Daily Physical Activity Research Articles

The motivational impact of sport education model on daily physical activity levels among university students: a mediation analysis.

This study investigates the effects of the sport education model on physical literacy and its subsequent impact on daily physical activity levels among university students. Through mediation analysis, this study seeks to uncover the role of situational motivation in these effects. The participants in this study consist of 188 university students (male n = 132, female n = 70; mean age: 18.53 years) who were exposed to an 8-class, 10-lesson season as part of their physical education curriculum. Self-report measures were collected at baseline (1st lesson), post-intervention (10th lesson), and follow-up phases (5 weeks after). The results reveal significant mediation effects at the post-intervention (β = 0.201, t = 3.576, p < .001) and follow-up (β = 0.187, t = 3.069, p < .01) phases. Additionally, significant direct effects of physical literacy on physical activity metabolic minutes were found in the post-intervention phase (β = 0.293, t = 1.807, p < .05). Gender differences were also observed in the multigroup analysis. These findings demonstrated the motivation mediates the impact of the sport education model on promoting physical activity and highlight the multidimensional nature of physical literacy. Future research is recommended to explore the application of this pedagogical model in different educational contexts and populations, utilising robust analytical methods.

Effects of a dog activity tracker on owners' walking: a community-based randomised controlled trial.

A promising strategy to increase population physical activity is through promotion of dog walking. Informed by multi-process action control and nascent dog-walking theory, we examined the effectiveness of a 3-month technology-based (dog tracker) 2-arm randomised controlled dog-walking intervention to increase dog-owner daily physical activity in the general community in Sydney, Australia. 37 participants were allocated to the intervention group (mean age = 43.2 [SD 11.9]) and 40 to the control group (mean age = 42.3 [SD 11.9]). Both groups averaged more than 10,500 steps/day at baseline. There was no evidence of within- or between-group physical activity differences across timepoints. The results remained consistent after exclusion of participants who had data collected during COVID-19 lockdowns. Compared with baseline, both groups had significant increases in sedentary time during the post-intervention, and 6 month follow-up. The absence of significant differences between-group physical activity differences may be attributable to the ceiling effect of both groups already being sufficiently active. These results provide useful guidance to future studies intended to assess the efficacy of technology-based dog-walking interventions. Future dog-walking interventions should specifically target physically inactive dog owners. ACTRN12619001391167 (10/10/2019); Retrospectively registered.

Optimization of upper respiratory tract cancer diagnosis method based on exhaled breath gas analysis

Introduction. Head and neck tumors comprise about 7 % of all malignant neoplasms. In the head and neck area, tumors are usually located on the tongue (25–40 %) and floor of mouth (15–20 %). In the majority of cases, diagnosis, especially at early disease stages, is based on clinical and histopathological evaluation of tumor process. However, recently development and implementation of non-invasive techniques of early diagnosis of upper respiratory tract tumors through detection of pathognomonic volatile tumor markers in the exhaled air has become topical.Aim. To evaluate diagnostic accuracy of sensory gas analysis device and artificial neural network for examination of exhaled gas samples from patients with oropharyngeal, laryngeal, laryngopharyngeal cancer and to establish the optimal conditions for sampling.Materials and methods. The study included 28 patients with oropharyngeal, laryngeal, laryngopharyngeal cancers and 25 healthy volunteers. The proposed technique is based on analysis of samples of exhaled gas from the studied individuals using a diagnostic device developed by the authors. The device detects volatile compounds in the exhaled air using a set of semiconductor sensors with subsequent analysis by a neural network. The exhaled air was sampled using two methods: in the morning in the fasted state before daily hygienic procedures and physical activity (prepared samples) and in the context of everyday life, nutrition and hygiene without restrictions before sampling (non-prepared samples).Results. Based on the signals from the sensors, the neural network classified and detected patients with malignant tumors. Accuracy of the prepared samples from healthy volunteers and patients with oropharyngeal, laryngeal, laryngopharyngeal cancers was 79.17 %, of non-prepared – 84.09 %.Conclusion. High diagnostic accuracy of the developed technique of non-invasive diagnosis of malignant tumors of the oropharyngeal, laryngeal, laryngopharyngeal areas using exhaled air samples which does not require special preparation of the studied samples was demonstrated.

Temporal patterns of energy intake and physical activity and cross-sectional associations with body weight status in children and adolescents: results from the Portuguese National Food, Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey 2015-2016.

Temporal energy intake (EI) and physical activity (PA) patterns may be associated with obesity. We aimed to derive and characterise temporal EI and PA patterns and assess their cross-sectional association with weight status in participants aged 6-14 years from the Portuguese National Food, Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey 2015-2016. We extracted times and EI of all eating occasions from two 1-day food diaries/24-hour recalls, while types and times of PA from 4-day PA diaries. We derived EI patterns (n=714) and PA patterns (n=595), using, respectively, a hierarchical and K-means cluster analysis, considering the average proportion of total daily EI (%TEI) and PA intensity (%TPA), within each 2-hour interval across the 24-hour day. We assessed the association between patterns and Overweight or obesity (Body Mass Index z-score ≥+1 Standard Deviation) using adjusted logistic regressions [Odds ratio (95% Confidence Interval)]. Three EI patterns were identified and labelled based on the 2-h interval of %TEI peaks: 1-"Early afternoon & Early evening"; 2-"Early afternoon & Late evening", and 3-"Late morning, Early and Mid-afternoon & Late evening". EI Pattern 3 vs. 1 was negatively associated with overweight or obesity [0.49 (0.26,0.92)]. PA pattern 1-"Late Morning, Mid-afternoon & Early evening" vs. Pattern 2-"Late afternoon", was not associated with weight status [0.95 (0.65,1.38)]. A daily EI pattern characterised by more and even %TEI peaks at earlier daytime periods, instead of less, may be negatively associated with overweight or obesity amongst Portuguese 6-to-14-year-olds, whereas the identified PA patterns might have no relationship.

Development of Learning Activities Using Layered Teaching Methods and Taekwondo Abilities of First-year Students at Luzhou Vocational and Technical College

Background and Aims: Taekwondo is a martial art that originated on the Korean Peninsula and has since spread across the country as a movement that emphasizes moral development and physical fitness. The "Healthy China 2030 Planning Outline" intends to support youth sports, guaranteeing young people's daily physical activity and competency in a variety of sports. Thus, this paper aims (1) To develop learning activities and the layered teaching method for the Taekwondo course. (2) To compare Taekwondo abilities using a layered teaching method between the pre-test and the post-test. And (3) To study the students’ satisfaction with the layered teaching method for the Taekwondo course. The sample group is 45 first-year students at Luzhou Vocational and Technical College. Methodology: The population is 3 classrooms of students, totaling 180 students with similar knowledge and abilities, and the first-year students at Luzhou Vocational and Technical College in the first semester of the academic year 2023. The sample group is 45 first-year students at Luzhou Vocational and Technical College, in the first semester of the academic year 2023, obtained from the cluster sampling technique. Results: The results of the study were as follows;1) The development of layered teaching methods for the Taekwondo course has an average suitability value for all plans equal to 4.23, which is at a high level. (2) Students who studied using the layered teaching method for the Taekwondo course had higher Taekwondo abilities post-test than pre-test at a statistical significance of.05, and (3) Students who learned using the layered teaching method for the Taekwondo course had overall satisfaction at a very high level. Conclusion: The Taekwondo course's layered teaching approach proved to be very effective, greatly enhancing students' post-test performance and resulting in extremely high levels of overall student satisfaction. This technique successfully raises student engagement in Taekwondo as well as skill acquisition.

Associations Between Biodiversity, Forest Characteristics, Distance to Blue Space and Accelerometer-Measured Physical Activity—Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 Study

We studied how the quantity and quality of residential green spaces and distance to different types of blue spaces are associated with the accelerometer-measured physical activity (PA) among adults with different levels of total daily PA. The associations of the participants’ socio-demographic and personal characteristics and environmental features with light PA (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) were analyzed using linear mixed models (n = 5470). The results indicated that greater residential forest area was associated with higher LPA among those with high level of total daily PA and with less MVPA among those with low level of total daily PA. Environments with high tree stand structure diversity or close to sea were associated with higher MVPA in high PA group. Varied natural environment can encourage leisure time activities in nearby nature, but individuals’ personal and socioeconomic variables seemed to be more strongly associated with LPA and MVPA than environmental characteristics.

Association of daily physical activity with pulmonary artery pressure in HFpEF and HFmrEF NYHA class III patients: a pilot trial-feasibility and first results.

Supervised physical exercise has been shown to benefit patients with heart failure with preserved/mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFpEF/HfmrEF) by improving symptoms and diastolic function. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between unsupervised daily physical activity and changes in daily pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) in patients with stable NYHA class III heart failure (HF) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 45% or higher. Daily physical activity was monitored over a 3-month period using a Holter-ECG with an accelerometer that calculated an activity-associated, heart rate-derived metabolic equivalent of task (MET) score. PAP was measured using an implanted sensor in 17 patients. During 3months of PAP monitoring in parallel with Holter ECG in our HF patients (median age 77 [IQR 72-79.5] years, LVEF 55 [49-56] %, mean cardiac index 1.9 ± 0.3), mean, diastolic, and systolic PAP remained unchanged. Patients engaged in unsupervised daily activity with a mean MET score of 5.0 ± 1.2 and a median daily duration of 41 [13-123] minutes. Intensity of daily activity was associated with a higher diastolic PAP on the following day (R2 = 0.017, p = 0.003), particularly in female patients and those with pulmonary hypertension (PH) (female: R2 = 0.044, p = 0.002; PH: R2 = 0.024, p = 0.004). Patients with longer daily activity durations had lower systolic and mean PAP (p = 0.038 and p = 0.048) and a similar diastolic PAP (p = 0.053) after 3months. Tracking changes in daily PAP based on intensity and duration of unsupervised daily activity using implanted sensors and a PocketECG® is feasible. While daily activity duration was not directly linked to diastolic PAP on the first day after daily activity, intensity, especially in female and PH patients, was associated with increased diastolic PAP. In addition, longer daily activity, rather than higher intensity, might be more important for lowering PAP in the long term. Further research in larger trials is warranted to confirm these findings.

Measuring validity and reliability of the Italian version of Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children in overweight and obese children

The measure of daily physical activity (PA) is one of the most important topics in the field of health promotion. In addition, self-efficacy and enjoyment are significant factors that can foster adherence to physical activity during a person’s lifetime. The present study aims to assess the validity and reliability of Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children-Italian version (PAQ-C-It) in a sample of normal weight, overweight, and obese children. Three studies were conducted to assess the (1) general characteristics of PAQ-C-It, (2) model fit and construct validity between PA, self-efficacy, and enjoyment, and (3) reliability and construct validity of PAQ-C-It in normal weight, overweight, and obese children. The sample involved a total of 914, 500, and 600 children (male = 466, female = 448) attending first grade of secondary school (age = 11–13 years), in the first, second and third study, respectively. Children were asked to respond to three scales: Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C-It), the Perceived Physical Ability Scale (PPAS), and Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES). Then, explorative and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to assess the validity and reliability of the PAQ-C-It by relating results with those of the other scales. The analysis showed acceptable value and internal consistency of items for the subscales (α &amp;gt; 0.7), as well as the average variance extracted (&amp;gt;0.5) in both normal weight, overweight, and obese children. The results of the present study show that PAQ-C-It can be applied in the field of physical activity to measure adherence to physical activity and healthy behaviors. Moreover, self-efficacy and enjoyment are significant factors that can best promote adherence to PA. The present study can extend our knowledge about PAQ-C-It and open up new research avenues for driving interventions aimed at reducing sedentary behavior and improving PA in overweight and obese children.

Exploring the effects of multi-dimensional geographic environment on daily sleep and physical activity based on the Actigraph data

Understanding the interplay between people’s daily sleep and physical activity and how geographic environment influences them are important for developing healthy cities. However, such research has been limited. This study aims to explore the bidirectional and nonlinear relationship between daily sleep and physical activity, and further investigate the comprehensive influences of multi-dimensional geographic environment on these health behaviors. Based on the objective data on sleep and physical activity over seven consecutive days using wrist-based accelerometers in Beijing, China, we developed a series of models to analyze the mutual influences between people’s daily sleep and physical activity, and employed the generalized additive model (GAM) to examine their potential nonlinear relationships and how geographic environment – including meteorological conditions, built environment, and social environment – influences them. The results show that sleep and physical activity exhibit notable bidirectional relationship. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) is observed to improve sleep quality, but it decreases sleep duration. In contrast, total sleep time (TST) exhibits an inverted U-shaped pattern with both MVPA and total step counts, with the optimal sleep duration at 5 hours. Furthermore, meteorological factors, built environment characteristics, and social environment have significant linear or nonlinear effects on people’s daily sleep and physical activity. The outcomes of this study offer valuable insights for enhancing residents’ health and developing healthy cities.

Mobility Abilities Mediate the Association of a More Active Lifestyle With Mobility Disability in Older Adults.

Few studies have analyzed sensor-derived metrics of mobility abilities and total daily physical activity (TDPA). We tested whether sensor-derived mobility metrics and TDPA indices are independently associated with mobility disabilities. This cohort study derived mobility abilities from a belt-worn sensor that recorded annual supervised gait testing. TDPA indices were obtained from a wrist-worn activity monitor. Mobility disability was determined by self-report and inability to perform an 8-feet walk task. Baseline associations of mobility metrics and TDPA (separately and together) were examined with logistic regressions and incident associations (average 7 years follow-up) with Cox models. Mediation analysis quantified the extent mobility metrics mediate the association of TDPA with mobility disability. 724 ambulatory older adults (mean age 82 years, 77.4% female) were studied. In separate models, mobility abilities (eg, step time variability, turning angular velocity) and TDPA were related to mobility disabilities. Examined together in a single model, mobility abilities remained associated with mobility disabilities, while TDPA was attenuated. This attenuation of TDPA could be explained by mediation analysis that showed about 50% of TDPA associations with mobility disabilities is mediated via mobility abilities (prevalent mobility disability 54%, incident mobility disability 40%, incident loss of ambulation 50%; all p's < .001). Sensor-derived mobility metrics assess more diverse facets of mobility. These metrics mediate approximately half of the association of higher levels of daily physical activity with reduced mobility disability in older adults. Findings may inform the design of targeted interventions to reduce mobility disability in late life.

Within-person associations between daily stress and physical activity during working and non-working hours

Within-person associations between daily stress and physical activity during working and non-working hours

Fit club: Outcomes from 35-minute daily exercise program for autistic adolescents

BackgroundAutistic children and adolescents have academic performance challenges and are often reluctant to participate in physical activities. Executive function (EF) abilities generally remain stable or worsen as autistic children get older and obesity and lack of physical fitness are frequent concerns experienced by these individuals. Finding ways to address these concerns has the potential to improve outcomes in autistic youth. MethodWe conducted a 12-month, repeated-measures study to examine the effectiveness of a mandatory 35-minute daily school physical activity intervention involving low to moderate exertion for autistic adolescents (n = 29). Changes in fitness, EF, social responsiveness, and restrictive and repetitive behaviors were examined. ResultsSignificant improvements were seen in fitness, EF areas (specifically cognitive flexibility and planning/organizing), restrictive and repetitive behaviors and social responsiveness. ConclusionFindings suggest that participation in a mandatory daily 35-minute physical activity program with low to moderate exertion is feasible and may contribute to improved EF, fitness, restricted and repetitive behavior, and social responsiveness in autistic adolescents.

Correlation Between Physical Activity and Learning Concentration, Self-Management, and Interpersonal Skills Among Korean Adolescents

This study aimed to investigate the association between physical activity participation and key developmental competencies—learning concentration, self-management, and interpersonal skills—among Korean adolescents. Data were drawn from the 2021 Study on the State of Play Culture of Children and Adolescents and Measures to Support Growth, conducted by the Korea Adolescent Policy Institute. The study participants included elementary, middle, and high school students in Korea, consisting of 1507 males (53.3%) and 1322 females (46.7%), totaling 2829. We analyzed the data using frequency distribution, chi-square test, and multivariate logistic regression. The results revealed a significant sex difference in the duration of physical activity, with boys spending more time engaging in physical activity than girls. In addition, time spent on physical activities decreased as the school grade level increased. Notably, the more time Korean adolescents spent engaging in daily physical activity, the higher they rated their learning concentration, self-management, and interpersonal skills. These findings suggest the need to promote greater physical activity among adolescents—particularly among girls—which can help improve learning concentration, self-management, and interpersonal skills.

Energy expenditure, metabolic adaptation, physical activity and energy intake following weight loss: comparison between bariatric surgery and low-calorie diet.

Bariatric surgery remains the most effective treatment to achieve substantial weight loss; however, total daily energy expenditure and physical activity changes in response to such interventions have been seldom explored. In this prospective observational study, total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) using doubly labeled water and physical activity (SenseWear armband) was assessed in 17 females (mean ± SD: 48.6 ± 9.7 kg/m2, 43 ± 12 years) at baseline and 8 and 52 weeks following either bariatric surgery (BSG, N = 9) or a low-calorie diet (LCD, N = 8). Energy intake was assessed using the intake-balance method. After 8 weeks, weight loss was 16.0 ± 3.5 kg and TDEE decreased by 552 ± 319 kcal/d in BSG (P < 0.001) compared to 8.8 ± 3.4 kg and 256 ± 239 kcal/d in LCD (P < 0.05). After 52 weeks, weight loss was 44.3 ± 16.4 kg and TDEE decreased by 583 ± 418 kcal/d (P < 0.001), compared to 4.3 ± 6.7 kg and 84 ± 285 kcal/d in LCD (P > 0.05). TDEE was lower than predicted in BSG at 8 (P = 0.03) but not 52 weeks (P = 0.77). There was no evidence of metabolic adaptation in LCD. Average daily energy intake in BSG was 1403 ± 245 kcal/d compared to 2545 ± 398 kcal/d in LCD (P < 0.001). In BSG, step count and physical activity minutes were increased at 52 weeks compared to baseline (P = 0.03), whereas no significant changes were observed in LCD. Bariatric surgery-induced weight loss decreased TDEE at 8 weeks and 1 year, resulting in metabolic adaptation after 8 weeks that was reversed at 1 year. These changes were accompanied by an increase in physical activity.

Association between wearable activity trackers usage and levels of physical activity among Athens Medical Society members

Abstract Introduction Wearable Activity Trackers (WAT) provide real-time feedback on activity levels and play a pivotal role in fostering an active lifestyle. Moreover, WAT can encourage doctors’ awareness to be more conscious of their daily physical activity whose exercise habits range between different medical specialties. Purpose The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of WAT usage on physicians’ exercise habits according to the recommendations of ESC Guidelines. Methods This cross-sectional study comprised 742 physicians of the Athens Medical Society (AMS), Greece. The study instrument was a self-administered questionnaire mailed in October 2023 to evaluate physicians’ usage of WAT, baseline characteristics of population, specialty, and physical exercise habits. European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Guidelines recommend at least 150 min/week of moderate-intensity exercise in all healthy adults. Subjects were divided in two groups according to their usage of WAT or not in their everyday life: 1. Daily usage of WAT (Group A); 2. No regular or even on usage of WAT (Group B). Results A considerably high proportion of the total population use WAT daily (38%). Between Group A and Group B there was no difference in age (49±12 years vs. 51±13 years, p=0.07), male sex prevalence (55% vs. 49%, p=0.08) and BMI (25.7± 4.6 kg/m2 vs. 25.2± 4.1 kg/m2, p=0.11). Interestingly, there was statistically significant difference in mean exercise endurance training time between Group A and Group B (301±304 min. vs. 209±268 min., p&amp;lt;0.001) (Figure 1) and in the proportion of the doctors who follow the ESC Recommendations (63.5% vs. 47.2%, p&amp;lt;0.001). Furthermore, most of the physicians who use WAT have awareness for ESC Guidelines (59% vs. 47%, p&amp;lt;0.001), and most of them apply diet to lose weight (36% vs. 29%, p=0.04). Finally, WAT were mostly used by 4 main specialties: Cardiology (47%), Endocrinology (44%), Surgery (35%) and Internal Medicine (25%), with cardiologists reporting the higher use (p=0.045). Conclusion This study underscores the widespread adoption of WAT among physicians, highlighting their potential to positively influence exercise habits and adherence to ESC Guidelines. Physicians using WAT demonstrated increased exercise endurance training time, greater awareness of ESC Guidelines, and a higher propensity to implement weight loss diets compared to non-users. Additionally, variations in WAT usage and awareness of ESC Guidelines across medical specialties emphasize the need for targeted interventions to promote physical activity and enhance overall health among healthcare professionals.

Convergent Validity of Garmin Vivofit Jr. 3 and Fitbit Ace 3 for Monitoring Daily Physical Activity of Children

ABSTRACT This study aimed to assess the agreement in physical activity (PA) estimates from Garmin Vivofit Jr. 3 (VFJ 3) and Fitbit Ace 3 (Ace 3) with a research-grade accelerometer (wGT3X-BT) in children under free-living conditions. Twenty-five children (Girls: 56%, Age: 10.1 ± 2.5 years, BMI: 17.1 ± 2.4 kg/m2) performed daily activities for 7 consecutive days while wearing VFJ 3, Ace 3, and wGT3X-BT. Pearson correlations, Bland–Altman plots, mean percent error (MPE), mean absolute percent error (MAPE), and equivalence tests were conducted to evaluate the agreement of VFJ 3 and Ace 3 with wGT3X-BT. VFJ 3 and Ace 3 had strong positive correlations (range: r = 0.71 to 0.95) with wGT3X-BT in estimating steps and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and provided relatively valid estimates for daily steps. Although Ace 3 had no systematic bias and a low group measurement error (MPE: −10.1%) in estimating MVPA, VFJ 3 consistently overestimated daily MVPA. Collectively, VFJ 3 and Ace 3 can be valid devices to monitor children’s PA levels with daily step counts.

Using Qualitative Geospatial Methods to Explore Physical Activity in Children with Developmental Disabilities: A Feasibility Study

Children with developmental disabilities (DDs) experience barriers to physical activity (PA) participation. Greater contextual information regarding their PA behaviors is needed for effective PA promotion. We investigated the feasibility of using activity trackers and Global Positioning Systems (GPS) devices with follow-up interviews to explore PA behaviors in children with DDs. Fifteen children with DDs (aged 10 ± 2 years) wore an activity tracker and GPS device for 7 days. Data were time-aligned to measure PA and identify PA locations. Maps were created to guide follow-up semi-structured interviews with the children and their parents/guardians to understand PA contexts and perceptions of daily PA. The children took 8680 ± 4267 steps/day across 6 ± 1 days. The children provided preferences for PA locations and the parents/guardians gave context by expressing how DDs affect PA and identifying environmental factors in PA locations. The children with DDs who lived near parks, participated in PA that leveraged the strengths of their individual skillsets, and had parents/guardians who provided social support had more positive PA experiences. Combining activity tracking and GPS data with follow-up map-based interviews is feasible to explore PA behaviors and the experiences of children with DDs. This methodology may provide novel insight into daily PA in children with DDs, which can inform how future interventions can support them to be more active and have positive experiences while being active.

Are school settings restricting access to daily physical activity for children with cystic fibrosis? Parents’ perspectives and recommendations for practice

ABSTRACT Background Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a genetic life limiting disease that impacts upon quality of life. An aim of CF care is to preserve lung function, with physical activity (PA) being an important part of daily airway clearance. Ensuring children have opportunities to engage in PA at school should be an important part of their daily routine. It is important to gain parental perspectives on this, as they manage the daily care for their children. This study aims to explore parents’ perceptions of school-based PA for their children with CF. Methods Parents of children with CF (n = 10), from three regions of the UK (England, Wales and Northern Ireland) took part in online semi-structured interviews. Data were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Results Although parents recognized the benefits of school-based PA for their children, systemic barriers in the school setting often inhibit daily PA for children with CF, including teachers’ misconceptions, emotional and physical barriers, and PA not being a priority. Conclusion Recommendations for practice have been developed to help engage children with CF in daily school-based PA in an inclusive way, with the hope of maintaining health outcomes for children with CF.

Nutrition and Training Recommendations for Transgender and Gender-Diverse Athletes Involved in Strength Sports and Resistance Training: A Case Series of Nine Athletes Assigned Female at Birth.

Transgender and gender diverse (TGGD) athletes have distinct nutrition and training considerations. Guidance for nutrition and sport professionals working with TGGD athletes is lacking, especially when addressing sex-specific data. The purpose of this case series was to depict nutrition and training assessment approaches and recommendations for TGGD athletes involved in strength sports or resistance training. Six types of data informed each case presentation, including: demographic, anthropometric, health history, and survey data (Eating Competence Scale, Exercise Benefits and Barriers Scale); a 3-day food and physical activity record; and an in-depth interview. Nine TGGD athletes assigned female at birth (AFAB) presented with a range of gender identities, experiences, sport involvement, and transition journeys. Most athletes consumed inadequate energy and fiber, adequate or marginally high levels of saturated fat and added sugars, and high levels of sodium. Most athletes scored low on the Eating Competence Scale and high on the Exercise Benefits and Barriers Scale. Nutrition and sports professionals can individualize the care they provide for TGGD athletes when addressing sex-specific data and help athletes ensure they are meeting their nutrient needs.

The relevance of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals in the promotion of sport, physical activity, and recreation in Canada.

Canada is unique in that it has established four national strategies in support of sport, physical activity, and/or recreation (SPAR). Though some of these strategies identify potential social and environmental correlates of SPAR, and articulate societal outcomes such as changes in behaviour and health, there are no explicit links to larger global initiatives such as the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Given that countries are expected to propose a plan for addressing the 17 SDGs, and that obvious overlap exists between several of the proposed development goals and SPAR, Canada should consider whether common indicators can be identified across these strategies and the SDGs simultaneously to facilitate more efficient and effective action. To date, the only SPAR-related indicator proposed in the Canadian plan for SDGs is the health benefit(s) associated with engagement in daily physical activity under Goal 3. Taking an evidence-informed approach for identifying those SDGs for which there are synergies with existing SPAR strategies, we suggest that other goals addressing gender equality, sustainable communities, climate action, life on the land, and peace and justice also share co-benefits with SPAR in Canada. Thus, any revisions to the existing SPAR strategies should identify linkages to the SDGs and indicators.