rats to investigate their adverse effect on rats liver and intestine using histopathological examination. The most prominent potent bactericidal effect was observed inCNPs 1%, B. cereus count reached to undetectable level at 5th day of refrigerated storage. The pasteurized milk inoculated with B. cereus, chitosan and CNPs showed some pathological lesions in rats treated with B. cereus,while the chitosan 0.5% had antibacterial activities without cytotoxic effect on rat tissues, alternatively to CNPs 1%, which exist edematous tips of intestinal villi and mild kupffer cells activation in liver.Therefore, our results contribute data that are primary to indicate the risk of food poisoning due to B. cereus and trials to control that in food by careful using of nanotechnology. However, the additional researches are needed to safe using of this technology even on natural nano-materials as it at nano-size gain new qualities.

ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE AND BIOFILM FORMATION PATTERNS OF Escherichia coli ISOLATED FROM MARKET RAW MILK AT ZAGAZIG CITY

In the present study, one hundred samples of raw cow milk were collected randomlyfrom different dairy shops and markets in Zagazig city for isolation and identification of Escherichiacoli which is considered a reliable indicator for fecal contamination and an important cause of foodpoisoning. Identification was done microscopically, biochemically by different biochemical tests(IMVIC) and serologically. The incidence of E. coli in raw milk samples was 47%. Also, theserological identification of E. coli isolates revealed that O26 is the most predominant serogroup bypercentage of 21.3%. E. coli pose the greatest threat to human health because of its growing resistanceto antibiotics. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was done by disc diffusion method against 10antimicrobials and the results revealed that E. coli isolates were highly resistant to amoxicillinclavulanate,ampicillin, cefotaxime and ceftazidime with percentages of 89.4%, 89.4%, 100.0% and100.0%, respectively. However, they were highly sensitive to chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin andtetracycline with percentage of 100.0%, 100.0% and 93.6% respectively. In addition, 89.4% of E. coliisolates showed multi drug resistance (MDR). The ability of bacteria for adherence to food surfacesand biofilm formation is a source of food contamination that affect food safety and industry. Microtiter plate assay used for testing biofilm formation and represented that 78.7% of E. coli isolates werenon-biofilm producers, 6.4% were weak biofilm producers, 14.9% were moderate biofilm producersand none of isolates was strong biofilm producers

Inhibitory Effect of Cinnamon and Thyme Essential Oils Against Acinetobacter baumannii strains Isolated from Raw Milk and Some Milk Products

Abstract A total of 250 random samples including raw milk samples collected from street vendors, dairy shops and dairy houses in addition to some milk products including Kariesh cheese, Domiati cheese, cream, and milk powder, were collected from different areas in Luxor city, Egypt. for detection of Acinetobacter species by conventional method and PCR for the presence of blaox51 like gene. results revealed that the 10% of Acinetobacter spp. were recovered from whole raw milk samples, species were A. baumannii, A. calcoaceticus and A. haemolyticus with percentages of 5.3, 2.7 and 2%, respectively. street vendors raw milk samples showed the highest prevalence (14%) of Acinetobacter spp. Regarding milk products samples, 8% of Acinetobacter spp. were isolated from kariesh cheese. A higher percentage of 25% were recorded from cream samples. All Acinetobacter baumanni strains harbored blaox-51 like gene, showing strong lipolytic activity on tributyrin agar, the antibacterial effect of cinnamon oil and thyme oil against 16 Acinetobacter baumanni isolates showed high antibacterial activity. Keywords. Acinetobacter species., Dairy products, PCR, blaox51 like gene, Essential oils

Aflatoxin M1 in pasteurized and UHT milk marked in Morocco

Milk plays an essential role in a balanced diet for human health. Mycotoxins are among the most toxic compounds found in milk of lactating cows. The purpose of this work was to assess aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) levels in 67 liquid milk samples (46 pasteurized and 21 UHT) randomly collected during 2019 from supermarkets and dairy shops in four Moroccan cities (Casablanca (n = 27), El Jadida (n = 10), Fez (n = 18) and Meknès (n = 12)). AFM1 was determined in milk by liquid chromatography (LC) after immunoaffinity column (IAC) cleanup. Analytical results indicated that out of the 67 analyzed samples, 9 (13.4%) were considered as positively contaminated, while 58 samples (86.6%) had AFM1 under the detection limit. For positive samples, AFM1 levels ranged between 10 and 77 ng/L, with an overall average value of 4.46 ± 14.09 ng/L. It has to be underlined that only one pasteurized milk sample contained AFM1 at concentration (77 ng/L) that exceeded the Moroccan maximum regulatory limit of 50 ng/L, while 100% of milk samples were below the limit of 500 ng/kg set by Codex Alimentarius standards. Based on the contamination levels found in this study and milk consumption data in the country, the estimated exposure level of Moroccan adults to AFM1 from milk was estimated at 0.88 ng/person/day (0.0125 ng/kg b.w./day). This exposure level is considered higher than the dietary intakes estimated by JECFA for the Middle Eastern and the African diets.

Http://www.plantarchives.org/SPECIAL%20ISSUE%2021-1/429%20(2636-2640).pdf

In the present study, Fifty random samples of each small-scale (plain yoghurt and kariesh cheese) were collected randomly from different dairy shops and markets in Zagazig city for isolation and identification of Escherichia coli which is considered a good indicator of faecal contamination and a major cause of food poisoning. Identification was done microscopically and biochemically by different biochemical tests (IMVIC).The incidence of E. coli in yoghurt and kariesh cheese samples were 36% and 50%, respectively. Also, the serological identification of E. coli isolates revealed that O26 is the most predominant serogroup by percentagesof27.77% and 28% in both yoghurt and kariesh cheese samples, respectively. Because of its rising resistance to antibiotics, E.coli represents a real threat to human health. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was done by disc diffusion method against 10 antimicrobials and the results revealed that E. coli isolates were highly resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanate, ampicillin, Cefotaxime and Ceftazidime, and were highly sensitive to chloramphenicol, Ciprofloxacin and tetracycline. In addition, 83.72%of E. coli isolates showed multi drug resistance (MDR).Bacterial adhesion to food surfaces and the formation of biofilmisa source of food contamination that has an impact on food safety and industry. Micro titer plate assay was used for testing biofilm formation and revealed that 69.77% of E. coli isolates were non-biofilm producers, 9.30% were weak biofilm producers, 20.93%were moderate biofilm producers and none of isolates was strong biofilm producers. Virulence genes of E. coli isolates were identified and characterized by a multiplex PCR assay. The results showed that among the target genes, stx1was most frequently detected by a percentage of81.82%

Quality and safety assessment of goat milk collected from different regions of Mathura city

The present study was carried out for quality and safety assessment of goat milk from five different regions of Mathura city viz. Holigate, Sadar, Aurangabad, Chungi and Township. The milk samples were collected from dairy shops, vendors and milk producers and evaluated on the basis of various organoleptic tests, physico-chemical properties, proximate estimation and microbiological studies following the standard procedures. Among organolpetic tests, Chungi (70%) and Township (90%) samples had clearer appearance than the other area. All sample collected from township is white in color. Regarding texture/consistency of milk, the sample procured from T having normal consistency and normal odor. The COB test was positive in 20 and 10% samples of H and S areas only. There was no significant difference in temperature, pH and titrable acidity of milk of different areas. However, the specific gravity showed significant (P<0.05) difference among milk samples from different regions. The specific gravity of S area samples was significantly (P<0.05) higher than H, C and T areas. The temperature, pH and specific gravity were lower however titrable acidity was higher than normal prescribed range in all milk samples. There was significant (P<0.05) difference for all proximate parameters except fat content. The moisture contents of H, C and T were significantly (P<0.05) higher but the SNF was lower than in S area. The protein percent of H region samples was significantly (P<0.05) lower than of other regions. The ash content of S region was significantly (P<0.05) higher than of C region, whereas total solid content of S region was significantly (P<0.05) higher than H, C and T region. The mean total solid content of A was comparable to C, H, T and S region. Although proximate parameters of goat milk deviated from normal prescribed range but all samples were negative for adulteration eg. preservatives, neutralizers and others adulterants. There was no significant difference in DMC, SPC, Coliform count and Staphylococcus count of milk samples collected from different regions however all samples had higher microbial load than the prescribed limit.

MOLECULAR DETECTION OF ENTEROTOXIGENIC GENES FOR STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ORGANISM ISOLATED FROM RAW MILK AND SOME MILK PRODUCTS

enterotoxin genes and its ability to resist different types of antibiotics. A total of 120 raw milk, kareish cheese and baladi yoghurt (40 samples, each) were collected from different dairy shops and street peddlers in Assiut city, Egypt and were bacteriologically examined for presence and count of