Daily Caffeine Intake Research Articles

Caffeine intake is nonlinearly associated with muscle mass in young and middle-aged US adults.

Recent studies have indicated that coffee consumption is inversely correlated with sarcopenia in the elderly population. Data regarding the association between caffeine intake and muscle mass in young adults are scarce. We aimed to investigate how dietary caffeine correlates with muscle mass and sarcopenia in the young and middle-aged people. We performed a cross-sectional study utilizing data from NHANES. Muscle mass was evaluated using DXA and caffeine intake was derived from 24-h dietary recalls. Multivariable regression analysis was adopted to explore association between caffeine and sarcopenia. Restricted cubic spline analysis was conducted to investigate dose-response effect of dietary caffeine on muscle mass. Mediation effect of high-sensitivity C reactive protein was examined by mediation analysis. A total of 9116 adults aged from 20 to 59 years old were included. Higher ingestion of caffeine was not associated with sarcopenia. Association between dietary caffeine and muscle mass was found to be W-shaped in males and U-shaped in young females, wherein mediation effect of hs-CRP was not discovered. Caffeine consumption is associated with muscle mass in a nonlinear pattern. ASMI peaks at a daily caffeine intake of 1.23mg/kg in young adults, while 0.64-1.49mg/kg is recommended for middle-aged men.

Caffeine Use in Huntington's Disease: A Single Center Survey.

Anecdotal evidence suggests paradoxical caffeine overuse in individuals with Huntington's disease (HD). A small retrospective study associated caffeine intake over 190 grams daily to earlier onset of HD symptoms. However, specific data on consumption habits is limited. This study aims to gather pilot data on caffeine use in people with HD, exploring motivations and consequences. Thirty adults with HD completed a survey on daily caffeine intake, its impact on symptoms, and consumption motivations through multiple-choice and open-ended questions. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze findings and compare them to general population data. Caffeine intake ranged from 0 to 1400.4 mg/day, with a median of 273.2 mg/day and a mean of 382.5 mg/day. Seventy percent of participants with HD consumed more caffeine than the average for their age group in the general population. Additionally, 20% of participants and 38% of family members believed caffeine influenced HD symptoms, primarily anxiety. People with HD typically consume more caffeine than the general U.S. population. Contrary to the hypothesis, higher caffeine intake was not associated with significant subjective worsening of HD symptoms. Further research with objective measures and multiple HD centers is necessary to guide screening and counseling on caffeine use in this population. Participants with Huntington's disease (HD) had increased caffeine intake compared to the general population, supporting previous anecdotal observations. Anxiety was the most affected HD symptom. Further research using objective measures of symptom burden and including multiple HD centers can help inform screening and counseling regarding caffeine use in this population.

Caffeine consumption of medical students in Korea: amount and symptoms based on a 2023 survey.

To investigate the form and level of daily caffeine intake recommended above 400 mg in medical students expected to consume caffeinated beverages to enhance their performance. From May to June 2023, freshman through senior medical students at a medical school in Korea were administered a seven-item questionnaire designed to measure the amount of caffeine-containing foods consumed, the weekly interval between consumption, the reason for consumption, and the level of caffeine-induced symptoms experienced. Out of 443 students, 361 responded (81.5%). The most commonly consumed caffeine beverages were coffee (79.2%), followed by soda (33.2%), tea (27.4%), chocolate (25.2%), and energy drinks (20.5%). The estimated (average±standard deviation) daily intake was estimated to 274.6±276.5 mg, and they consumed caffeine on an average of 4.25±2.26 days per week. Students who consumed 400 mg or more of caffeine daily consumed 19.9%. The primary motivation for caffeine intake was "to improve academic performance" (60.9%) and "preferred food" (51.8%). Among the responders, 98% of them replied they had symptoms that could be caused by caffeine, in order of palpitations (47.4%), frequent urination (42.9%), anxiety (27.1%), indigestion (17.5%), and excitement (17.5%). A total of 45.7% reported two symptoms, and 24.7% reported three or more. Caffeinated beverage consumption was routine among current medical students, with 20% consuming more than the recommended daily amount. Most students experienced at least one caffeine-induced symptom, with two symptoms in half, suggesting the need for policy measures and warnings about caffeine-containing foods.

Frequency and Amount of Caffeine Consumption and Its Effects on Sleep Quality Among the General Population in Makkah City, Saudi Arabia, in 2024.

Caffeine is a commonly consumed psychoactive substance with potential effects on sleep quality. However, few studies have examined this relationship in the general population of Makkah, Saudi Arabia. To investigate the impact of caffeine consumption on sleep quality and identify demographic factors associated with caffeine intake and sleep quality in Makkah's general population. This cross-sectional study used a convenient sampling approach to recruit 390 individuals residing in Makkah. Data were collected via a Google Forms questionnaire distributed through various social media platforms. Caffeine intake and sleep quality were assessed using a validated questionnaire adapted for Saudi Arabia and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), respectively. The median total daily caffeine intake was 324.20 mg, with 43.1% of participants consuming more than the suggested cutoff of 400 mg daily. There were significant positive correlations between PSQI and total caffeine consumption in the morning, evening, and overall daily consumption. The results also indicated significant relationships between demographic factors, such as marital status, educational level, income, and BMI groups, and caffeine consumption. Caffeine intake was found to be high among the general population of Makkah, with a significant portion consuming more than the suggested daily limit. There was a significant positive correlation between caffeine consumption and poor sleep quality. Additionally, demographic factors such as marital status, educational level, income, and BMI groups were found to be associated with caffeine consumption.

Caffeine Consumption, Sleep Quality and Mental Health Outcomes Among Malaysian University Students

Background: Recognizing the scarcity of data on caffeine consumption among university students in Malaysia, this study was designed to first characterize the habitual caffeine intake within this group. This study further investigated the potential association between these caffeine consumption patterns and sleep quality and mental health status. Methodology: The study employed an online self-administered questionnaire to assess habitual caffeine intake from various products. Sleep quality and mental health were evaluated using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21), respectively. Results: 78% of the respondents consumed caffeinated products daily within the safe level recommended by the European Food Safety Authority (£400mg/day). Only 2.6% of the students consumed caffeine exceeding the recommended limit. The median total daily caffeine intake was 100mg/day. Most students had poor sleep quality (77.3%), with 43.5%, 49.5%, and 33.0% reporting varying levels of depression, anxiety, and stress, respectively. Odds ratio calculations revealed respondents consuming less than or more than 400 mg/day of caffeine did not show significantly different odds of poor sleep quality, depression, anxiety, or stress compared to non-consumers. Conclusions: This study highlights the need for further localized research on caffeine's effects among Malaysian university students regarding caffeine consumption, sleep, and mental health.

Coffee Drinking and the Odds of Osteopenia and Osteoporosis in Middle-Aged and Older Americans: A Cross-Sectional Study in NHANES 2005-2014.

The study investigates the association of coffee consumption and odds of osteoporosis/osteopenia among individuals older than 50years in the United States. In NHANES 2005-2014, drinking ≤ 2 cups(16oz) of coffee per day can reduce the risk of osteoporosis/osteopenia at the femoral neck and lumbar spine in US adults. Previous epidemiological studies revealed that daily coffee intake reduced the incidence of a cluster of metabolic diseases, however, the link between coffee consumption and prevalence of osteoporosis/osteopenia still remain inconclusive and awaits further confirmation. Based on data collection from 2005 to 2014 survey cycles, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), a sample size of 8789 participants aged 50 and above completing two nonconsecutive 24-h dietary recalls were eventually enrolled for analysis. Associations between coffee intake and BMD were assessed. A lower odds of having femoral neck osteopenia/osteoporosis (FOO) was observed in participants with moderate intake of coffee (≤ 2 cups per day), rather than other beverages (OR 0.83; 95% CI, 0.72-0.95; p = 0.01). Moreover, significant associations existed between daily caffeine intake and both FOO and lumbar-spine osteopenia/osteoporosis (LOO). Even after adjusting for decaffeinated coffee, tea, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), and coffee consumption, osteopenia and osteoporosis the odds remained lower at both femoral and neck levels. Our data suggest moderate habitual coffee intake (≤ 2 cups coffee/day) would have protective effects against osteoporosis/osteopenia of femoral neck and spine, among US adults over the age of 50.

Caffeine: Benefits and Risks for Health and Wellbeing

Background: Tea contains a variety of compounds, including caffeine, which have a range of health impacts. The presence of caffeine in tea often raises questions about the benefits of its consumption, including potential effects on cognition, behavior, mood and exercise performance as well as areas of concern such as anxiety, stress, hydration and heart health. The aim of this review is to evaluate the benefits and risks of caffeine consumption with a focus on tea and other compounds present in tea, which may interact with caffeine. Methods: Evidence was considered from Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs) published over the last 15 years investigating the effects of caffeine on cognition, alertness, behavior, hydration and mood. Systematic reviews, meta-analyses and expert panel reviews were included in the wider discussion. Results: Evidence suggests that caffeine intakes of 3-6mg/kg/bw/(body weight)/day may benefit cognitive function and exercise performance in adults. Many expert bodies state that there are no safety concerns with daily intakes of ≤ 200mg caffeine in pregnant women and ≤ 400mg in other adults. Evidence indicates that children and adolescents should limit their daily caffeine intake to 2.5mg/kg/bw. Tea contains a lower concentration of caffeine than most other caffeinated drinks as well as providing fluid for hydration and polyphenolic compounds for health, particularly cardiovascular health. L-theanine in tea moderates the potential negative impact of caffeine on stress and anxiety whilst improving attention and speed of mental performance. Conclusion: On balance, moderate amounts of caffeine provide benefits in terms of cognitive function, alertness and exercise performance in adults with minimal risk of adverse effects. Further research is required to determine safe, beneficial intakes in children and adolescents. Tea, with its lower caffeine content, in combination with flavonoid polyphenols, fluoride and L-theanine, may provide an acceptable benefit/risk ratio for people aged 4 years and over, assuming age-appropriate intakes of 1-8 daily servings.

Chronotype characteristics of professional athletes in China: a comprehensive descriptive study

BackgroundChronotype has gained recognition as a significant factor in enhancing athletic performance. This study aimed to deepen our understanding of athletes’ sleep chronotypes and provide a foundation for developing evidence-based training and competition programs. By comprehensively describing and analyzing the chronotype characteristics of Chinese professional athletes, considering individual and sports factors, sleep quality and habits, and mental energy, this research aimed to contribute valuable insights to the field.MethodsA sample of 1069 professional athletes from sports teams in Shanghai completed the Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire and the Athlete Mental Energy Scale to assess chronotype, sleep quality, sleep-influencing habits, and mental energy.ResultsAmong athletes, sleep typology fell within the intermediate range, slightly leaning toward morningness. Male athletes and those who engaged in static sports displayed a greater propensity for morningness. Age correlated with a preference for eveningness. High-level athletes exhibited a stronger inclination toward eveningness. Sleep quality issues were associated with an inclination toward eveningness. Daily caffeine intake and the habit of using electronic devices before bedtime are also linked to eveningness. Chronotype demonstrated the ability to predict various dimensions of athletes’ mental energy. It was the strongest predictor of vigor, but the loadings were smaller than those of sleep quality.ConclusionChinese athletes’ chronotypes primarily exhibit distinct characteristics related to individual factors such as gender, sports discipline, and ranking, as well as habits like caffeine consumption and electronic device use. Moreover, these sleep patterns demonstrate predictive capabilities across all dimensions of athletes’ mental energy. This study sheds light on Chinese athletes’ unique sleep chronotype attributes, enriching our understanding of sleep patterns among professional athletes under various systems. These insights offer an initial basis for enhancing the effectiveness of athlete scheduling and training management.

Caffeine consumption and association with sleep duration and screen time in Brazilian adolescents (ERICA Study)

ObjectivesSome studies have demonstrated that caffeine consumption is a risk factor for insufficient sleep or poor sleep quality in adolescents. The aim of this study was to estimate the average daily caffeine consumption and to investigate the association between caffeine, sleep duration, and screen time in a large sample of Brazilian adolescents. MethodsWe evaluated data from 71 533 adolescents aged 12 to 17 y, who participated in the ERICA study (Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents). Caffeine intake was extracted from 24-h dietary recalls of caffeine-containing products. The mean daily intake of caffeine/mg and caffeine/mg/kg, the prevalence of caffeine intake, and their respective 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated according to the general characteristics. Associations between caffeine consumption, sleep duration, and screen time were analyzed by a multinomial logistic regression model, considering P < 0.05. ResultsThe overall average daily caffeine intake was 99.45 mg (95% CI, 91.43–107.47) and 1.88 mg/kg (95% CI, 1.71–2.04). Daily caffeine intake >3 mg/kg was significantly associated with screen time ≤2 h/d (odds ratio [OR], 1.16; 95% CI, 1.06–1.26) and sleep duration ≥8 h (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.17–1.46), which remained significant after adjustment. The time of day of the highest caffeine consumption was in the morning (05:00–12:59). The most consumed caffeine-containing product was coffee (35%), followed by soda (27%). ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that caffeine consumption does not interfere with sleep duration or screen time. Moreover, the study provided important information about the source of caffeine most consumed by Brazilian adolescents, which could help professionals plan appropriate caffeine consumption.

Consumption of Coffee, Tea, and Caffeine at Midlife, and the Risk of Physical Frailty in Late Life

ObjectivesOur study evaluated the prospective association between the consumption of caffeine-containing beverages at midlife and the risk of physical frailty at late life within a population-based cohort of Chinese adults living in Singapore over a follow-up period of 20 years. DesignProspective cohort study. Setting and ParticipantsWe used data from 12,583 participants from the baseline and third follow-up interviews of the Singapore Chinese Health Study (SCHS). Participants had a mean age of 53 years at baseline (1993–1998), and a mean age of 73 years during the third follow-up (2014–2017). MethodsAt baseline, habitual consumption of caffeine-containing beverages was evaluated using a validated semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. During the third follow-up, physical frailty was assessed using the modified Cardiovascular Health Study phenotype. ResultsCompared with non-daily drinkers, those who drank 4 or more cups of coffee daily had reduced odds of physical frailty [odds ratio (OR), 0.54; 95% CI, 0.38–0.76]. Similarly, compared with those who hardly drank tea, participants who drank tea everyday also had reduced odds (OR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.71–0.95). Total daily caffeine intake at midlife was associated with reduced likelihood of frailty at late life in a dose-response relationship (Ptrend < .001). Relative to their counterparts in the lowest quartile of daily caffeine intake (0–67.6 mg/d), participants in the highest quartile (223.0–910.4 mg/d) had an OR of 0.77 (95% CI, 0.66–0.91). Higher caffeine consumption was associated with lower likelihood of being in the slowest quintile for timed up-and-go (TUG) and weakest quintile for handgrip strength. Conclusions and ImplicationsIn this cohort of Chinese adults, higher consumption of caffeine at midlife, via coffee and tea, was associated with a reduced likelihood of physical frailty in late life.

Caffeine intake is associated with less severe depressive symptoms in noncancer populations: an analysis based on NHANES 2007-2016

Depression and cancer are both prevalent diseases worldwide. Numerous cancer patients experience psychological illnesses, especially depression, following a malignancy's dismal prognosis. Although some research has suggested that caffeine may be protective against depressive symptoms, it is still unclear how caffeine and cancer patients are related. Thus, we hypothesized that moderate daily caffeine intake may reduce the risk of depression in both the cancer and noncancer populations. Data were extracted and combined from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2007 to 2016. After controlling for potential confounding factors, interaction effects analysis was used to clarify the interaction between caffeine and cancer on depressive symptoms. Linear regression analysis and restricted cubic splines were used to further analyze the relationship between caffeine and depression in cancer and noncancer populations. A total of 24,145 participants were included in the analysis. In the noncancer population, the quartile 3 group of caffeine intake showed a negative association between caffeine intake and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) scores (β = –0.23, 95% confidence interval, –0.45 to –0.01; P = .041). No association between caffeine intake and PHQ-9 scores was observed in the cancer population. In both cancer and noncancer populations, restricted cubic splines indicated a nonlinear trend between caffeine and PHQ-9 scores, with the lowest PHQ-9 scores when caffeine intake was 119.52 mg. In the noncancer population, moderate daily caffeine intake (quartile 3 group; range, 119.5-236.5 mg) was associated with reduced depressive symptoms, whereas in the cancer population, no association was found between caffeine intake and depression.

Is there a Relationship Between Caffeine Intake and Smoking and Positive and Negative Symptom Severity in Schizophrenia?

It has been reported that caffeine intake and smoking are more frequent in patients with schizophrenia than the general population. However, the cause of high caffeine and smoking and its correlation with positive and negative symptoms is unclear. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the correlation between daily caffeine intake and smoking and the severity of positive and negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. This study included 177 participants, 89 of whom were healthy controls and 88 patients with schizophrenia. Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) and Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) scales were applied to the patients with schizophrenia to measure the severity of positive and negative symptoms of the disease. The amounts of caffeine and tobacco consumption were significantly higher in the patients group than healthy controls (p=0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). There was no significant correlations between daily caffeine consumption and SAPS or SANS scores in patients with schizophrenia. There was a significant positive relationship between SAPS-delusions score and tobacco consumption. Our study is the first study in the literature that examines the relationship between caffeine and cigarette intake and SANS and SAPS scales in patients with schizophrenia. Although caffeine intake is higher in patients with schizophrenia than healthy controls, this study is valuable as it shows that it is not associated with symptom severity. In addition, although it is known that smoking is high in patients with schizophrenia, this study showed a positive relationship between SAPS-delusion scores and tobacco consumption.

Brain activity during a working memory task after daily caffeine intake and caffeine withdrawal: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial

Acute caffeine intake has been found to increase working memory (WM)-related brain activity in healthy adults without improving behavioral performances. The impact of daily caffeine intake—a ritual shared by 80% of the population worldwide—and of its discontinuation on working memory and its neural correlates remained unknown. In this double-blind, randomized, crossover study, we examined working memory functions in 20 young healthy non-smokers (age: 26.4 ± 4.0 years; body mass index: 22.7 ± 1.4 kg/m2; and habitual caffeine intake: 474.1 ± 107.5 mg/day) in a 10-day caffeine (150 mg × 3 times/day), a 10-day placebo (3 times/day), and a withdrawal condition (9-day caffeine followed by 1-day placebo). Throughout the 10th day of each condition, participants performed four times a working memory task (N-Back, comprising 3- and 0-back), and task-related blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) activity was measured in the last session with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Compared to placebo, participants showed a higher error rate and a longer reaction time in 3- against 0-back trials in the caffeine condition; also, in the withdrawal condition we observed a higher error rate compared to placebo. However, task-related BOLD activity, i.e., an increased attention network and decreased default mode network activity in 3- versus 0-back, did not show significant differences among three conditions. Interestingly, irrespective of 3- or 0-back, BOLD activity was reduced in the right hippocampus in the caffeine condition compared to placebo. Adding to the earlier evidence showing increasing cerebral metabolic demands for WM function after acute caffeine intake, our data suggest that such demands might be impeded over daily intake and therefore result in a worse performance. Finally, the reduced hippocampal activity may reflect caffeine-associated hippocampal grey matter plasticity reported in the previous analysis. The findings of this study reveal an adapted neurocognitive response to daily caffeine exposure and highlight the importance of classifying impacts of caffeine on clinical and healthy populations.

Assessment of caffeine consumption behavior among Jazan University students in the south of Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study

Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant. High consumption levels of caffeine can lead to intoxication and serious side effects. Saudi Arabia is witnessing a rise in the commercialization and consumption of caffeine. Young adults such as university students may exhibit high levels of caffeine consumption. This investigation aims to assess caffeine consumption habits among a sample of Jazan University students in the south of Saudi Arabia. This study was a cross-sectional investigation that utilized multistage sampling to recruit the students. Data was collected via a self-administered questionnaire that measured student demographics, their frequency of consuming caffeine-containing food, portion sizes, and patterns of consumption during different times of the day. Caffeine consumption levels were estimated based on a cutoff point of 400 mg per day. A chi-squared test was used to investigate the association between levels of caffeine consumption and measured study characteristics. A sample of 964 students was recruited with a mean age of 21.8 years. The most frequently consumed product among the recruited students was coffee (32%), followed by chocolate bars (16%) and soft drinks (12%). The median total consumed caffeine amount was 185 mg per day. 194 (20%) students of the sample exceeded the recommended level of daily caffeine consumption (>400 mg/day). Among the measured demographics, only the year of study was associated with caffeine consumption (P value of .003), suggesting that students in their earlier years of university are likely to exceed the recommended daily consumption of caffeine in comparison with those who are in their later years of study. Our investigation identified high levels of caffeine consumption among some students. The findings imply the need to enhance the awareness of students who exceed the recommended daily intake of caffeine regarding the harmful impacts of caffeine toxicity.

Intake of Food Supplements, Caffeine, Green Tea and Protein Products among Young Danish Men Training in Commercial Gyms for Increasing Muscle Mass.

Sixty-three men (15-35 years of age) regularly training in Danish gyms and supplement users were interviewed about the use of supplemental protein and food supplements, intake of caffeine- and (-)-epigallocathechin-3-gallate (EGCG)-containing supplements and beverages and any experienced adverse effects. Protein powder (60%), fish oil (54%) and multivitamin/mineral supplements (41%) were the most popular products. The daily supplementary protein intake (mean 0.42 g/kg body weight, users only) in adult men contributed substantially to their protein intake and exceeded the recommended allowance (0.83 g/kg body weight) for six adult participants (14%). Thirty-eight percent of the adult men exceeded the daily caffeine intake presumed to be safe (400 mg) with coffee as the main contributor. Thirty percent drank green tea and among this percentage, two participants had an extreme daily intake (1.5 and 2 -L). EGCG intake could not be estimated from the food supplements due to the lack of label information. Eighteen participants (29%) reported having experienced adverse effects but seventeen did not consult a physician or report the adverse effect to the Danish food authority. The most common adverse effects were insomnia, shaking, headache and palpitations, itching of the skin and stinging. Pre-workout products accounted for 53% of the adverse effects. Three adverse effects came after intake of two brands of supplements known to have contained substances such as 1,3-dimethylamine or derivatives of phenylethylamines previously having caused serious adverse effects.

High daily caffeine intake is associated with lower propofol requirements for anesthetic induction.

There is significant interindividual variation in the dose of propofol required for anesthetic induction. Factors dictating this are poorly described, but understanding them would be useful for anesthetic drug dosing. It has been shown in rats and recently in humans that caffeine administration accelerates recovery from anesthesia, but no study has assessed the effect on anesthetic induction. Forty American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA)-I, 18-65-year-old patients, undergoing day case general anesthesia with propofol and fentanyl took part in this observational study. Total daily caffeine intake (mg) was estimated using the caffeine assessment tool and caffeine content values from the US Department of Agriculture National Nutrient Database. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling was used to estimate the effect site concentration of propofol at loss of consciousness (Ce(p) LOC). Median (interquartile range [IQR]) daily caffeine intake was 106 (51-193) mg. Ce(p) LOC was lower in those with caffeine intake greater than or equal to the median of 106 mg (median (IQR) = 0.64 μg/ml (0.51-0.72) vs. 0.70 μg/ml (0.57-1.10), P = 0.04). The effect was robust when controlling for weight-adjusted fentanyl dose, age, smoking status, and alcohol intake (F (1,34) = 4.66, P = 0.04). High daily caffeine intake is associated with lower propofol requirements for day case anesthetic induction. We propose that high daily caffeine intake may cause lower arousal levels prior to surgery due to a relative caffeine deficit caused by being nil by mouth. As such, assessment of daily caffeine intake preoperatively may aid anesthetic drug dosing.

Caffeine and Its Antioxidant Properties-It Is All about Dose and Source.

Caffeine is the most frequently used substance with a central nervous system stimulant effect, but its consumption is most often due to the intake of foods and drinks that contain it (coffee, tea, chocolate, food supplements with plant extracts of Guarana, Mate herba, Cola nuts). Due to its innocuity, caffeine is a safe xanthine alkaloid for human consumption in a wide range of doses, being used for its central nervous stimulating effect, lipolytic and diuresis-enhancing properties, but also as a permitted ergogenic compound in athletes. In addition to the mechanisms that explain the effects of caffeine on the targeted organ, there are many proposed mechanisms by which this substance would have antioxidant effects. As such, its consumption prevents the occurrence/progression of certain neurodegenerative diseases as well as other medical conditions associated with increased levels of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species. However, most studies that have assessed the beneficial effects of caffeine have used pure caffeine. The question, therefore, arises whether the daily intake of caffeine from food or drink has similar benefits, considering that in foods or drinks with a high caffeine content, there are other substances that could interfere with this action, either by potentiating or decreasing its antioxidant capacity. Natural sources of caffeine often combine plant polyphenols (phenol-carboxylic acids, catechins) with known antioxidant effects; however, stimulant drinks and dietary supplements often contain sugars or artificial sweeteners that can significantly reduce the effects of caffeine on oxidative stress. The objective of this review is to clarify the effects of caffeine in modulating oxidative stress and assess these benefits, considering the source and the dose administered.

Relationship Between Daily Caffeine Intake and Menstrual Cycles in Young Adult Women

Caffeine consumption is part of the lifestyle of students and adults. More than 80% of the world’s population consumes caffeine every day. In Indonesia, caffeine consumption nationally increases by 20% per year. The behavioral factor of consuming excessive caffeine in women can induce obesity symptoms, premenstrual syndrome miscarriage, and increased risk of bone density loss. This cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2020 to January 2021 to identify the relationship between caffeine intake and the menstrual cycle in young adult women. The researchers administered a questionnaire about the menstrual cycle and daily caffeine intake to 107 female nursing students from the University of Muhammadiyah Malang who met the inclusion criteria. More than 70% of respondents were between 19-21 years old; more than half of them often consumed caffeine; and 73 respondents had normal menstrual cycles. The Spearman correlation test results showed that there was no relationship between caffeine consumption and menstrual cycles in the young adult women (p = 0.717).&#x0D; Keywords: caffeine, menstrual cycle, nursing students, young adult women

The relationship of caffeinated beverages with depressive symptoms and decision-making

BACKGROUND: Caffeine can affect depressive symptoms and decision-making. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to examine the relationship between caffeinated beverages consumption with depressive symptoms and decision-making styles. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 432 adults working in office environment. The questionnaire consisting of individuals’ socio-demographic attributes, the frequency and the amount of caffeinated beverages consumption, the “Epidemiological Research Center-Depression (CES-D) Scale” and the “Decision-Making Styles Scale” were used. The frequency and amount of caffeinated beverages were determined using the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The participants were asked to choose which cup/mug they prefer to drink their caffeinated beverages and what amount they consume that beverage at a time. All the data were collected using online platforms. RESULTS: In the study, 76.7%of the participants were female and the mean age was 31.5±8.0 years. The average daily total caffeine intake of the participants was 425.8±461.4 mg and the total CES-D scale score was 17.7±11.2 points. It was found that as the amount of caffeine consumed increased, intuitive decision-making decreased and depressive symptoms increased (p &lt; 0.05). In linear regression analysis, total caffeine consumption was found to be a significant predictor for the intuitive decision-making score (B: –0.151; p:0.002). When caffeine consumption is controlled, intuitive and rational decision making decreases with increasing depressive symptoms while addiction and avoidance decision making increased (p &lt; 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: As a result, the amount of caffeine consumed daily was related to intuitive decision-making but did not effect depression. It has been observed that depressive symptoms affect decision-making styles in different ways. To our knowledge, our study is the first to examine the effects of caffeine consumption on depression and decision-making styles. Accordingly, future studies may focus on the link between caffeine consumption, depression, and decision-making styles in larger populations and the mechanisms that influence this relationship.

Does Caffeine Affect Dental Implant Stability? A Prospective Cohort Study.

Statement of the Problem: Caffeine intake affects bone metabolism through inhibition of osteoblast proliferation.Purpose: This study aims to assess the effect of caffeine consumption on implant stability in the healing period of patients.Materials and Method: A prospective cohort study is designed to assess implant stability in the posterior of the maxilla. Patients were divided into two groups based on daily caffeine intake as group 1 with consumption of 400 mg/daily caffeine or more, and group 2 with consumption of 100 mg/daily caffeine or less. The implant stability was measured by resonance frequency analysis (RFA). The mean implant stability quotients (ISQs) were calculated. RFA measurements were made at 4, 6 and 8 weeks after implant placement.Results: A total of 102 patients were studied (51 in each group). The mean of ISQ was 43.49± 2.32 in the group 1 and 42.78±2.34 in the group 2 at four weeks after insertion. The mean of ISQ was 50.86±3.06 in group 1 and 51.37±2.44 in the group at six weeks after implant placement. At eight weeks after implant surgery, the mean of ISQ was 56.78±3.77 in the group 1 and 57.84±1.82 in the group 2. The mean of ISQ between the two groups at 4, 6 and 8 weeks after implant placement was not statistically different. (p= 0.13, p= 0.36 and p= 0.08 respectively) The repeated measure test indicated a similar increase in ISQ in various study times in the two studied groups (p=0.47, df=1, F=0.52).Conclusion: Acquired data suggest that caffeine intake may not have a negative effect on implant stability in the healing period at the posterior of the maxilla.