Daily Body Temperature Research Articles

Evidence for SARS-CoV-2 infected Golden Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) reducing daily energy expenditure and body core temperature

Golden Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) are a well-established animal model for human infections with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) due to their susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection, robust virus replication and pathological manifestations similar to human COVID-19 pneumonia. To investigate the physiological changes upon infection in this animal model, we explored the alterations in daily energy expenditure (DEE), water turnover, body mass, body temperature, and locomotor activity in non-infected and SARS-CoV-2 infected Golden Syrian hamsters for four days post SARS-CoV-2. DEE was measured using the doubly labelled water method, which allows for the accurate estimation of carbon dioxide production and, consequently, energy expenditure in animals. Additionally, we investigated total water intake (TWI), which comprises drinking water, preformed water in food, and metabolic water. Using intraperitoneally implanted data loggers, we also monitored body core temperature and locomotor activity in some of the animals. Here we provide evidence for infected hamsters exhibiting significantly lower DEE and TWI compared to non-infected animals. We also observed an increase in body weight in the non-infected animals, while infected animals experienced weight loss. Further, infected animals showed a significantly decreased body temperature, indicating a generally lowered metabolic rate.

Duration of fever in children infected with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2) or B virus and treated with baloxavir marboxil, oseltamivir, laninamivir, or zanamivir in Japan during the 2012–2013 and 2019–2020 influenza seasons

We compared the duration of fever in children infected with A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2), or influenza B viruses following treatment with baloxavir marboxil (baloxavir) or neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) (oseltamivir, zanamivir, or laninamivir). This observational study was conducted at 10 outpatient clinics across 9 prefectures in Japan during the 2012–2013 and 2019–2020 influenza seasons. Patients with influenza rapid antigen test positive were treated with one of four anti-influenza drugs. The type/subtype of influenza viruses were identified from MDCK or MDCK SIAT1 cell-grown samples using two-step real-time PCR. Daily self-reported body temperature after treatment were used to evaluate the duration of fever by treatment group and various underlying factors. Among 1742 patients <19 years old analyzed, 452 (26.0%) were A(H1N1)pdm09, 827 (48.0%) A(H3N2), and 463 (26.0%) influenza B virus infections. Among fours treatment groups, baloxavir showed a shorter median duration of fever compared to oseltamivir in univariate analysis for A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infections (baloxavir, 22.0 h versus oseltamivir, 26.7 h, P < 0.05; laninamivir, 25.5 h, and zanamivir, 25.0 h). However, this difference was not significant in multivariable analyses. For A(H3N2) virus infections, there were no statistically significant differences observed (20.3, 21.0, 22.0, and 19.0 h) uni- and multivariable analyses. For influenza B, baloxavir shortened the fever duration by approximately 15 h than NAIs (20.3, 35.0, 34.3, and 34.1 h), as supported by uni- and multivariable analyses. Baloxavir seems to have comparable clinical effectiveness with NAIs on influenza A but can be more effective for treating pediatric influenza B virus infections than NAIs.

Visceral fat sympathectomy ameliorates systemic and local stress response related to chronic sleep restriction.

Disturbance of sleep homeostasis encompasses health issues, including metabolic disorders like obesity, diabetes, and augmented stress vulnerability. Sleep and stress interact bidirectionally to influence the central nervous system and metabolism. Murine models demonstrate that decreased sleep time is associated with an increased systemic stress response, characterized by endocrinal imbalance, including the elevated activity of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, augmented insulin, and reduced adiponectin, affecting peripheral organs physiology, mainly the white adipose tissue (WAT). Within peripheral organs, a local stress response can also be activated by promoting the formation of corticosterone. This local amplifying glucocorticoid signaling is favored through the activation of the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1). In WAT, 11β-HSD1 activity is upregulated by the sympathetic nervous system, suggesting a link between sleep loss, augmented stress response, and a potential WAT metabolic disturbance. To gain more understanding about this relationship, metabolic and stress responses of WAT-sympathectomized rats were analyzed to identify the contribution of the autonomic nervous system to stress response-related metabolic disorders during chronic sleep restriction. Male Wistar rats under sleep restriction were allowed just 6 h of daily sleep over eight weeks. Results showed that rats under sleep restriction presented higher serum corticosterone, increased adipose tissue 11β-HSD1 activity, weight loss, decreased visceral fat, augmented adiponectin, lower leptin levels, glucose tolerance impairment, and mildly decreased daily body temperature. In contrast, sympathectomized rats under sleep restriction exhibited decreased stress response (lower serum corticosterone and 11β-HSD1 activity). In addition, they maintained weight loss, explained by a reduced visceral fat pad, leptin, and adiponectin, improved glucose management, and persisting decline in body temperature. These results suggest autonomic nervous system is partially responsible for the WAT-exacerbated stress response and its metabolic and physiological disturbances.

Relationship Between Ovulation and Body Temperature in the Mare: A Preliminary Study

In the equine industry, monitoring of the reproduction cycle is key to be able to produce one foal per mare and per year. Ovulation detection is difficult partly due to the variability of the estrus length. Currently, the most reliable method for ovulation detection is transrectal ultrasonography. This technique, however, implies handling of the mare as well as veterinary costs. The aim of this experimentation is to study body temperature variations around ovulation. Nine reproduction cycles were monitored around ovulation. Transrectal ultrasonographies were performed each day as well as blood sampling to dose estradiol-17β and progesterone to confirm ultrasonographic results. Body temperature was automatically recorded every 10 minutes using an identification chip equipped with a temperature sensor implanted in the mares’ neckline. Data were analyzed using linear mixed models. Daily body temperature pattern did not vary between the phases of the reproductive cycle (follicular, ovulatory and luteal). Temperature differences between phases, however, were identified and appeared hourly-specific. There was an increase of temperature at ovulation compared to the end of the follicular phase ranging from 0.51°C ± 0.21°C to 0.92°C ± 0.26°C and occurring between 04:30 and 08:00. Moreover, a significant increase of body temperature was measured during the first days of luteal phase, ranging from 0.29°C ± 0.17°C to 0.60°C ± 0.16°C, between 10:30 and 16:00. Body temperature varied around ovulation and it might be a promising tool for mare reproduction monitoring. A more complete study, however, focusing on the whole cycle is required.

UTILITY OF STREM-1 BIOMARKER AND HCP GENE FOR IDENTIFICATION OF ACINETOBACTER BAUMANNII COLONIZATION AND INFECTION IN LUNG.

Objective: Respiratory infections or colonization of Acinetobacter baumannii (Ab) are common in clinical practice but are treated differently. Early identification of Ab infection and colonization reduces the risk of antibiotic mismatch but objective laboratory indicators to distinguish between bacterial infections and colonization are lacking. To distinguish infection and colonization of Ab, we tested the role of two biomarkers, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) and hemolysin coregulated protein. Methods: A total of 96 inpatients with Ab were divided into infection and colonization groups. Blood samples were collected on days 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, and 10 and daily maximum body temperature was recorded. Polymerase Chain Reaction and Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction were used to detect the presence and expression levels of the hcp gene in Ab clinical isolates. Results : sTREM-1 and procalcitonin (PCT) levels on days 1 to 10 and neutrophil classification (N%) on days 1 to 3 were different ( P < 0.05) in the infection group and colonization group. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves showed significant differences in N% and sTREM-1 on days 2 and 3 ( P < 0.01). sTREM-1 had the highest AUC ROC on days 1, 2, and 3 of all the markers. On day 1, the ROC curve of "WBC&N%&PCT&sTREM-1" was statistically different from individual indices (white blood cell count, N%, and PCT; P < 0.05) and was equal to the ROC curve of sTREM-1 ( P > 0.05). Thirty five of 96 patients were classified as infection group and 61 as colonization group with hcp gene detection rates of 71.43% (25/35) and 31.15% (19/61), respectively. No differences in hcp gene presence and transcript levels were found between two groups ( P > 0.05). Conclusions: Dynamic monitoring of sTREM-1 and PCT is valuable in identifying Ab infection and colonization. sTREM-1 can be improved by combination with multiple biomarkers in the early stage for identification of infection and colonization. The hcp gene was more likely to be present in the infection cohort.

Relationship between body temperature and behavior of nonpregnant early-lactation dairy cows

Animal behavior and management factors that influence behavior affect physiology and lactation performance. Circadian rhythms of core body temperature are a primary output of the master clock; however, core body temperature in early-lactation dairy cows showed poor fit to 24-h rhythms. We hypothesized that eating behavior was related to daily body temperature oscillations. The objectives of this study were to determine if oscillations in daily behaviors, specifically feeding behavior, were related to body temperature. The behavior of 11 Holstein cows (34 ± 14 d in milk; mean ± standard deviation) housed in a freestall barn was recorded every 10 min for a 48-h period. Simultaneously, data loggers (iButtons; iButtonLink Technology) recorded the body temperature of cows with the same sampling frequency. The mean temperature of all cows showed a better fit to a 2-component cosinor (R2 = 0.54) than to a single cosinor model (R2 = 0.26). Logistic regression showed that the probability (Pr) of a cow experiencing an increase in body temperature (increment, I) given that she was milking [Pr(I|milking) = 0.94] was higher than for ruminating [Pr(I|ruminating) = 0.69], lying [Pr(I|lying) = 0.66], feeding [Pr(I|feeding) = 0.16], standing [Pr(I|standing) = 0.54], and mounting [Pr(I|mounting) = 0.62]. The main limitations of this study are the length of the observation period and the sample size. Longer observation windows on core body temperature would allow to isolate the noise and the signal and identify patterns with more clarity. Oscillations in body temperature were not associated with feeding. However, findings indicate that milking, activity associated with walking to the parlor, or the temperature in the parlor may affect secondary rhythms of daily body temperature.

Calorie restriction and calorie dilution have different impacts on body fat, metabolism, behavior, and hypothalamic gene expression.

Caloric restriction is a robust intervention to increase lifespan. Giving less food (calorie restriction [CR]) or allowing free access to a diluted diet with indigestible components (calorie dilution [CD]) are two methods to impose restriction. CD does not generate the same lifespan effect as CR. We compare responses of C57BL/6 mice with equivalent levels of CR and CD. The two groups have different responses in fat loss, circulating hormones, and metabolic rate. CR mice are hungrier, as assessed by behavioral assays. Although gene expression of Npy, Agrp, and Pomc do not differ between CR and CD groups, CR mice had a distinctive hypothalamic gene-expression profile with many genes related to starvation upregulated relative to CD. While both result in lower calorie intake, CR and CD are not equivalent procedures. Increased hunger under CR supports the hypothesis that hunger signaling is a key process mediating the benefits of CR.

Edinger-Westphal peptidergic neurons enable maternal preparatory nesting.

SummaryOptimizing reproductive fitness in mammalians requires behavioral adaptations during pregnancy. Maternal preparatory nesting is an essential behavior for the survival of the upcoming litter. Brain-wide immediate early gene mapping in mice evoked by nesting sequences revealed that phases of nest construction strongly activate peptidergic neurons of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in pregnant mice. Genetic ablation, bidirectional neuromodulation, and in vitro and in vivo activity recordings demonstrated that these neurons are essential to modulate arousal before sleep to promote nesting specifically. We show that these neurons enable the behavioral effects of progesterone on preparatory nesting by modulating a broad network of downstream targets. Our study deciphers the role of midbrain CART+ neurons in behavioral adaptations during pregnancy vital for reproductive fitness.

Egg-laying increases body temperature to an annual maximum in a wild bird

Most birds, unlike reptiles, lay eggs successively to form a full clutch. During egg-laying, birds are highly secretive and prone to disturbance and predation. Using multisensor data loggers, we show that average daily body temperature during egg-laying is significantly increased (1 °C) in wild eider ducks (Somateria mollissima). Strikingly, this increase corresponds to the annual maximum body temperature (40.7 °C), representing a severe annual thermogenic challenge. This egg-laying-induced rise in body temperature may prove to be a common feature of wild birds and could be caused by habitat-related thermoregulatory adjustments and hormonal modulation of reproduction. We conclude our findings with new perspectives of the benefits of high body temperature associated with egg-laying of birds and the potential effect of heat stress that may occur with the future advent of heatwaves.

Using Regression Analysis Model to Explore the Hidden Linkage between the CGM Sensor Measured Fasting Plasma Glucose from Sleeping Hours and Body Temperature in Early Morning (both are 90-Days Moving Average Values) over a One-Year Period from 11/21/2020 to 11/21/2021 for a type 2 Diabetes Patient Based on GH-Method: Math-Physical Medicine (No. 553)

The author started to measure his finger-piercing fasting plasma glucose (FPG) at his wakeup moment in the morning starting on 1/1/2012. In addition, he began to measure his FPG using a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) device at each 15-minute time interval since 5/8/2018. His sensor uses the average glucose value between 12:00 midnight and 07:00 AM for a total of 29 glucose values. Incidentally, the difference between his average finger FPG and average sensor FPG is a mere 1%. During the period of 2015-2017, he investigated the correlation between his postprandial plasma glucose (PPG) and its 19 influential factors. He identified that both warmer or colder ambient weather temperature affects PPG level. However, the role of the ambient weather temperature is not like the carbs/sugar intake amount or the post-meal exercise that serve as the primary influential factors of PPG. The temperature only provides a secondary and weaker influential factor of the PPG formation. Starting from 10/1/2020, he set out to measure his daily body temperature (BT) at his wakeup moment in the early morning as an additional daily biomarker to monitor for COVID-19 infection. Currently, he has collected more than one-year data of his body temperature. He wondered which primary biomarkers would have a connection with his BT. Through a quick and easier time-domain analysis, he identified that his FPG has a very high correlation with BT, finger FPG vs. BT at 73% and sensor FPG vs. BT at 85%, using 90-days moving average values during the one-year period from 11/21/2020 to 11/21/2021. Therefore, he decided to use his CGM sensor FPG as the dependent variable Y and his BT as the independent variable X to conduct a space-domain regression analysis. In summary, his CGM sensor FPG and BT have a high correlation of 85% and variance of 72% using data from 366 observation days. His predicted CGM sensor FPG using his BT as input to achieve a prediction accuracy of 100% is shown in the time-domain diagram with highly comparable waveforms. The predicted FPG equation has a linear variance (R^2) of 1.0 or 100%: Predicted sensor FPG (Y) = 51.846 * BT (X) - 4970.3 The significance F and p-values are extremely small, near zero, which indicates that the data in the dataset are statistically significant. Simply put, based on the data from 11/21/2020 to 11/21/2021, his average FPG value during sleep has an extremely tight relationship with BT in the early morning. As a result, he can guess his FPG value once he knows the BT.

Using Regression Analysis Model to Explore the Relationship Between the CGM Sensor Measured Fasting Plasma Glucose from Sleeping Hours and Measured Body Temperature in the Early Morning Over a One-Year Period for a Type 2 Diabetes Patient Based on GH-Method: Math-Physical Medicine (No. 555)

The author began measuring his finger-piercing fasting plasma glucose (FPG) at the wakeup moment starting on the morning of 1/1/2012. In addition, he started measuring his FPG using a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) device at 15-minute time intervals beginning on 5/8/2018. His sensor FPG uses the average glucose value between 12:00 midnight and 07:00 AM for a total of 29 glucose values. Incidentally, the difference between his average finger FPG and average sensor FPG is a mere 1%. Since 10/1/2020, he has been measuring his daily body temperature (BT) and blood oxygen levels at the wakeup moment in the early morning as an additional daily biomarker to monitor for possible COVID-19 infection. Currently, he has over one year’s worth of data on his BT. He wondered which primary biomarkers would have a connection with BT. Through a quick and easy time-domain analysis, he identified that his FPG has an extremely high correlation with BT, using the 90-days moving average data, finger FPG vs. BT at 73%, and using the 90-days moving average data, sensor FPG vs. BT at 85%, for the one-year period from 11/21/2020 to 11/21/2021. Therefore, he decided to use his CGM sensor FPG as the dependent variable Y and his BT as the independent variable X to conduct a space-domain regression analysis. In this particular article, he has also compared the regression analysis results from using his daily data (in current paper No. 555) and the 90-days moving average data (in paper No. 535). In summary, his CGM sensor FPG and BT have a high correlation of 85% with a variance of 72% using the 90-days moving average data from 366 observation days. However, his CGM sensor FPG and BT have a low correlation of 20% with a variance of 4% using the daily average data from the same 366 observation days. This finding is expected due to the statistical nature of a daily data curve which fluctuates more and is not synchronized compared with a 90-days moving average data curve, under normal circumstances. Besides, the peaks and nadirs of a daily data waveform would be “smoothed off” in its corresponding moving average data waveform. His predicted CGM sensor FPG using his BT as input in both daily and moving average cases have achieved the prediction accuracies of 100%. Despite having different values of correlation and variance, the regression predicted FPG equations from the daily data and moving average data are observed as a linear variance (R^2) of 1.0 or 100% in their trend-line equations. The two-regression predicted Sensor FPG equations are: Daily Data Case Predicted sensor FPG (Y) = 15.47 * BT (X) - 1412.6t90-days Moving Average Data Case Predicted sensor FPG (Y) = 51.85 * BT (X) - 4970.28 The significance F-values and p-values are extremely small, near zero, in both cases of the daily data and moving average data. This indicates that the data in the two datasets are statistically significant. Simply put, based on the data from 11/21/2020 to 11/21/2021, his average FPG value during sleep has a tight connection with his BT in the early morning, especially under the moving average data case. Therefore, the author can guesstimate his fasting glucose value once he knows his BT value. For verification purpose, using his morning biomarkers of 11/24/2021 as an example, he is able to predict his FPG at 103 mg/dL using the input of his body temperature of 97.9-degree Fahrenheit. His measured FPG level was exactly at 103 mg/dL!

Environmental determinants of minimum body temperature in mammals

Physiological regulation of body temperature, set at a high level, is one of the key features of endothermic homeotherms, such as birds and mammals. However, many mammals and some birds have evolved the ability for temporal down-regulation of core body temperature. We investigated how variation in environment temperature and habitat primary productivity determine variation in daily body temperature down-regulation among mammalian species. Nearly half of the variation in minimum daily body temperature among species was explained by variation in both primary productivity and environmental temperature. Mammals expressing low minimum body temperature inhabited regions of low annual temperature with wide daily and seasonal temperature variation. Simultaneously, those regions were characterized by low productivity and low seasonality in productivity. Furthermore, regions characterized by a high level of among-year variation in environmental temperature, but not in primary productivity, were inhabited by species with low minimum body temperature, but only by those adapted to relatively humid conditions. Our results suggest that daily heterothermy can be selectively advantageous in the environmental circumstances when high energetic demands for maintaining endothermic homeothermy, physiological regulation of a high and stable body temperature, cannot be supported. The results corroborate the hypothesis that mammals that have evolved daily down-regulation of body temperature may have higher chances of surviving extinction events caused by climatic changes. Therefore, daily heterothermy adaptation in contemporary mammals represents a mechanism for surviving the ongoing global warming.

The Effect of Early Sedation With Dexmedetomidine on Body Temperature in Critically Ill Patients.

Previous case series reported an association between dexmedetomidine use and hyperthermia. Temperature data have not been systematically reported in previous randomized controlled trials evaluating dexmedetomidine. A causal link between dexmedetomidine administration and elevated temperature has not been demonstrated. Post hoc analysis. Four ICUs in Australia and New Zealand. About 703 mechanically ventilated ICU patients. Early sedation with dexmedetomidine versus usual care. The primary outcome was mean daily body temperature. Secondary outcomes included the proportions of patients with body temperatures greater than or equal to 38.3°C and greater than or equal to 39°C, respectively. Outcomes were recorded for 5 days postrandomization in the ICU. The mean daily temperature was not different between the dexmedetomidine (n = 351) and usual care (n = 352) groups (36.84°C ± sd vs 36.78°C ± sd; p = 0.16). Over the first 5 ICU days, more dexmedetomidine group (vs usual care) patients had a temperature greater than or equal to 38.3°C (43.3% vs 32.7%, p = 0.004; absolute difference 10.6 percentage points) and greater than or equal to 39.0°C (19.4% vs 12.5%, p = 0.013; absolute difference 6.9 percentage points). Results were similar after adjusting for diagnosis, admitting temperature, age, weight, study site, sepsis occurrence, and the time from dexmedetomidine initiation to first hyperthermia recorded. There was a significant dose response relationship with temperature increasing by 0.30°C ±0.08 for every additional 1 μg/kg/hr of dexmedetomidine received p < 0.0002. Our study suggests potentially important elevations in body temperature are associated with early dexmedetomidine sedation, in adults who are mechanically ventilated in the ICU.

The performance of a fertility tracking device

Objective Fertility tracking devices offer women direct-to-user information about their fertility. The objective of this study is to understand how a fertility tracking device algorithm adjusts to changes of the individual menstrual cycle and under different conditions. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on a cohort of women who were using the device between January 2004 and November 2014. Available temperature and menstruation inputs were processed through the Daysy 1.0.7 firmware to determine fertility outputs. Sensitivity analyses on temperature noise, skipped measurements, and various characteristics were conducted. Results A cohort of 5328 women from Germany and Switzerland contributed 107,020 cycles. Mean age of the sample was 30.77 [SD 5.1] years, with a BMI of 22.07 kg/m^2 [SD 2.4]. The mean cycle length reported was 29.54 [SD 3.0] days. The majority of women were using the device 80-100% of the time during the cycle (53.1%). For this subset of women, the fertility device identified on average 41.4% [SD 6.4] possibly fertile (red) days, 42.4% [SD 8.7] infertile (green) days and 15.9% [SD 7.3] yellow days. The number of infertile (green) days decreases proportionally to the number of measured days, whereas the number of undefined (yellow) days increases. Conclusion Overall, these results showed that the fertility tracker algorithm was able to distinguish biphasic cycles and provide personalised fertility statuses for users based on daily basal body temperature readings and menstruation data. We identified a direct linear relationship between the number of measurements and output of the fertility tracker.

Comparative Study of Diminazene Aceturate in Trypanosomiasis Therapy in Nigerian Local Dogs Using Intramuscular and Intravenous Routes of Administration

Trypanosoma brucei infection is an important protozoan disease of dogs in tsetse fly infested areas of Africa. It is associated with great economic losses in dogs. Diminazine aceturate (DA) is commonly used in Nigeria for the management of protozoan diseases including trypanosomosis. DA has however been found to have potential harmful effect on the liver, heart, kidney and brain. The need to evaluate the efficacy of DA administered intramuscularly and intravenously in acute infection and evaluate the biochemical and cardiovascular effect warranted this study. In this study, we compared the treatment of single doses of DA intramuscular (i/m), and slow intravenous (i/v) administration. Sixteen local dogs (4-5 months) were used and grouped as Control (C), Trypanosome infested (untreated, T1), Trypanosome infested (i/m treated, T2), and Trypanosome infested (i/v treated, T3). DA was administered to T2 and T3 eight days after inoculation and trypanosome parasitaemia had been established. Daily body weight and body temperature, haematological tests, serological tests, parasitaemia and electrocardiograms of the dogs were evaluated in each group. Results show a steady rise in temperature after parasitaemia which resolved after treatment. There were significant increase in packed cell volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, and creatinine, in the treated groups when compared with the control and untreated groups. There was significant increase in lymphocyte count in T2 compared to the control as well. There was a reduction in blood pressure of the infected untreated group. The electrocardiogram data showed significant increase in PR interval and QT interval in T1 and QTc intervals in T1, T2, and T3 across groups. We conclude that, though both routes cleared the parasitaemia and the intravenous route was well tolerated, no summative comparative advantage was seen over the intramuscular routes in the parameters observed in this study. Further work is needed to examine if advantage can be observed in long term prevention of relapse by the intravenous route.

Research Note: Effects of the in ovo injection of organic zinc, manganese, and copper and posthatch holding time before placement on broiler body temperature during grow out

Effects of the in ovo injection of organic microminerals (OM) (zinc, manganese, and copper) and posthatch holding time (HT) on the daily body temperature (bt) of broilers during grow out were determined. The hatching eggs from a Ross 708 breeder flock at 32 wk of age were incubated under standard commercial conditions. At 17 d of incubation, eggs were randomly allocated to 3 in ovo OM injection treatment (TRT) groups, and at 21 d of incubation, male hatchlings were randomly allocated to 2 posthatch HT treatment groups. Eggs were either not injected or were in ovo injected with diluent only or diluent containing the OM mixture. A 0-hour HT group had immediate access to water and feed, and a 24-hour HT (24HT) group contained birds that were kept in transport baskets in their pens without access to feed and water for 24 h before being released. Fifteen male birds were placed in each of 36 litter floor pens in a temperature-controlled facility. Approximately 2 birds in each of 6 replicate pens belonging to each TRT-HT combination had temperature transponders inserted subcutaneous in the mid-dorsal region of the neck. All birds were brooded under standard commercial conditions and had ad libitum access to feed and water after their respective HT. The bt of the same birds were determined daily at the same time each day beginning at hatch and ending on 39 d of posthatch age (AGE). There were no significant main or interactive effects involving TRT or HT for bt. However, there was a significant (P ≤ 0.0001) main effect because of AGE. A general increase in bt occurred during the 39 d grow out period. At hatch, bt was 40.54 ± 0.056°C and at AGE 39 was 41.46 ± 0.055°C. Under standard brooding conditions, a general increase in bt occurred in the Ross 708 broilers. However, these birds did not exhibit a significant bt response to TRT or a 24HT before placement.

Research methodology for in vivo measurements of resting energy expenditure, daily body temperature, metabolic heat and non-viral tissue-specific gene therapy in baboons

A large number of studies have shown that the baboon is one of the most commonly used non-human primate (NHP) research model for the study of immunometabolic complex traits such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), insulin resistance (IR), adipose tissue dysfunction (ATD), dyslipidemia, obesity (OB) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). This paper reports on innovative technologies and advanced research strategies for energetics and translational medicine with this NHP model. This includes the following: measuring resting energy expenditure (REE) with the mobile indirect calorimeter Breezing®; monitoring daily body temperature using subcutaneously implanted data loggers; quantifying metabolic heat with veterinary infrared thermography (IRT) imaging, and non-viral non-invasive, tissue-specific ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) gene-based therapy. These methods are of broad utility; for example, they may facilitate the engineering of ectopic overexpression of brown adipose tissue (BAT) mUCP-1 via UTMD-gene therapy into baboon SKM to achieve weight loss, hypophagia and immunometabolic improvement. These methods will be valuable to basic and translational research, and human clinical trials, in the areas of metabolism, cardiovascular health, and immunometabolic and infectious diseases.

Physical and social warmth: Warmer daily body temperature is associated with greater feelings of social connection.

Growing evidence suggests that physical warmth and social warmth-feeling socially connected to others-are linked. In particular, thermoregulatory systems that maintain a relatively warm internal body temperature may also support feelings of social connection. However, it is unknown whether and how feelings of physical and social warmth fluctuate together across time in daily life. To this end, the current study examined tympanic temperature, a measure of internal body temperature, and feelings of social connection assessed multiple times a day over 1 week. Consistent with hypotheses, moment-to-moment changes in tympanic temperature covaried with feelings of social connection across assessments. Thus, warmer body temperatures, in the nonfebrile range, were associated with greater feelings of social connection, and cooler body temperatures were associated with lower feelings of social connection. These findings provide further evidence for the link between physical and social warmth and contribute to an understanding of the dynamic fluctuation of affective experience across time. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Continuous Body Temperature Monitoring to Improve the Diagnosis of Female Infertility.

Introduction Ovulatory dysfunction is a major cause of female infertility. We evaluated the use of continuous body temperature monitoring with a vaginal biosensor to improve standard diagnostic procedures for determining ovulatory dysfunction. Material and Methods This prospective interventional study was performed in a reproductive medicine department of a university hospital. The menstrual cycles of 51 women with infertility were monitored and analysed using three different strategies: sonographic and hormonal assessment (standard approach), continuous core body temperature measurement and analysis using the algorithm of OvulaRing, and lowest daily body temperature measurement monitored with a vaginal biosensor and analysed based on the body temperature curves used in natural family planning. Results Statistically significant differences were found in the temperature curves of women with luteal phase deficiency and polycystic ovary syndrome compared to women with normal menstrual cycles. The analysis of individual cyclofertilograms can be used to detect cycle phases and estimate the date of ovulation. Conclusions Continuous body temperature monitoring with a vaginal biosensor can improve the standard diagnostic procedures used to determine ovulatory dysfunction, especially if dysfunction is due to luteal phase deficiency and polycystic ovary syndrome. Analysis of the lowest daily body temperature combined with the basal body temperature measurements used in fertility awareness methods may be equieffective to continuous body temperature measurements with OvulaRing. The results of this study show that a revised diagnostic approach using fewer hormonal assessments combined with continuous body temperature monitoring can reduce the number of appointments in an infertility clinic as well as the costs.

Activity–Rest and Body Temperature Rhythms in Mice with Knockout of the Panx1 Gene

Pannexins are a family of three proteins which play an important role in intercellular communications. This study shows that mice with knockout of the Panx1 gene(Panx1–/–) have elevated levels of movement activity and increased proportions of waking, due to decreases in slow-wave sleep, as compared with control animals, as a result of decreases in the adenosine content of the brain. We suggest that these mice may also show impairments to thermoregulation and the daily temperature curve rhythm. To test this suggestion, eight adult male C57BL/6J mice and eight adult male Panx1–/– mice, derived from them, underwent i.p. implantation of autonomous temperature and movement activity sensors. Recordings were made over several months at an environmental temperature of 23 ± 1°C. The results confirmed our previous data indicating higher movement activity in Panx1–/– mice compared with controls. The daily body temperature rhythm in Panx1–/– mice persisted and was no different from that in control animals. The first series of experiments showed an increased tendency to fall into torpor in Panx1–/– mice as compared with controls. However, no onset of torpor occurred in the next series, using a further four pairs of animals. Thus, the role of the Panx1 gene in the diurnal activity-rest rhythm was confirmed, while its role in the temperature rhythm and thermoregulatory reactions remains unclear and requires further study.