Daily Fish Intake Research Articles

Monitoring and Risk Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Fishery Products Using GC-MS/MS in South Korea.

The aim of this study was to assess the risk of pesticide contamination in aquaculture and its impact on fishery products. We conducted an assessment of 300 samples collected from nine regions in South Korea, including various types of seafood, such as freshwater fish, marine fish, crustaceans, and shellfish. Pesticide residues in seafood were analyzed using GC-MS/MS after sample preparation using a modified QuEChERS method, revealing the presence of eight pesticides (4,4'-DDE, 4,4'-DDT, boscalid, isoprothiolane, oxadiazon, pendimethalin, thifluzamide, and trifluralin) across seven fish species (carp, far eastern catfish, crucian carp, eel, Chinese muddy loach, mirror carp, and sea bass). Following the grouping of DDE with DDT, a risk assessment of fishery products was conducted. After the estimated daily intake (EDI) of fish was calculated and compared with the acceptable daily intake (ADI), the health risk index (HI, %ADI) of the detected pesticides was evaluated and found to be 1.07% or lower. The results suggest that the consumption of domestically farmed fish products in South Korea poses minimal health risks associated with pesticide residues.

Evaluating the dietary quality of 454 rural elderly aged 65 years and above in Luzhou City in 2023

To evaluate the dietary quality of the rural elderly aged 65 years and above. In February-March 2023, a convenience sampling method was adopted to select 454 rural elderly aged 65 years and above in a township of Luzhou City. The dietary survey was conducted using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire(FFQ-25), and the questionnaire information was collected by face-to-face interviews. Dietary quality was evaluated using the Dietary Balance Index-16(DBI-16) score. The proportion of older people in the region with moderate and high dietary imbalances was 79.7%. Inadequate and excessive dietary intake coexisted. The average daily intake of cereals and potatoes and livestock and meat foods were 356.7 g and 76.2 g, exceeding the recommended intake. The average daily intake of fruit, milk and fish and shrimp intake was 22.8 g, 36 g and 3.7 g, respectively, which was only 10% of the recommended amount, and the intake was seriously insufficient. In addition, the degree of food diversity is relatively low, with most of the average daily intake of food types ranging from five to eight, and only 4.6% of the elderly having more than eight. A total of seven dietary patterns were found among the rural elderly in the region, including a certain degree of under-consumption pattern, a severe under-consumption pattern, a certain degree of over-consumption pattern, and a pattern of both under-consumption and over-consumption. That was dominated by the pattern of severe underconsumption and the pattern of some degree of underconsumption and higher degree of overconsumption, which accounted for 72.3% of the total. The rural elderly aged 65 years and above in Luzhou City have a serious dietary imbalance, with a high proportion of insufficient intake of vegetables, fruits and milk, as well as aquatic products and eggs; and excessive intake of livestock, poultry, meat and cereals and potatoes.

Effects of Different Feeding Frequency on the Growth, Feed utilization and Body Composition of Juvenile Eel Anguilla japonica in Semi-RAS(Recirculating Aquaculture System)

A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding frequency on the growth performance and body composition of juvenile eel, Anguilla japonica. Duplicate groups of fish (initial fish weight, 0.93 g/fish) were fed to apparent satiation at one, two, three, or four meals per day for 8 weeks. The results of the present study showed that weight gain and specific growth rate of fish fed one meal per day were significantly lower than those of fish fed three and four meals per day, were not affected by two meals per day. Daily feed intake of fish fed one meal per day was significantly lower than that of fish fed four meals per day, was not affected by two meals and three meals per day. Feed efficiency, daily protein intake and protein efficiency ratio were not affected by feeding frequency. The moisture, crude protein, crude lipid and crude ash were not affected by feeding frequency. Consequently, the present results suggested that optimum feeding frequency of juvenile eel (average weigth 0.9 to 3 g) is three meals per day.

Mercury Contamination in Fish and Its Effects on the Health of Pregnant Women and Their Fetuses, and Guidance for Fish Consumption—A Narrative Review

As a principal source of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (3FAs), which provide vital health benefits, fish consumption also comes with the additional benefit of being rich in diverse nutrients (e.g., vitamins and selenium, high in proteins and low in saturated fats, etc.). The consumption of fish and other seafood products has been significantly promoted universally, given that fish is an important part of a healthy diet. However, many documents indicate that fish may also be a potential source of exposure to chemical pollutants, especially mercury (Hg) (one of the top ten chemicals or groups of chemicals of concern worldwide), and this is a grave concern for many consumers, especially pregnant women, as this could affect their fetuses. In this review, the definition of Hg and its forms and mode of entrance into fish are introduced in detail and, moreover, the bio-accumulation of Hg in fish and its toxicity and action mechanisms on fish and humans, especially considering the health of pregnant women and their fetuses after the daily intake of fish, are also reviewed. Finally, some feasible and constructive suggestions and guidelines are recommended for the specific group of pregnant women for the consumption of balanced and appropriate fish diets in a rational manner.

A Comparison between Dietary Consumption Status and Healthy Dietary Pattern among Adults Aged 55 and Older in China.

The nutrition and health of middle-aged and elderly people is crucial to the long-term development of a country. The present study aimed to analyze the dietary consumption status in Chinese adults by using baseline and follow-up data from the community-based Cohort Study on Nervous System Diseases between 2018–2020 and selecting those aged 55 and older (n = 23,296). Dividing 65 food items into 17 subgroups on the basis of a valid semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, we analyze the consumption amount and consumption rate of foods in relation to wave and sociodemographic factors by employing the Wilcoxon rank sum test, Kruskal–Wallis analysis, the Chi-squared test, and the Cochran–Armitage trend test and evaluate food intake status using the Chinese Dietary Guidelines Recommendations (2022). Compared to 2018, the median daily intake of livestock meat, poultry, and eggs increased in 2020 (p < 0.05), while the median daily intake of wheat, other cereals, tubers, legumes, fruits, and fish and seafood decreased (p < 0.05). The proportion of subjects with excessive intake of grain, livestock and poultry, and eggs was 46.3%, 36.6%, and 26.6%, respectively, while the proportion of subjects with insufficient intake of whole grains and mixed beans, tubers, legumes, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, and fish and seafood were 98.4%, 80.3%, 74.0%, 94.6%, 94.3%, 75.8%, and 86.5%, respectively, and more than 50% of subjects were non-consumers of dairy products, nuts, and whole grains and mixed beans. In conclusion, the problem of unhealthy dietary structure is prominent among adults aged 55 and older in China; insufficient or excessive intakes of various types of foods are common; and excessive consumption of edible oil and salt remains a serious problem.

Association of maternal dietary patterns with child birth weight and size in India: Evidence from National Family Health Survey, 2005 to 2016

Background: Maternal dietary diversity during pregnancy is a major determinant of birth weight and birth size of infant. During pregnancy, mother diet is highly dependent on their topographical, cultural, and sociodemographic circumstances. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the association between the maternal dietary intake with child birth weight and birth size along with the sociodemographic factors in India. Materials and Methods: The data for this study were drawn from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS), 2005 to 2006 and 2015 to 2016 held in India. Inferential statistical analysis Chi-square was built to test was used to examine the association between maternal dietary patterns, and logistic regression model was used to analyze the effect of mother’s dietary patterns on child birth weight and size by controlling the sociodemographic factors. Results: Mother’s daily intake of fish, meat, green leafy vegetables, and fruits was associated with higher birth weight or size and lower risk of intrauterine growth retardation. Women with ?2 dietary diversity categories had significantly higher proportion of low birth weight (LBW) and size of babies comparatively to those in the ?2 dietary diversity categories, there were lesser chance of LBW and small size of babies with women’s dietary diversity 3 (odds ranges from 1.09 to 1.44) or ?4 (odds ranges from 1.15 to 1.59). Furthermore, low birth order, mother’s underweight status, low maternal education, and wealth status significantly have positive association with the poor birth outcomes. Conclusion: The birth weight and size of newborns were found positively associated with the mother’s dietary intake. To meet the aim of maternal dietary diversity and to achieve the double bonus, the government should focus more on supplementation and food security programs during pregnancy that also include nutritional education as well as behavioral and social change interventions strategies.

Combined Higher Frequency Fish Consumption and Healthy Lifestyle May Lower the Triglyceride/HDL-C Ratio in Middle-Aged Japanese Males: Anti-Atherosclerotic Effect of Fish Consumption

Background: Fish consumption may be associated with a low risk of coronary artery disease. We aimed to investigate whether higher fish consumption results in improved lifestyle behaviors and thus lower triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio – a predictor of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Methods and Results: This cross-sectional study included 2,947 middle-aged Japanese males with no history of ASCVD or lipid-modifying therapy, who presented at the Health Planning Center of Nihon University Hospital between April 2018 and March 2019. We performed an analysis of variance using fish consumption as a categorical variable (0–2 days, 3–4 days, or 5–7 days per week). The serum TG/HDL-C ratio in the 5–7 days fish consumption group was significantly lower than those in the 0–2 and 3–4 days fish consumption groups (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.01, respectively). Multiple regression stepwise analysis revealed that weekly fish consumption negatively and independently determined the TG/HDL-C ratio (β = −0.061, p = 0.001). As fish consumption increased, the proportion of subjects with smoking habits decreased (p = 0.014), those engaging in aerobic exercises and aggressive daily physical activity increased (p < 0.0001 for both), and those with alcohol habit increased (p < 0.0001). In addition, we developed the risk stratification for ASCVD by combining the serum HDL-C level and the serum TG/HDL-C ratio with fish consumption. Conclusion: Increased frequency of fish consumption and improved lifestyle behaviors due to daily fish intake may work additively to lower the serum TG/HDL-C ratio. These associations may explain why high fish consumption is associated with a lower risk of ASCVD. Our findings may help physicians and nutritionists in treating patients with heart diseases and metabolic conditions by recommending a high fish diet in middle-aged Japanese males.

Effect of red snapper fish intake on pyramidal cells in hypothyroidic rat brain model

Congenital hypothyroidism in infants results from partial or complete loss of thyroid glands, resulting in thyroid hormone deficiency. The untreated low thyroid hormone levels induce impairment in the maturation of the developing brain by regulating neurogenesis. Proper treatment in the specific onset timing and duration have shown to increase the chances of brain recovery. In this study, we examined the effect of daily intake of red snapper fish to improve the profile of brain cerebrum on hypothyroidic rat model, particularly on the number and distribution of pyramidal cells. Hypothyroid pups were produced by propylthiouracil induced female rats during pregnancy from E14 until P21. The rats were randomly divided into four groups, which include negative (congenital hypothyroidism) and positive control (thyroxine therapy) as well as red snapper-enriched diet at dosage 25% and 50%. After four weeks treatments, the rats were dissected and brain sections were made using paraffin embedding and hematoxylin-eosin staining to observe pyramidal cell numbers and distribution in cell layer III of the cerebral cortex. The result showed that the consumption of 50% red snapper diet increased the number of pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex, parallel to the elevated thyroid hormone levels which was nearly equal to control.

Association among daily fish intake, white blood cell count, and healthy lifestyle behaviors in an apparently healthy Japanese population: implication for the anti-atherosclerotic effect of fish consumption.

Higher fish consumption has been reported to be associated with a lower incidence of coronary artery disease. We hypothesized that a higher frequency of fish intake may be associated with lower peripheral white blood cell (WBC) counts, a marker of chronic inflammation, which is known to be involved in the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), and a healthy lifestyle. This cross-sectional study was conducted between April 2018 and August 2018 at the Health Planning Center of Nihon University Hospital in a cohort of 4105 apparently healthy subjects. The average frequency of fish intake was 2.3 ± 1.3days per week. The WBC count decreased significantly as the frequency of fish intake (0-2days, 3-4days, or 5-7days per week) increased (s < 0.0001). Multivariate linear regression analysis identified higher weekly frequency of fish intake as a significant independent determinant of a lower WBC count (β = - 0.051, p = 0.001). Furthermore, as the weekly frequency of fish intake increased, the proportion of habitual cigarette smokers decreased (p = 0.021), that of subjects engaging in habitual aerobic exercises increased (p < 0.0001), and the weekly alcohol intake frequency increased (p < 0.0001). Moreover, the above-mentioned lifestyle behaviors were also independent determinants of the WBC count. These results suggest that a high frequency of fish intake might be associated with healthier lifestyle behaviors as well as lower WBC counts, and thus may both exert beneficial anti-inflammatory effects and represent a component of healthier lifestyle behaviors associated with a lower risk of ASCVD in Japanese. This association may be partially related to the preventive effects of a higher fish intake on ASCVD events. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: UMIN ( http://www.umin.ac.jp/ ) Study ID: UMIN000039197 retrospectively registered 1 February 2020.

Comparisons of zero-augmented continuous regression models from a Bayesian perspective.

The two-part model and the Tweedie model are two essential methods to analyze the positive continuous and zero-augmented responses. Compared with other continuous zero-augmented models, the zero-augmented gamma model (ZAG) demonstrates its performance on the mass zeros data. In this article, we compare the Bayesian model for continuous data of excess zeros by considering the ZAG and Tweedie model. We model the mean of both models in a logarithmic scale and the probability of zero within the zero-augmented model in a logit scale. As previous researchers employed different priors in Bayesian settings for the Tweedie model, by conducting a sensitivity analysis, we select the optimal priors for Tweedie model. Furthermore, we present a simulation study to evaluate the performance of two models in the comparison and apply them to a dataset about the daily fish intake and blood mercury levels from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. According to the Watanabe-Akaike information criterion and leave-one-out cross-validation criterion, the Tweedie model provides higher predictive accuracy for the positive continuous and zero-augmented data.

The importance of school lunches to the overall dietary intake of children in Sweden: a nationally representative study.

School lunches have potential to foster healthy diets in all children, but data on their importance are relatively scarce. The current study aimed to describe the dietary intake from school lunches by sex and school grade, and to assess how the daily intake, school lunch intake and the daily intake provided by lunch differ by sex and parental education. Cross-sectional. All foods and drinks consumed for 1-3 weekdays were self-reported. Energy, absolute and energy-adjusted intakes of nutrients and food groups were calculated per weekday and per school lunch. Mixed-effects linear models assessed sociodemographic differences in dietary intakes. Nutrient and energy density at lunch and during the rest of the day were compared. Seventy-nine Swedish primary schools. Pupils in grades 5 and 8 (N 2002), nationally representative. Lunch provided around half of daily vegetable intake and two-thirds of daily fish intake. Nutrient density was higher and energy density lower at lunch compared with the rest of the day (P < 0·001). Boys had greater energy-adjusted intakes of red/processed meat and lower intakes of vegetables and dietary fibre compared with girls (P < 0·001), overall and at lunch. Daily energy-adjusted intakes of most nutrients/food groups were lower for pupils of lower-educated parents compared with pupils of parents with higher education, but at lunch, only Fe and fibre intakes were significantly lower in this group. School lunches are making a positive contribution to the diets of Swedish children and may mitigate well-established sex differences and social inequalities in dietary intake.

Dietary inclusion effect of krill meal and various fish meal sources on growth performance, feed utilization, and plasma chemistry of grower walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus, Pallas 1811)

A feeding trial was conducted to assess the effect of dietary inclusion of various aquatic animal protein sources on growth performance, feed utilization, body proximate composition, and plasma chemistry in grower walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus, Pallas 1811). A total of 180 grower fish averaging 154.0 g in weight were chosen randomly and distributed into 12 flow-through tanks of 300 L (15 fish per tank). Four experimental diets were prepared in triplicate. Pollock meal (PM), anchovy meal (AM), krill meal (KM), and jack mackerel meal (JM) were used as the main protein source in the experimental diets, denoted PM, AM, KM, and JM diets, respectively. These diets were fed to fish twice a day at a satiation level for eight weeks. The weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) of fish fed the KM and JM diets were higher than were those of fish fed the other diets. Daily feed intake (DFI) and daily protein intake (DPI) of fish fed the KM and JM diets were higher than were those of fish fed the PM and AM diets. The strong second polynomial correlation between the contents of 4 free amino acids (arginine, glutamic acid, histidine and leucine) in protein sources and WG, SGR, DFI and DPI were observed. The experimental diets had no effect on proximate composition of the muscle and liver. Plasma analysis did not differ between the experimental diets. In conclusion, KM and JM showed the greatest protein sources than among the ingredients assessed, and consequently KM and JM yielded the higher growth (WG and SGR) and feed intake (DFI and DPI).

Adult breakfast habits and nutritional status: A household based cross-sectional study in Zhejiang Province, China.

Although Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents offers advice for breakfast in China, current breakfast consumption habits are unclear. The aim of this study was to describe the frequency of breakfast consumption among adults and explore its associations with daily food consumption and daily nutrient intake. A stratified cluster sampling technique was employed in this cross-sectional study. Demographic characteristics, breakfast consumption, and daily food and nutrient intake were investigated. Dietary data were collected for 3251 adult residents through interviews. We determined that residents with an annual income of <CN¥10000 were the group with the highest rate of breakfast consumption. Among adults living at home, those who were retired had the highest proportion of breakfast eaters (92.1%), whereas among adults not living at home, commercial services and production personnel had the highest proportion of breakfast eaters (83.8%). Residents who never ate breakfast had a lower daily intake of rice, dark-colored vegetables, pork, poultry, and fish and shrimp and a higher daily intake of bean products and instant foods (p<0.05). Residents who never ate breakfast had a higher daily intake of energy, fat, and carbohydrates, and a lower intake of protein, retinol, vitamins A and C, carotene, Ca, P, K, Mg, Zn, Se, and Mn (p<0.05). Breakfast skipping may influence the daily intake of nutrients. A simple and important public health message should be delivered to target populations.

Chronic Methyl Mercury Toxicity in a 72 Year-Old Athletic Male from Southwestern Virginia

This research article focuses on the case report of a 72 years old athletic male from Southwestern Virginia who was chronically exposed to methylmercury via the consumption of tuna and swordfish steaks. The tuna and swordfish fish were wild-caught in the Pacific basin (Viet Nam or Thailand). As a comparison or analyses, Atlantic basin fish samples were obtained as fresh tuna and swordfish steaks from a seafood store in Salem, Virginia USA. Atlantic basin fish were caught off the coast of North Carolina, USA. The patient’s methylmercury toxicity presented clinically as an erythematous rash with macules, patches, papules and petechia on his bilateral ankles. The patient’s blood mercury level was extremely elevated at this time. The patient stopped his daily intake of fish and was observed at an out-patient dermatology clinic over the course of 11 months, during which time blood levels of mercury were repeatedly taken. The patient’s symptoms improved and the blood mercury levels declined. Additionally, Inductively Coupled Plasma with Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) analyzed mercury levels from the fish consumed by the patient as well as a group of fish from a different geographical region. While fish and other seafood is frequently noted for its health benefits, it is imperative that the potential toxicities be discussed and researched across the globe, especially in areas in which it is a primary dietary source. There is a great need for local and national public health officials and the various stores and markets where consumers purchase fresh and frozen fish, to provide the public with information on mercury content, and allowable amount and frequency that mercury-laden fish should be consumed, allowing consumers to make informed decisions about which fish to eat.

Association of daily fish intake with serum non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and healthy lifestyle behaviours in apparently healthy males over the age of 50 years in Japanese: Implication for the anti-atherosclerotic effect of fish consumption

Background and aimHigher fish consumption has been reported to be associated with a lower incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD). We hypothesized that higher fish intake may be associated with lower serum level of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) levels, representing the entire dyslipidemia spectrum, and a healthy lifestyle. Methods and resultsThis cross-sectional study was conducted in a population of 1270 apparently healthy males over the age of 50 years without lipid-modifying therapy at the Health Planning Center of Nihon University Hospital between April and August 2018. The average number of days of fish intake per week was 2.6 ± 1.4. We performed analysis of variance using fish consumption as a categorical variable (0–1 day, 2–3 days, 4–5 days, or 6–7 days per week). The serum non-HDL-C levels in the 6–7 days fish intake group were significantly lower than those in the 0–1 and 2–3days fish intake groups. Furthermore, with increasing frequency of fish intake per week, the proportion of subjects with cigarette smoking decreased (p = 0.026), that of subjects engaging in habitual aerobic exercises increased (p = 0.034), and the sleep duration of the subjects increased (p < 0.0001). ConclusionsThese results suggest that a high frequency of fish intake, that is a fish intake of 6–7 days per week, was associated with healthier lifestyle behaviours as well as lower non-HDL-C levels, and thus may represent a component of a healthy lifestyle associated with a lower risk of CAD in Japanese males over the age of 50. Clinical trial registrationUMIN (http://www.umin.ac.jp/). Study IDUMIN000035899.

Growth performance of Heterobranchus longifilis, (Valenciennes, 1840) Fingerlings Fed with Nymphaea lotus (Linné, 1753)

A 56-day feeding trial was performed to examine the effects of using Nymphaea lotus leaf meal (NLM) on growth performance, feed utilization, body composition, and survival rate of African catfish (Heterobranchus longifilis). Five treatment groups in triplicates with an average of the initial weight of 0.26±0.07g were fed diets incorporated with graded levels of NLM (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40%). The obtained results showed that higher final body weight (FBW), daily weight gain (DWG), and specific growth rate (SGR) were observed with fish fed the control diet (CD) and NLM at the level of 20% compared to those of fish fed other diets. Protein efficiency ratios (PER) were not altered with dietary treatment. In addition, feed conversion ratio (FCR) of fish groups fed up to 30% of NLM were not varied (p&gt;0.05), meanwhile, daily feed intake of fish fed NLM diets exhibited lower values compared to those of fish fed CD. Final whole body proximate compositions of catfish showed no significant differences (P&gt;0.05) except for the body total fat and ash contents. Fat contents of fish fed diets incorporated with NLM were significantly lower than those of fish fed the control diet (CD) (P&lt;0.05). Meanwhile, ash contents of fish fed diets incorporated with high levels of NLM (30, 40%) were significantly lower than those of fish fed the control diet (CD) (P&lt;0.05). Survival rates ranged between 72 - 80% and there were no differences among all groups (P &gt; 0.05). Therefore, the results of the present study suggest that up to 20% of NLM protein can be incorporated in the diet of African catfish with no adverse effects on growth performance, feed utilization, and survival rate.

1583-P: Intake of Fish and Related Nutrients in Association with Obesity in Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (T2D)

Although cardiovascular risk and mortality increases in the presence of comorbid obesity among patients with T2D while fish intake is known to decrease such risks, the association between obesity and fish intake is only poorly understood. Thus, we aimed to clarify these possible associations, including the effects of fish-related nutrients. Analyzed were 1891 Japanese patients with T2D (mean age, 62 y; men, 62%) who completed the Food Frequency Questionnaire. BMI&amp;gt;25 was defined as obesity. Associations between obesity and intake of fish and related nutrients were analyzed by quintiles. Vitamin B12 (VB12) (correlation coefficient, 0.97), vitamin D (VD) (0.94), and long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3) (0.74) were significantly and potently associated with fish intake. Odds ratio (OR) for obesity was significantly decreased to approximately 0.6 in patients in Q4 (men, 80-108g; women, 77-103g) and Q5 (&amp;gt;108g; &amp;gt;103g) of fish intake compared to Q1 (&amp;lt;37g; &amp;lt;40g) (Table). Intake of all three nutrients showed significant inverse trends with obesity, as did fish intake. Results were unchanged even after additional adjustment by use of medications, including insulin. Dietary instructions for daily fish intake of ≥100g could be provided to decrease the risk of obesity in Japanese patients with T2D. Underlying mechanisms via the related nutrients examined await further investigation. Disclosure M. Hatta: None. K. Fujihara: None. Y. Matsubayashi: None. Y. Takeda: None. R. Nedachi: None. D. Ishii: None. C. Horikawa: None. N. Kato: None. H. Maegawa: Research Support; Self; Antares Pharma, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Daiichi Sankyo Company, Limited, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Astellas Pharma Inc., Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Daiichi Sankyo Company, Limited, Merck Sharp &amp; Dohme Corp., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited. H. Sone: Research Support; Self; Astellas Pharma Inc., Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Daiichi Sankyo Company, Limited, Kowa Pharmaceutical Europe Co. Ltd., Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Novo Nordisk Inc., Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Teijin Pharma Limited.

IMPACTS OF COMMERCIAL PROBIOTICS ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE, DISEASE RESISTANCE AND PROFITABILITY OF NILE TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus) UNDER STOCKING DENSITY STRESS

The current research aimed to reduce the effects of increasing Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fish stocking density (SD) as stress factor by using dietary commercial probiotic supplementation (biogen® or Bactocell®). The experimental Nile tilapia (mean weight of 4.00 g) were distributed by random into 18 hapa (1.5 X 2 X 2 m), representing to 6 treatments (3 replicates per treatment). In a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement, fish were divided into two main groups. The first group was stocked at 100 fish/m3 and the second was stocked at 150 fish/m3. Each group was divided into 3 sub-groups; the 1st sub-group was fed on a diet without supplementation with commercial probiotics, the 2nd and 3rd sub-groups were fed on diet supplemented with 2 g Biogen and 0.5 g Bactocell/kg diet, respectively. The obtained results showed that all tested water quality measurements were suitable for rearing Nile tilapia fingerlings. With increasing fish stocking density, final body weight (FBW), daily weight gain (DWG), specific growth rate (SGR) and daily feed intake (DFI) of fish significantly (P<0.001) decreased and feed conversion ratio (FCR) significantly (P<0.001) impaired while, survival rate significantly (P<0.001) increased. The highest value for each of (P<0.001) FBW, DWG, SGR and DFI were achieved in fish groups fed diets supplemented with probiotic, while FCR significantly (P<0.001) improved. The interaction between fish SD and dietary probiotic supplementation significantly (P<0.01) affected FBW, DWG and DFI, while SGR and FCR were insignificantly affected. All blood components studied were insignificantly affected with fish SD. Hemoglobin, RBCs, WBCs, total protein, albumin and globulin of Nile tilapia fish significantly (P<0.001) affected with probiotic treatments. The interaction between fish SD and dietary probiotic supplementation significantly (P<0.01) affected WBCs only. Approximate analysis of body composition of Nile tilapia fish showed that, ash percentage only significantly (P<0.05) affected with SD, while crude protein, ether extract and ash percentages were significantly (P<0.001) affected with probiotic treatments. Within low SD the percents relative level of protection (RLP) after the challenge infection test using A. hydrophila in fish groups fed diet supplemented with biogen or bactocell were 100 and 60%, respectively. While, with high SD the RLP was 100 and 75% in fish groups fed diet supplemented with biogen and bactocell, respectively as compared with control fish group in the two levels of SD which recorded 0% of RLP. Final profit margin increased by 30.37 and 10.37%, in fish group stocked at high density and fed diet supplemented with biogen or bactocell, respectively when compared with fish group stocked at low density and fed diet without probiotic. The obtained results recommended that dietary probiotic (biogen or bactocell) supplementation to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) diets reduce the effects of increasing stocking density as stress factor and achieve better growth performance, high disease resistance and high margin.

Effects of dietary lysine levels on growth, feed utilization and related gene expression of juvenile hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂)

An 8-week growth trial was undertaken to evaluate the effects of dietary lysine (Lys) levels on growth, feed utilization and related gene expression of juvenile hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂). Six isonitrogenous (53.5% of dry matter) and isolipidic (7% of dry matter) were formulated to contain 1.74%, 2.18%, 2.94%, 3.28%, 3.66% and 3.99% dietary Lys levels. Triplicate groups of 15 fish (average initial body weight: 11.44 ± 0.07 g) were fed each experimental diet to apparent satiation by hand twice daily (08:00 h and 16:30 h). Results showed that weight gain % (WG%) were significantly (P < .05) affected by different dietary Lys levels, and fish fed 1.74% dietary Lys had lower WG% than fish fed other dietary Lys levels. Daily feed intake (DFI) of fish fed 1.74% dietary Lys was higher than that of fish fed 2.18%, 2.94%, 3.28%, 3.66% or 3.99% dietary Lys. Feed efficiency (FE), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and protein productive value (PPV) showed similar variation trends as WG%. Hepatosomatic index (HSI) was reduced as dietary Lys levels increased. The protein contents in whole body, muscle as well as liver of fish fed 1.74% dietary Lys were lower than those of fish fed other dietary Lys levels. Fish fed 1.74% dietary Lys showed lower relative mRNA expression levels of insulin like growth factor-I (IGF-1), target of rapamycin (TOR) and S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) in liver than fish fed 2.18%, 2.94%, 3.28%, 3.66% and 3.99% dietary Lys. Based on the straight broken-line analysis of WG% against dietary Lys levels, the optimal dietary Lys requirement for hybrid grouper was estimated to be 2.16% of dry matter (corresponding to 4.05% of dietary protein on a dry weight basis).

Fish consumption in early pregnancy and congenital gastrointestinal tract atresia in the Japan Environment and Children’s Study

Current evidence suggests that the aetiology of congenital gastrointestinal (GI) tract atresia is multifactorial, and not based solely on genetic factors. However, there are no established modifiable risk factors for congenital GI tract atresia. We used data from a Japanese nationwide birth cohort study launched in 2011, and examined whether fish consumption in early pregnancy was associated with congenital GI tract atresia. We analysed data of 89 495 women (mean age at delivery=31·2 years) who delivered singleton live births without chromosomal anomalies. Based on the results of the FFQ, we estimated the daily intake of fish and n-3 PUFA consumption in early pregnancy. We defined a composite outcome (oesophageal atresia, duodenal atresia, jejunoileal atresia and/or anorectal malformation) as congenital GI tract atresia. In this population, median fish intake was 31·9 g/d, and seventy-four cases of congenital GI tract atresia were identified. Fish consumption in early pregnancy was inversely associated with the composite outcome (multivariable-adjusted OR for the high v. low consumption category=0·5, 95 % CI 0·3, 1·0). For all the specific types of atresia, decreased OR were observed in the high consumption category, although not statistically significant. Reduced atresia occurrence was observed even beyond the US Food and Drug Administration's recommended consumption of no more than 340 g/week. Also, n-3 PUFA-rich fish and n-3 PUFA consumptions tended to be inversely associated with atresia. Fish consumption in early pregnancy may be a preventive factor for congenital GI tract atresia.