Dairy Industry Effluent Research Articles

Forward Osmosis: An Energy-Efficient Approach for the Treatment and Recovery of Resources from the Dairy Industry Effluent

Forward Osmosis: An Energy-Efficient Approach for the Treatment and Recovery of Resources from the Dairy Industry Effluent

Enhancing membrane bioreactors for dairy effluent treatment with a mixed mobile bed application.

This study examines the impact of incorporating a mobile bed into a membrane bioreactor (MBR) system on the treatment efficiency of dairy industry effluents. Initially, a conventional MBR system was operated for 60 days, followed by a modification that included a support material and ran for another 60 days under identical conditions. Performance was evaluated based on the removal efficiencies for soluble chemical oxygen demand (CODs), phenolic compounds, and oils and greases (OG), alongside measurements of solid content, dissolved oxygen, temperature, mixed liquor pH, and transmembrane pressure (TMP). The introduction of the mobile bed led to an increase in removal efficiencies for COD and phenolic compounds from 94.4 and 92.7% to 98 and 94.4%, respectively, marking statistically significant improvements (p < 0.05), while OG removal remained the same in both strategies (87.7%) (p > 0.05). Moreover, the modified system showed a more stable TMP profile, reducing the need for cleaning interventions compared to the conventional system, which experienced a notable TMP increase requiring cleaning at a 0.6 bar threshold. The findings suggest that integrating a mobile bed into MBR systems significantly enhances the treatment of dairy effluents, presenting an interesting solution for the upgrade of this type of system.

Aqueous Phase Reforming of Dairy Wastewater for Hydrogen Production: An Experimental and Energetic Assessment

The treatment of dairy industry effluents poses a significant challenge from the environmental point of view because of its high organic load. In this work, the aqueous phase reforming of lactose was investigated as a representative model compound for the production of renewable hydrogen. The tests were conducted using two different scenarios: the first one is referred to as direct aqueous phase reforming (APR); the second one proposed a pre-hydrogenation step, followed by APR. The implementation of this reactive pretreatment allowed for minimizing the solid by-product formation with respect to the direct APR, where most of the initial carbon ended up as solid residue. The pre-hydrogenation was investigated in the range of 180–220 °C, using Ru-based catalysts. In the best scenario (using 5% Ru/C), the carbon to solid was reduced by 95%, and up to 70% of the initial carbon was converted into gaseous compounds, hence contributing to the removal of the organic content of the wastewater while producing an energy carrier. Moreover, the hydrogen selectivity increased up to 70% (with respect to 2.5% for direct APR), thanks to hindering homogeneous reaction pathways that do not lead to hydrogen production. Finally, an energetic analysis was conducted to assess the possibility of coupling the APR with the dairy industry and quantifying the percentage of energy which may be produced in situ to satisfy industrial duties.

Biocontrol and plant growth promoting properties of Bacillus sp. BioSol021 grown on meat and dairy industry effluents

Biocontrol and plant growth promoting properties of Bacillus sp. BioSol021 grown on meat and dairy industry effluents

ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION, AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROORGANISMS FROM INDUSTRIAL DAIRY WASTE AND EVALUATION OF ITS BIODEGRADABILITY

Microscopic organisms, commonly referred to as microbes, are organisms that are not visible to the naked eye. While some of these microorganisms can lead to diseases, numerous beneficial ones play essential roles in various domains. These advantageous microorganisms are pivotal in ecological systems, contributing to processes like biodegradation and bioremediation. They also find significant applications in diverse industries such as agriculture, food production, and the development of probiotics. This research aims to investigate the potential discovery of various biodegradable microorganisms capable of breaking down organic waste and similar materials. The focus is on finding effective ways to manage these materials in the context of global warming and related environmental concerns. The isolation of microorganisms involved the collection of samples from dairy industry effluents from dairy farms of Dehradun, Uttarakhand. Six isolates were screened following sample collection and examination. To distinguish the gathered microorganisms, various analyses were conducted. These included testing the isolates on nutrient agar at room temperature for 24 hours, with observations made on characteristics such as size, shape, color, margin, height, opacity, and stability. Morphological features like gram nature and motility were also examined. Subsequent to physical-biochemical characterization, tests for catalase, oxidase, and indole citrate were conducted. Biochemical tests were carried out to assess extracellular enzymatic activities, including caseinase and starch hydrolysis. Additionally, carbohydrate utilization tests were performed for lactose, maltose, inositol, xylose, among others. Out of the 06 isolates, two exhibited protease production and were selected for further investigation. Furthermore, two isolates demonstrated effective antibacterial activity and susceptibility to different antibiotics.

Development of asymmetric ceramic membranes for dairy wastewater treatment – A comparison between co-sintering and conventional firing process

Ceramic membranes have high potential for wastewater recovery. However, the high cost of raw materials and the high energy consumption for manufacturing, limit their use. This study aimed to prepare ceramic membranes using kaolin and alumina, emphasizing firing in a single step. On the support, corn starch was used as a porogenic agent and to evaluate the performance of the membrane, a simulation was used for the dairy industry effluent. The supports were manufactured by the extrusion process, which were sintered (1100, 1200 and 1300 °C), for the analysis of their properties. A suspension was applied to the inner surface of the green supports, and the cosintering process was employed. The supports containing 15 % corn starch sintered at 1100 °C showed high porosity (48 %), pure water permeate flux of 1385 L/h.m2 at 2 bar and mechanical strength of 8 MPa. The active layer exhibited pore sizes that indicate that the membrane can be used in the microfiltration process, with a permeate flux of 897 L/h.m2. The membrane showed adequate microfiltration performance for the removal of components present in the milk solution and responsible for the turbidity of the permeate, with a permeate flux stabilized at 30 L/h.m2.

Polyhydroxyalkanoate biosynthesis and optimisation of thermophilic Geobacillus stearothermophilus strain K4E3_SPR_NPP.

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) can be used to combat the challenges associated with plastic because it is biodegradable and can be produced from renewable resources. Extremophiles are considered to be potential PHA producers. An initial screening for the PHA synthesizing ability of a thermophilic bacteria Geobacillus stearothermophilus strain K4E3_SPR_NPP was carried out using Sudan black B staining. Nile red viable colony staining was used to further verify that the isolates produced PHA. Crotonic acid assays were used to determine the concentrations of PHA. The bacteria showed 31% PHA accumulation per dry cell weight (PHA/DCW) when glucose was used as a carbon source for growth. The molecule was identified to be medium chain length PHA, A copolymer of PHA containing poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)-poly(3-hydroxyvalerate)-poly(3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHB-PHV-PHHX) using 1H-NMR. Six carbon sources and four nitrogen sources were screened for the synthesis of maximum PHA content, of which lactose and ammonium nitrate showed45% and 53% PHA/DCW respectively. The important factors in the experiment are identified using the Plackett-Burman design, and optimization is performed using the response surface method. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the three important factors, and the maximum biomass and PHA productions were discovered. Optimal concentrations yielded a maximum of 0.48g/l biomass and 0.32g/l PHA, measuring 66.66% PHA accumulation. Dairy industry effluent was employed for the synthesis of PHA, yielding 0.73g/l biomass and 0.33g/l PHA, measuring 45% PHA accumulation. These findings add credibility to the possibility of adopting thermophilic isolates for PHA production using low-cost substrates.

The Use of Chitosan for Flocculation Recovery of Bacillus Biomass Grown on Dairy and Wine Industry Effluents

The downstream processing of efficient biomass-based microbial biopesticides is heavily reliant on obtaining the largest concentration of viable cells in the most cost-effective manner. The goal of this research was to assess the ability of chitosan flocculation to recover bacterial Bacillus sp. BioSol021 biomass from the broth after biological treatment of wastewaters from the dairy and wine industries. Second-order factorial design models were used to estimate the effect of chitosan concentration and mixing speed on flocculation efficiency, settling velocity, and antimicrobial activity against Aspergillus flavus, i.e., inhibition zone diameter. Response surface methodology was followed by multi-objective optimization by applying the desirability function (DF) and genetic algorithm (GA). The optimum values for flocculation efficiency, settling velocity, and inhibition zone diameter for cheese whey effluent were 88%, 0.10 mm/s, and 51.00 mm, respectively. In the case of winery flotation effluent, the optimum values were flocculation efficiency 95% and settling velocity 0.05 mm/s, while the inhibition zone diameter was 48.00 mm. These results indicate that utilizing chitosan as a flocculation agent not only fits the criteria for effective downstream processing, but also has a synergistic effect on Bacillus sp. antibacterial activity.

Dairy and Wine Industry Effluents as Alternative Media for the Production of Bacillus-Based Biocontrol Agents.

Food industry effluents represent one of the major concerns when it comes to environmental impact; hence, their valorization through different chemical and biological routes has been suggested as a possible solution. The vast amount of organic and inorganic nutrients present in food industry effluents makes them suitable substrates for microbial growth. This study suggests two valorization routes for whey as dairy industry effluent and flotation wastewater from the wine industry through microbial conversion to biocontrol agents as value-added products. Cultivations of the biocontrol strain Bacillus sp. BioSol021 were performed in a 16 L bioreactor to monitor the bioprocess course and investigate bioprocess kinetics in terms of microbial growth, sugar substrate consumption and surfactin synthesis, as an antimicrobial lipopeptide. The produced biocontrol agents showed high levels of biocontrol activity against mycotoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus, followed by a significant reduction of sugar load of the investigated effluents by the producing microorganisms. With proven high potential of whey and winery flotation wastewater to be used as substrates for microbial growth, this study provides grounds for further optimization of the suggested valorization routes, mostly in terms of bioprocess conditions to achieve maximal techno-economical feasibility, energy saving and maximal reduction of effluents' organic and inorganic burden.

Green approach for nutrients removal from real dairy wastewater via constructed wetland

Constructed wetlands (CWs) are considered one of the most promising future approaches for wastewater treatment from various sources at relatively low cost and with minimised environmental impacts. In this study, an integrated system of CW cells with horizontal subsurface flow were designed, installed and fed with fresh actual dairy industry effluent in continuous base. To investigate the simultaneous effect of arrangement and type of supporting media on the treatment efficiency, six identically designed CW system cells were installed using conventional naturally available cost-effective supporting media. The type and configuration of supporting materials were 100% gravel, 50% sand and 50% soil, 60% gravel and 40% sand, 100% sand, 50% sand and 50% soil and 100 soil for CW1, CW2, CW3, CW4, CW5 and CW6, respectively. All CW cells were planted with Canna indica except CW5, which was kept uncultivated as the control cell. The results revealed significant removal of nutrients with maximum removal efficiencies of 99 and 96% for phosphate and nitrate, respectively. The favourable results confirmed that CWs can be used as an inexpensive sustainable technique for dairy effluent treatment.

Evaluation of fatty acid profiles of Chlorella Vulgaris microalgae grown in dairy wastewater for producing biofuel.

Biodiesel is a biofuel made from plant oils and animal lipids. Utilization of lipid accumulation in algae biomass as biodiesel is a good alternative to fossil fuels. In this research Chlorella vulgaris microalga was applied after planting in BG11 culture medium in effluent and wastewater of dairy industry after preparation of 25, 50, and 75% dilutions. Algae in two concentrations with low (13 million cells/mL) and high density (26 million cells/mL) were injected. According to the results obtained in the wastewater environment the highest amount of C16:0 fatty acid was observed in F2 25% treatment, and C18:0 fatty acid is related to F1 75% treatment. In the effluent environment, the highest amount of fatty acids C16:0 and C16:1n7 occur in P1 50% treatment, and C18:0 and C18:3n3 fatty acids are related to P1 50% treatment, respectively. The highest amount of saturated fatty acids (SFA) was reported at P2 75% treatment (56.25%) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) has accumulated in F175% (40.13%) treatment. Chlorella vulgaris microalgae can be considered as a rich source of lipid and fatty acid profiles in both wastewater and effluents, and it can be regarded as potential significance source for biodiesel production.

Assessment of the Effect of Electromagnetic Field on Bacterial Load and Physicochemical Properties of A Selected Food and Dairy Industry Effluent in Akure

Management of industrial effluents is one of the major challenges affecting developing nations of the world. Many of these industries release their effluents indiscriminately into the environment without proper treatment, which has caused a great health hazards to the environment and living population of this nation. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of electromagnetic field on microbial load of industrial effluents from food and dairy industry at Akure, Ondo state, Nigeria. Bacteria were isolated and identified using biochemical and molecular methods. Microbiological analysis and physicochemical characterization of the industrial effluent were carried out to determine the effect of electromagnetic field on microbial load and physicochemical parameters of the industrial effluents. Eleven bacteria were isolated from the effluents, the morphological, microscopic and biochemical characteristics of the eleven isolated bacteria suggests the isolates to be Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis ,Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Lactococcous lactis, Micoccocus luteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Rhodococcus equi, Serratia marcesans and Staphylococcous aureus. It was observed that electromagnetic field (EMF) had significant effect on the bacterial load of the industrial effluent. Mean differences was considered significant at P≤0.05. Bacterial load decreases as the magnitude of the EMF increases with time. The physicochemical analysis of the raw and EMF treated effluents revealed that EMF treated effluent had lower mean values of physicochemical. This outcome of study shows that Electromagnetic field treatment of effluent is effective in reducing the bacterial load of food and dairy industrial effluents, hence making the effluent safe for the environment to which it will be discharged. The method for the treatment can be developed and modified for effective use in industrial settings which will be of great economic importance to food and dairy industries and waste water management of developing nations.

The dairy biorefinery: Integrating treatment process for Tunisian cheese whey valorization

In order to set up a cost-efficient biorefinery in a Tunisian dairy industry, the production unit effluents are recovered. The main objective is to develop an optimum method for the production of bioethanol from whey. An energy analysis as well as environmental and economic analyses are performed for a bioethanol production plant. Four production scenarios are examined in order to determine the most provident as well as the less polluting ones. The process and cost models were developed using SuperPro Designer software which a simulation program that is able to estimate both process and economic parameters. This software uses energy and mass balances. The model can be used to assess the efficiency, the resources consumption, the profitability and the environmental impact of each scenario. The results demonstrate that the third scenario, in which a reverse osmosis procedure is added to concentrate the whey, a continuous stoichiometric reaction procedure is integrated to model the biotransformation in the fermenter and where streams are added in order to recycle the biomass, produces the highest amount of bioethanol with 1.65 MT/year but the second one (where no streams were added) is the most profitable one with revenues as high as 570 000 $/year. The corresponding cost of ethanol production is 0.271 US $ ethanol per liter. The net present value (NPV) and the return on investment (ROI) of each scenario are positive. Such result indicates that all these investments could be undertaken in order to find an eco-friendly issue for the dairy industry effluents. Cheese whey could serve as an alternative raw material for producing ethanol.

Biosynthesis and characterizations of extracellular enzymes of microbial isolates from dairy industrial effluent

Diary effluents are environmental pollutant which could serve as source of substrate for microbial enzymes' synthesis. This research investigated the isolation and screening of bacteria and fungi with potential extracellular proteolytic and amylolytic properties from dairy effluents, and their characteristics for maximum enzyme production. Effluent from a dairy industry located in Ibadan, Nigeria, was collected for isolation and screening of microbial species for enzymatic activities. The Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Soluble Solid (TTS), and pH of the effluent were determined using standard procedures. The potential isolates were characterized morphologically and by molecular techniques. Proteolytic and amylolytic activities of isolates were investigated on skimmed milk starch agar respectively and optimized with varying pH (6.0 - 9.0), temperature (27 - 60 °C) and incubation period (12 - 72 h). Data were analyzed by Duncan Multiple Range Test. Biological Oxygen Demand, Total Soluble Solid and pH of the effluent were 14.67 mg/L, 13.33% and 7.58 respectively. Eleven isolates were positive for either protease or amylase synthesis, but only two showed both proteolytic and amylolytic activities and were molecularly characterized as Bacillus stratosphericus CM2HG6 and Aspergillus welwitschiae. Optimization showed that enzyme production by B. stratosphericus CM2HG6 was highest at 35 °C, pH 7.0 for 48 h, and that of A. welwitschiae achieved optimum production at 37 °C, pH 8.0 for 72 h. Under optimized conditions, Bacillus stratosphericus CM2HG6 was the highest amylase and protease producer (24.4 and 30.74 U/ml respectively), while A. welwitschiae was the lowest producer (12.58 and 18.8 U/ml respectively). The study successfully showed that these industrially-important enzymes can be produced by microbial strains isolated from dairy effluent, and production can be further optimized

Modelling and optimisation of chitosan anchored titanium dioxide nano-adsorbent for dairy industry effluent treatment

AbstractThe present study emphasised the efficiency of chitosan anchored titanium dioxide nano-adsorbent on dairy industry effluent treatment. Chitosan titanium dioxide nano-adsorbent was synthesised by using chemical precipitation method and characterised for its particle size, surface morphology and texture. A four-factor-three-level Box–Behnken design along with response surface methodology was used to optimise the adsorption process parameters. Linear, two factor interaction, quadratic and cubic model techniques were used to demonstrate the influence of each parameter and their interaction effects on the responses. The quadratic models derived from the experimental data were used to predict the maximum per cent reduction of biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The optimised treatment combination for maximum per cent reduction in BOD (90.48%) and COD (82.10%) was found to be initial concentration of 100 mg L−1, pH of 7, dosage of 1.25 mg L−1 and contact time of 100 min.

An investigation of monthly variation of different physicochemical parameters of dairy industry effluent

ABSTRACT Industrialization no doubt enhances the productivity, but also results in release of toxic substances into the environment, creating health hazards. Dairy industry ranks as one of the most polluted industries in India. For cleaning and washing procedures, dairy industry plants generate large volumes of waste water, which is 2.5 times milk volume processed. Dairy effluent contains high load of organic matter. This study was aimed at assessing the monthly variation of different physicochemical parameters of effluent like pH, Temperature, Turbidity, Electrical Conductivity, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Biological Oxygen Demand, Total Solids, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Suspended Solids, Chlorides, Sulfates, Oil &amp; Grease, Proteins, Lipids etc. The pH was recorded for values between 7.3 to 8.2 whereas overall mean value was 7.7±0.37 (S.D.) in all month’s data collected which is ambient for the microbial population to grow. Maximum temperature was reported in May (33°C) while lowest value was reported in December (24°C). Mean value of turbidity was recorded as 762±207 NTU. Maximum EC value was reported in January (650 µS/cm) while minimum value was reported in May (354 µS/cm). BOD values reported were between 268 to 950 mg/lit. Maximum BOD values were reported in August and October while minimum was reported in the month of July. Mean value was recorded at 597±208 mg/lit. COD mean value was recorded at 2184±417 mg/lit. Maximum COD values were observed during August and September while minimum during February to April. TDS was noted down to be between 960 to 1362 mg/lit. TS mean value was around 1412 ± 108 mg/lit. TSS was found to be between 245 to 365 mg/lit during the year 2013-14. Maximum TSS value was reported in November and September while minimum in March. Maximum chloride value was reported in March (562 mg/lit) while minimum in September (256 mg/lit). Mean value of sulfate was 247 ± 98 mg/lit. Mean value for oil and grease was recorded as 163 ± 44 mg/lit. Maximum protein value was reported in November (260 mg/lit) while minimum in the months of May and September (154 mg/lit). Mean value of lipid was recorded to be 600±63 mg/lit indicating obvious variation during batches. The present study has been aimed at procuring dairy industry effluents &amp; characterizing them for different parameters in order to check the fluctuation in organic loads.

Feasibility of applying nonthermal plasma for dairy effluent treatment and optimization of process parameters

AbstractDairy industry effluent will pollute the environment if not properly treated. In the present work, the feasibility of nonthermal plasma (NTP) for the treatment of dairy industry effluent is assessed. The effect of energy yield and plasma intensity on reduction of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal is investigated. Box–Behnken design (BBD) is employed to optimize the operating parameters such as initial pH (5–9), reaction time (4–8 h), effluent flow rate (10–90 ml/min) and applied voltage (20–30 kV) where COD and energy yield are taken as responses. The optimum condition for COD removal and energy yield is same with a pH of 9, effluent flow rate of 10 ml/min and applied voltage of 30 kVp‐p, whereas reaction time differs as 8 and 4 h, respectively. COD reduction of 52% indicates that NTP process is a promising technology for dairy effluent treatment.

Determination of design loading rates for simultaneous anaerobic oxidation/partial nitrification–denitrification process and application in treating dairy industry effluent

Organic carbon and nitrogen removal from highly polluted streams by using a simultaneous anaerobic oxidation/partial nitrification–denitrification (SAO/PND) system are investigated. Design loading rates of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) in this new developed process are recommended as 11.80 g COD L-1 d-1 and 0.63 g TIN L-1 d-1. The results showed 97% COD and 92% TIN removal efficiencies. High performance of the system was achieved in treating real dairy wastewater as well, and the effluent complied with international discharge standards into inland surface waters. Organic carbon was removed through anaerobic oxidation, assimilation, P–uptake by polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) and denitrifying PAOs (DPAOs), aerobic heterotrophs, and denitrification by DPAOs and denitrifying ordinary heterotrophic organisms (OHOs). Nitrogen removal mechanisms were assimilation, partial nitrification–denitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), and small portion uncharacterized processes. The SAO/PND system is found as an efficient, innovative, cost–effective, energy efficient, and small footprint process with less intensive operation and maintenance requirements. This system has been verified as a robust treatment method, and will yield new insights into the design of treating highly polluted streams in the future.

An investigation of monthly variation of different physicochemical parameters of dairy industry effluent

ABSTRACT Industrialization no doubt enhances the productivity, but also results in release of toxic substances into the environment, creating health hazards. Dairy industry ranks as one of the most polluted industries in India. For cleaning and washing procedures, dairy industry plants generate large volumes of waste water, which is 2.5 times milk volume processed. Dairy effluent contains high load of organic matter. This study was aimed at assessing the monthly variation of different physicochemical parameters of effluent like pH, Temperature, Turbidity, Electrical Conductivity, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Biological Oxygen Demand, Total Solids, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Suspended Solids, Chlorides, Sulfates, Oil &amp; Grease, Proteins, Lipids etc. The pH was recorded for values between 7.3 to 8.2 whereas overall mean value was 7.7±0.37 (S.D.) in all month’s data collected which is ambient for the microbial population to grow. Maximum temperature was reported in May (33°C) while lowest value was reported in December (24°C). Mean value of turbidity was recorded as 762±207 NTU. Maximum EC value was reported in January (650 µS/cm) while minimum value was reported in May (354 µS/cm). BOD values reported were between 268 to 950 mg/lit. Maximum BOD values were reported in August and October while minimum was reported in the month of July. Mean value was recorded at 597±208 mg/lit. COD mean value was recorded at 2184±417 mg/lit. Maximum COD values were observed during August and September while minimum during February to April. TDS was noted down to be between 960 to 1362 mg/lit. TS mean value was around 1412 ± 108 mg/lit. TSS was found to be between 245 to 365 mg/lit during the year 2013-14. Maximum TSS value was reported in November and September while minimum in March. Maximum chloride value was reported in March (562 mg/lit) while minimum in September (256 mg/lit). Mean value of sulfate was 247 ± 98 mg/lit. Mean value for oil and grease was recorded as 163 ± 44 mg/lit. Maximum protein value was reported in November (260 mg/lit) while minimum in the months of May and September (154 mg/lit). Mean value of lipid was recorded to be 600±63 mg/lit indicating obvious variation during batches. The present study has been aimed at procuring dairy industry effluents &amp; characterizing them for different parameters in order to check the fluctuation in organic loads.

Physical properties of influent and effluent samples collected from dairy industry effluent treatment plant

The dairy industries are an impudend bread and butter piece of many nations due to their resourceful products. Physical properties of dairy industrial effluent was varies with the different treatment methods, sampling sessions and months. The samples were characterized based on physical properties such as TSS, TDS, pH, EC and turbidity. Total seven samples were collected at sampling points of dairy effluent treatment system for further analysis. Results from the study revealed that, dairy effluent is slightly alkaline in nature, and TSS, TDS, pH and turbidity values obtained during the analysis of dairy effluent indicate the presence of heavy load of organic substances. Physical properties of effluent samples obtained after dead-end filtration system were more than the permissible limits of Environmental Protection Rule. Hence, it is very important that proper effluent treatment systems should be installed for the protection of the environmental health and for the ecological balance.