Daily Allowance Research Articles

Carotenoid composition and sequestration in cassava (Manihot esculentum Crantz) roots

Cassava (Manihot esculentum Crantz) is a staple food source for many developing countries. Its edible roots are high in starch but lack micronutrients such as β-carotene. In the present study, analysis of pedigree breeding populations has led to the identification of cassava accessions with enhanced β-carotene contents up to 40 μg/g DW. This represents 0.2% of the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for vitamin A. The β-branch of the carotenoid pathway predominates in cassava roots, with dominant levels of β-carotene followed by other minor epoxides of β-ring derived carotenoids. Metabolomic analysis revealed that steady state levels of intermediary metabolism were not altered by the formation of carotenoids, similar to starch and carbohydrate levels. Apocarotenoids appeared to be independent of their carotenoid precursors. Lipidomic analysis provided evidence of a significant positive correlation between carotenoid and lipid content, in particular plastid specific galactolipids. Proteomic analysis of isolated amyloplasts identified the majority of proteins associated with translation and carbohydrate/starch biosynthesis (e.g. glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase). No carotenoid related proteins were detected even in the highest carotenoid containing lines. Carotenoids were associated with fractions typically annotated as plastoglobuli and plastid membranes (particularly the envelope). Proteomic analysis confirmed these structures apart from plastoglobuli, thus potentially amyloplast structures may not contain classical plastoglobuli structures.

Effect of school feeding program on dietary folate intake among school adolescent girls in Sidama region, southern Ethiopia

BackgroundEthiopia recently initiated a school feeding program (SFP) that provides nutritious meals to vulnerable students during school to combat malnutrition and improve their nutrition. However, there is limited evidence regarding the program’s impact on dietary folate intake among adolescent girls. Improving folate status in adolescent girls is important to prevent neural tube defect and anemia This study was aimed at assessing the effect of the SFP on dietary folate intake among school adolescent girls in the Sidama Region, Southern Ethiopia.MethodsThis school-based cross-sectional study compared dietary folate intake among adolescent girls enrolled in schools with (n = 290) and without (n = 290) SFP. Multistage sampling method was used to select adolescent girls from 12 schools. The multiple pass 24-h dietary recall method was used to estimate the dietary intake of adolescent girls. Dietary diversity in the preceding day of the survey was assessed with the standard nine-food group score. Nutrient inadequacy was defined as a proportion of adolescents with dietary value of nutrient intake less than the recommended daily allowance (RDA). The dietary folate intake was compared between two groups using multilevel mixed effects linear regression model adjusted for potential confounders.ResultsThe result showed significantly higher mean (±SD) dietary folate intake in SFP beneficiaries (421.12 ± 78.60 μg/day) than the non-beneficiaries (393.26 ± 74.57 μg/day; β = 27.19, p < 0.001). SFP beneficiary girls had a significantly higher mean (±SD) dietary diversity score (5.24 ± 1.35) compared to non-beneficiary girls (4.83 ± 1.54; β = 0.40, p = 0.001). The prevalence of inadequate folate intake was significantly higher among no-beneficiaries (47.4%) compared to beneficiaries (36.9%; p = 0.01).ConclusionThe SFP in Sidama region improved folate intake and dietary diversity of adolescent girls. The evidence from this study supports the expansion of the program to enhance dietary intake of nutrients of adolescent girls in the region.

The Utilization of Vegetable Powders for Bread Enrichment—The Effect on the Content of Selected Minerals, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content, and the Coverage of Daily Requirements in the Human Diet

The aim of this study was to evaluate the content of selected minerals and total phenolic and flavonoid content of wheat bread and bread enriched with varying amounts of carrot powder (CP) and pumpkin powder (PP). In addition, the coverage of daily requirements of selected minerals was evaluated after the consumption of 100 g of each type of bread. The research included seven types of bread: wheat bread (WB) and bread enriched with 10%, 20%, and 30% CP and PP. The vegetable powders were obtained by freeze-drying. The concentrations of minerals—sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn)—were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) method. Coverage of daily requirements after consumption of a serving of bread was determined based on Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) and Adequate Intake (AI) ratios for minerals, according to the nutritional standards for the Polish population. The addition of 10% PP led to a greater increase in Na, K, Mg, and Cu in the bread compared to CP, while for Ca, Fe, Zn, and Mn a greater increase was observed with the addition of 10% CP than PP. Among macronutrients, the greatest changes in content were recorded for Ca—the addition of 10 and 20% CP and PP resulted in increases of 66, 113, 51 and 59%. Among micronutrients, the addition of CP and PP to wheat bread caused the largest changes in Cu (46–150% increase) and Mn (25–99% increase) content. Additionally, there was a tenfold increase in total phenolic content (TPC) when 30% CP was added to the bread. Consuming 100 g of bread with CP and PP provided the greatest coverage of K (41–60%), Cu (8–17.5%), and Mn (6–17%). These findings suggest that fortification of bread with vegetable powders has the potential to be a useful method of enriching the mineral composition and increasing the proportion of selected minerals in the human diet.

Response of One-Carbon Biomarkers in Maternal and Cord Blood to Folic Acid Dose During Pregnancy.

The folate Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for pregnant women is 600 μg/day dietary folate equivalents, which is equivalent to approximately 400 μg folic acid. Many prenatal supplements contain much higher doses of folic acid. The body's ability to reduce synthetic folic acid to the metabolically active form may be exceeded with high levels of supplementation. The objective of this double-blinded randomized controlled intervention trial was to determine changes in unmetabolized folic acid and other biomarkers of folate and one-carbon metabolism in maternal and cord blood in response to a folic acid dose commonly found in prenatal supplements (800 μg/day) compared to the dose equivalent of the RDA (400 μg/day). Healthy pregnant women were randomized and provided supplements from their first prenatal visit (<12 weeks gestation) through delivery. Maternal blood was collected at baseline and delivery. Umbilical cord blood from the mothers was collected at delivery. A repeated measures analysis of variance revealed that there was a significant group supplemental dose effect (p = 0.0225) on serum unmetabolized folic acid concentration in mothers but no difference in cord blood unmetabolized folic acid concentrations between groups. Mixed effects analysis found a significant overall effect of pre-pregnancy BMI (p = 0.0360) and length of previous folic acid supplementation (p = 0.0281) on serum folate concentrations. No treatment effect was seen in RBC folate concentrations. Choline concentrations were higher in cord blood from the 800 μg/day group compared to the 400 μg/day group, but there was no group effect in maternal choline concentrations. The results indicate that folic acid dose during pregnancy affects certain folate and one-carbon biomarkers, and these effects are not consistent between maternal and cord blood. Potential long-term effects of these results on both mothers and offspring are unknown and merit further investigation.

Comparative estimation of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) in Sweet-melon, Watermelon and Cucumber

This research is carried out to provide valuable information for individuals that would want to properly modify their nutrient intake. It would enable individuals to know the quantity of these fruits (Sweet melon, Watermelon and Cucumber) needed to be consumed per day to meet the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) of Vitamin C for healthy living. Understanding the relative content of Ascorbic acid in these fruits will help individuals plan their diets and know how to properly incorporate them in foods daily to avoid Vitamin C deficiency health problems. This study determined and compared the vitamin C content in Sweet melon, Watermelon and Cucumber. The extracted juices were analysed for ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) using Iodometric Titration method. Results obtained showed that Sweet melon contain (58.4mg/100cm³), Water melon (22.75mg/100cm³) and Cucumber (16.25mg/100cm³) concentrations of ascorbic acid. The ascorbic acid concentrations being highest in Sweet melon and lowest in Cucumber. Therefore sweet melon is the best source of Vitamin C among the three fruits analyzed. Sweet melon can be recommended for individuals suffering from vitamin C deficiency. It is recommended that nutrition and health education is needed to promote increased consumption of fruits rich in Vitamin C content to avoid diseases caused by its deficiency such as scurvy, Iron deficiency anemia, bone disease in children.

Dietary Intake and Diet Quality of Female and Male NCAA Division I Cross Country Runners from a Single University

BackgroundCollegiate student-athletes have unique nutritional requirements to support their athletic performance and health. Few studies have comprehensively characterized the diets of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I student-athletes. ObjectivesTo characterize dietary intake and diet quality during a competitive season in female and male NCAA Division I cross country student-athletes from a single university. MethodsFemales and males (n = 14/sex) from the Florida State University cross country teams completed 9-d of food records across their competitive season. Nutrient intakes were compared to the Dietary Reference Intakes for the United States population [e.g., Recommended Daily Allowances (RDAs)] and athlete-specific guidelines. Diet quality was assessed according to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs) using the 2020 Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2020). Total daily energy expenditure was estimated from training records. ResultsCarbohydrate intakes were below athlete guidelines in 43% of females (mean ± SD, 5.67 ± 1.16 g·kg–1·d–1) and 29% of males (4.95 ± 1.05, P sex = 0.096). All participants met or exceeded athlete recommendations for protein (2.09 ± 0.425 g·kg–1·d–1, 1.92 ± 0.519, P sex = 0.36) and fat (32.8 ± 5.1% kcal, 34.4 ± 3.4%, P sex = 0.36). No participants met the RDA for vitamin D (5.14 ± 1.78 μg/d, 4.91 ± 3.24, P sex = 0.83). Only 79% of females and 36% of males met the RDA for calcium (1220 ± 307 mg/d, 1010 ± 296, P sex = 0.83). Most females (n = 13) and males (n = 11) consumed iron supplements where total intakes exceeded the tolerable upper intake level (110 ± 60.1 mg/d, 66.8 ± 36.3, P sex = 0.029). HEI-2020 indicated poor adherence to the DGAs, with better diet quality in females (65.3 ± 13.7) than males (50.6 ± 10.1, P sex = 0.0034). Participants failed to meet guidelines for all HEI-2020 food group components except total protein foods. Total daily energy expenditure was greater in males and declined across the competitive season (P sex < 0.0001, P time < 0.0001, P sex∗time = 0.25). ConclusionsNCAA Division I cross country student-athletes consumed inadequate carbohydrates, calcium, and vitamin D but met or exceeded intake guidelines for protein, fat, and iron. Diet quality was poor; HEI-2020 component scores may indicate food groups to target to improve diet quality and intake of nutrients important to runners.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04079322.

Bioavailability, Acceptability and Contribution of Beetroot Powder Processed Under Different Conditions to The Iron Intake of Adolescent Girls Aged 10 To 19 Years

ABSTRACT Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a prevalent issue among adolescent schoolgirls, significantly affecting their cognitive development and school performance. Beetroot, known for its high iron content, presents a potential solution for mitigating IDA. This study investigated the bioavailability, acceptability, and contribution of beetroot powder, processed under different conditions, to the iron intake of adolescent schoolgirls aged 10-19 years. Two beetroot varieties, Detroit Dark Red and Crimson Globe, were subjected to different processing methods, including boiling, sun drying, oven drying, and freeze drying. The bioavailability of iron was assessed through oxalate-to-iron molar ratios, while sensory acceptability was evaluated using a 9-point hedonic scale. The results revealed that the oxalate-to-iron molar ratios were below 1.0, indicating favorable iron bioavailability. Additionally, beetroot powder contributed between 9.24 mg and 9.5 mg of iron per 100g, equating to more than 50% of the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for adolescent schoolgirls. Sensory evaluation indicated moderate acceptability, with scores ranging from "like slightly" to "like moderately." These findings suggest that beetroot powder, particularly when processed by boiling and sun drying, can serve as a valuable dietary supplement to address IDA in adolescent girls.

Evaluation of Body Composition and Biochemical Parameters in Adult Phenylketonuria

Background/Objectives: Phenylketonuria is a hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by a deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase. The main treatment for PKU is a phenylalanine-restricted diet. The exclusion of protein rich natural foods and inclusion of low-Phe substitutes may give rise to an imbalanced diet, and the increased risk of overweight and obesity in PKU is a cause for concern. We aimed to evaluate the body composition and nutritional biochemical biomarkers in adult PKU patients who are on Phe-restricted and essential amino acid-supplemented nutrition therapy and to investigate the relationships between these parameters and patient gender, adherence to dietary therapy, and disease type, defined as mild or classic PKU. Methods: The study group comprised 37 PKU patients and 26 healthy siblings as controls. The participants were assessed based on an analysis of anthropometric parameters, body composition, and biochemical test results. Results: PKU patients do not have a higher incidence of overweight and obesity than healthy controls, the proportion of energy derived from carbohydrates in their diets was below the recommended level, and their total energy intake was below the recommended daily allowance. It was remarkable that patients with a treatment adherence ratio of &lt;50% displayed a higher prevalence of overweight and abdominal obesity in comparison to those with a more favorable treatment adherence ratio. Conclusions: In view of the growing prevalence of overweight in the general population, PKU patients should be kept under close long-term follow-up. Particularly in the group with low treatment compliance, more caution should be taken in terms of adverse outcomes.

High Protein Diets and Glomerular Hyperfiltration in Athletes and Bodybuilders: Is Chronic Kidney Disease the Real Finish Line?

Several observational and experimental studies in humans have suggested that high protein intake (PI) causes intraglomerular hypertension leading to hyperfiltration. This phenomenon results in progressive loss of renal function with long-term exposure to high-protein diets (HPDs), even in healthy people. The recommended daily allowance for PI is 0.83g/kg per day, which meets the protein requirement for approximately 98% of the population. A HPD is defined as a protein consumption > 1.5g/kg per day. Athletes and bodybuilders are encouraged to follow HPDs to optimize muscle protein balance, increase lean body mass, and enhance performance. A series of studies in resistance-trained athletes looking at HPD has been published concluding that there are no harmful effects of HPD on renal health. However, the aim of these studies was to evaluate body composition changes and they were not designed to assess safety or kidney outcomes. Here we review the effects of HPD on kidney health in athletes and healthy individuals with normal kidney function.

The pharmacokinetic differences between 10- and 15-μg daily vitamin D doses.

The reference nutrient intake for vitamin D in people aged ≥4years is 10μg/day (400 IU/day) in the UK, but the recommended daily allowance is 15 μg/day (600 IU/day) for people aged 1-70 years in the USA. Here, we aim to compare the 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) serum concentration profiles between the 2 doses. With world-wide trial data of adults aged ≥18 years, 45-93 kg, we constructed a minimal physiologically based pharmacokinetics model of serum concentrations of vitamin D and 25(OH)D using nonlinear mixed effects modelling. We used this model to forecast the mean, 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles for serum 25(OH)D concentrations in British adults aged ≥16 years. Our final model used bodyweight to adjust volume of each compartment and maximum clearance of 25(OH)D. No other covariate was identified. The model accurately predicted independent data from trials of a broad range of dosing regimens. We simulated British adults and showed that circulating 25(OH)D concentrations in 95% of people taking 10μg/day for a year is predicted to reach 50 nmol/L in 32 weeks, while 97.5% of those on 15 μg/day were predicted to attain this threshold within 28 weeks. Both doses are efficacious in >95% of the British population. The daily dose of 15 μg can help 97.5% of the British adults achieve 50 nmol/L serum 25(OH)D and reach the 25 nmol/L threshold in 4weeks.

Formulasi Serbuk Wedang Tahu dan Pendugaan Umur Simpan Menggunakan Metode Kadar Air Kritis

Indonesia silken tofu dessert is a traditional dish made from silken tofu and ginger sauce. To enhance its shelf life, this study explored the development of silken tofu dessert into a powdered form. Traditionally, silken tofu is coagulated using calcium sulfate (CaSO₄), but there has been little research on the optimal concentration of CaSO₄ necessary for forming curd in powdered silken tofu comparable to the traditional version. This study aimed to identify the ideal concentration of CaSO₄ as a coagulant to be added to powdered silken tofu and to estimate its shelf life using the critical moisture method. Sensory testing was conducted to select the appropriate concentration of CaSO₄, comparing different levels to a control method. The results revealed significant differences between the powdered silken tofu dessert and the traditional counterpart. Among the three CaSO₄ concentrations tested (3, 5, and 7%), the dessert prepared with 3% CaSO₄ exhibited the closest resemblance to the traditional silken tofu dessert. A single serving of this powdered silken tofu dessert provides 125 kcal of total energy, accounting for 12% of the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for protein, 3% for total fat, and 6% for carbohydrates. When packaged in metallized plastic and stored at a relative humidity of 78% and a temperature of 30 °C, the shelf life of the powdered silken tofu dessert is extended up to 12 months.

Assessment of energy and nutrient intake adequacy and dietary diversity of pregnant women in Abidjan

Background: Dietary diversity is a potential indicator of adequate nutrient intake. Aims: The study assessed dietary diversity and adequacy of nutrient intake among pregnant women in Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire). Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 389 healthy pregnant adult women aged 20 to 43. Participants completed a three-day, 24-hour dietary recall questionnaire and dietary data were converted into nutrient amounts using Nutrisurvey software. Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) was based on nine food groups aggregated from a 15-item questionnaire. Nutrient intake was assessed using the Nutrient Adequacy Ratio (NAR) with the mean adequacy ratio (MAR) serving as an overall indicator of diet quality. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Results: The mean DDS among pregnant women was low at 4.30 ± 1.04, with diet primarily consisting of cereals, white tubers, roots, vegetables and fish. The average energy intake of pregnant women was 2429 kcal/day for over 60 % of participants. While the majority met the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and vitamin B12. However, intakes of calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc, folates and vitamin C were below the RDAs for most pregnant women. The average MAR for pregnant women was 70.86% and exhibited a positive correlation with DDS (r = 0.37; p &lt; 0.001). NAR for energy and other nutrients was positively correlated with DDS, except for vitamins B12 and C. Conclusions: Pregnant women with adequate nutrient intakes consumed a diverse range of foods. Dietary diversity can therefore provide be a reliable indicator of nutrient adequacy in the diets of pregnant women in Abidjan’s hospital. Keywords: Dietary diversity, nutrient intake, nutrient adequacy ratio, pregnant women, Côte d'Ivoire.

The commitment of the population of the Russian Federation to healthy nutrition

Introduction. The increase in the number of diseases associated with malnutrition has reached global proportions and has become a serious problem for health systems around the world. For example, in the United States, about 36 % of the adult population is obese, in Russia, Georgia and the Republic of Belarus this figure ranges from 21% to 24%. Foreign experience (the Netherlands and the USA) illustrates that the population’s idea of proper nutrition is unrealistic: underestimation of high fat intake, low consumption of vegetables and fruits, etc., relative to their daily allowance, misconception in assessing the balance of their own diet, etc. The purpose of the study: to study the commitment of the population to proper nutrition and to determine the factors influencing people’s choice. Materials and methods. In this work, a questionnaire method was used using a developed questionnaire consisting of seven blocks and 46 questions. Statistical analysis of the data was carried out using the programs Statistica for Windows version 10.0 and R-studio. Results. 2,731 respondents over the age of 18 (45.7 % men and 54.3 % women) from all regions of the Russian Federation took part in the survey. Only 5 % (n = 136) replied that they constantly adhered to proper nutrition, a large proportion preferred not to do it at all (43.4 %, n = 1,186) and a third – from time to time (37.3 %, n = 1,018). In addition, it is important that 14.3 % of respondents (n = 391) found it difficult to answer the question, which is most likely due to a lack of understanding of what the concept of «proper nutrition» includes. The parameters related to the observance of proper nutrition by the respondents were female gender, high financial status and regular breakfast intake. In addition, non-smokers, as well as people who, when choosing food in the store, paid attention to the composition, calorie content and the inscription «GMO-free»/ «Sugar-free»/ «Healthy food», had a higher chance of adhering to a proper diet compared to the rest of the participants. Conclusion. It is necessary to increase the commitment and awareness of the population about proper nutrition, focusing primarily on men, obese people, low financial status, workers/employees/specialists, smokers, who often ate at night, ate semi-finished products at home, and ate everything that was on the plate to the end.

Prolonged Copper Supplementation Modified Minerals in the Kidney, Liver and Blood, and Potentiated Oxidative Stress and Vasodilation of Isolated Aortic Rings in Young Wistar Rats.

Previous studies have highlighted that copper supplementation at 200% of the recommended daily dietary allowance modified vascular contraction and relaxation through increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and prostaglandin formation, which modified the antioxidant status of middle-aged Wistar rats. In this study, young (1 month old) male Wistar rats (n/group = 10) received a diet supplemented with 6.45 mg copper/kg (100% of daily recommendation-Group A) for 8 weeks. The experimental group received 12.9 mg copper/kg of diet (200% of the daily recommendation-Group B). Experimental supplementation with 200% copper modified the copper concentration in the blood (1.21-fold, p = 0.04), liver (1.15-fold, p = 0.032), and kidneys (1.23-fold, p = 0.045), potentiated the ROS formation in the aortic rings, and enhanced the sensitivity of the aortic rings to the vasodilator acetylcholine. We observed an increased participation of nitric oxide (NO) derived from inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in vascular contraction and a decreased net effect of vasodilator prostanoids derived from cyclooxygenase-2 in vascular relaxation. In rat kidneys, the concentrations of potassium (1.08-fold, p = 0.001) and iron (1.13-fold, p = 0.046) were higher, while, calcium (0.88-fold, p = 0.001) and chromium (0.77-fold, p = 0.005) concentrations were lower. In the rat liver, magnesium (1.06-fold, p = 0.012) was higher. No differences were observed in the concentrations of sodium, zinc, manganese, selenium, cobalt, molybdenum, and vanadium. The antioxidant activity of water- and lipid-soluble compounds; total antioxidant status in the blood; and superoxide dismutase, catalase, and malondialdehyde levels in the heart did not change. In young rats, prolonged supplementation with 200% copper had a lesser effect than anticipated on oxidative stress and vascular reactivity. Detailed data on the status of trace elements and their interactions in patients of different age groups are strongly required for effective nutritional and therapeutic intervention.

Foliar iodine application: a strategy for tomato biofortification and yield optimization

Iodine (I) is a beneficial micronutrient for crop plants and essential for human health, yet approximately two billion people worldwide suffer from I deficiency, resulting in significant health issues. Agricultural soils often lack sufficient I, resulting in crops with low I content. However, tomatoes have shown potential to accumulate I when supplemented externally, making them an ideal candidate for I biofortification, particularly as an alternative to iodized salt for individuals on low-sodium diets. This two-year greenhouse pot experiment evaluated the effectiveness of foliar application of potassium iodide (KI) in biofortifying two commercial tomato hybrids. Different concentrations of I (0, 1, 3, 6, and 9 mM/plant) were applied as foliar treatments to assess their effects on physiological parameters, yield attributes, and quality traits, especially I enrichment in tomato fruit. The results demonstrated that foliar application of KI significantly increased fruit I contents at concentrations that also promoted overall plant growth and development. These findings underscored the efficient translocation of I through the phloem in tomatoes. I enrichment in tomato fruits ranged up to 5.27 mg/kg, exceeding the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of 150 μg/day. Even lower doses of 1–3 mM KI were effective in achieving significant I enrichment suitable for biofortification programs. In conclusion, tomato emerged as an excellent candidate for agronomic biofortification with I due to the practicality, and affordability of foliar application. The study highlights the potential of foliar I application as a feasible strategy for addressing global I deficiency, emphasizing its suitability for widespread adoption by farmers.

Calorie and nutrient gap analysis of jail menu and nutritional status of the prisoners of District Jail, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

Assessment of prisoners' diet showed that it is deficient in calories as well as in Recommended Daily Allowance values. Caloric value was about 64.9% deficient considering one serving (plate per time) taken. A quantitative-qualitative mixed approach was adopted. Convenient purposive sampling was employed to recruit 112 participants. For quantitative assessment a descriptive cross-sectional study design and semistructured data collection tool was used, and for qualitative evaluation, caloric and RDA value of different nutrients were calculated and in-depth interviews were conducted. Analysis showed that the diet provided was deficient in caloric and RDA values, thus the prison authority should design a proper strategy to ensure proper nutritional status of prisoners.

PSLBII-13 Bioinformatics of rumen fluid from steers fed alfalfa-bermudagrass mixtures in the Deep South

Abstract When harvesting high-quality, high-water content forages like legumes, there is often a greater percentage of nutritive loss due to the drying process. Alternative feeding strategies like baleage provide a way to mitigate these losses. However, there is not much adoption of baleage in the Deep South. Therefore, our objective was to assess the influence of conserved forage type on rumen metabolomes of beef cattle systems in the Deep South. Three treatments including bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) hay, alfalfa (Medicago sativa) baleage, and alfalfa-bermudagrass baleage were supplied to four fistulated steers with a calculated daily forage allowance based on intake, body weight, and feed refusals. Each diet was allocated to one of three periods in which all four animals received the same diet due to potential feed spoilage. Each period had a 21-d adaptation period followed by a 5-d collection period to analyze rumen fluid, total fecal weight, feed intake, feed refusal, and total urine. This study integrated 16S RNA sequencing and LC-MS-based metabolomics to evaluate rumen bacterial diversity and metabolome of beef steers. Sequencing data from the rumen fluid samples were then analyzed using QIIME2. Bermudagrass hay had a reduced alpha diversity compared with alfalfa baleage (Shannon: H = 5.19, P = 0.02). Additionally, we saw a change in beta diversity (P &amp;lt; 0.001), measured using the unweighted UniFrac distance, between conserved forage types and distinct clustering in the PCoA analysis. The most abundant taxa in all microbial communities were from the orders Lachnospirales, Bacteroidales, and Oscillospirales. Previous analysis in this study evidenced that baleage had an increased dry matter digestibility (DMD; P = 0.02). The increase in DMD was associated with the increase in diversity of the metabolome which could influence animal health and performance. Thus, baleage can serve as a beneficial conserved forage type that mitigates the losses of high-quality forages and diversifies the gut microbiome of ruminant animals.

448 Interactive effects of extrusion and particle size reduction of corn on metabolizable energy by weanling pigs

Abstract The objective was to test the hypothesis that there are interactive effects of extrusion and reduction of the particle size of corn on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) and digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) when fed to weanling pigs. Six corn-based diets were arranged in a 3 × 2 factorial with 3 particle sizes of corn (i.e., 700, 500, or 300 μm) and two forms (i.e., meal or extruded corn). The daily feed allowance was limited to 3.0 times the energy requirement for maintenance and pigs had free access to water. Pigs [n = 48; initial body weight (BW) = 12.8 kg; SD = 1.32) were housed in metabolism crates and allotted to the 6 diets using a randomized complete block design with two blocks. Fecal and urine samples were quantitatively collected for 4 d following 5 d of adaptation. The statistical model included diet as fixed effect and block as random effect. Contrast coefficients were used to determine effects of extrusion, linear effects of particle size, and the interaction. Results indicated that the ATTD of GE and DE and ME in corn increased by reducing the particle size of corn only if corn was in a meal form, but that was not the case for extruded corn (interaction; P &amp;lt; 0.001; Table 1). Regardless of particle size, the ATTD of GE and DE and ME in corn were increased (P &amp;lt; 0.001) by extrusion. In conclusion, reducing particle size of corn had a positive impact on energy digestibility in non-extruded corn. Regardless of particle size, extrusion of corn increased energy digestibility and DE and ME, which is likely a result of starch gelatinization in extruded corn. However, the effects of reducing particle size and extrusion were not additive, which indicates that it is not necessary to grind corn to 500 or 300 μm before extrusion.

Association between dietary copper, iron, zinc, selenium intake and osteopenia or osteoporosis in elderly hypertensive patients: a retrospective cohort study.

The study aimed to investigate the link between dietary copper, iron, zinc, selenium intake with osteopenia and osteoporosis in elderly hypertensive patients. The data of hypertensive patients were extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2010, 2013-2014, and 2017-2018. Data of dietary iron, zinc, copper and selenium intakes were obtained according to 24-h diet recall interviews. Osteopenia and osteoporosis were determined based on the bone mineral density. Weighted liner regression and weighted logistic regression were employed to assess the association between iron, zinc, copper, and selenium intakes with osteopenia and osteoporosis. All results were presented as β, odds ratios (ORs), and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). In total, 5,286 elderly hypertensive patients were included. Among them, 2,961 (56.02%) patients have osteopenia, and 566 (10.71%) have osteoporosis. After adjusting all covariates, dietary copper intake ≥the recommended daily allowance was positively correlated with bone mineral density on total femur (β = 0.086, 95% CI: 0.021-0.152) and femoral neck (β = 0.097, 95% CI: 0.016-0.178). Dietary zinc intake ≥the recommended daily allowance was also positively correlated with bone mineral density on total femur (β = 0.092, 95% CI: 0.030-0.153) and femoral neck (β = 0.122, 95% CI: 0.050-0.193). Dietary copper (O = 0.581, 95% CI: 0.394-0.858) and zinc (OR = 0.595, 95% CI: 0.429-0.827) intake ≥the recommended daily allowance levels were related to increased odds of osteoporosis in elderly with hypertension. Higher dietary copper and zinc intake was associated with lower odds of osteoporosis in the elderly hypertensive patients. Higher dietary intake included copper and zinc may be beneficial for the bone health in the elderly hypertensive patients.

Gestating sows with a restricted feed allowance require a longer adaptation period before collecting feces compared with lactating sows in total tract digestibility assessments using index method.

The objective of the present experiment was to determine the minimum adaptation period for total tract digestibility experiments in gestating and lactating sows using the indigestible index method. Five gestating and 5 lactating sows at parities 3 to 5 were used. An indigestible index of 0.5% chromic oxide was supplemented to a diet based on corn and soybean meal. The daily feed allowance for gestating sows was 2kg and 2 equal meals were provided to the sows. Lactating sows were fed 6kg of feed per day in 3 equal meals. After feeding a diet without supplemental chromic oxide for 5 d, index-supplemented diets were provided to the gestating and lactating sows. Feces were collected at 24-h intervals for 9 and 7 d from gestating and lactating sows, respectively. Fecal Cr concentrations increased linearly (P < 0.001) and quadratically (P < 0.001) with collection time in both gestating and lactating sows. Minimum adaptation periods were estimated by one-slope broken-line model. The break point of Cr concentrations in feces was day 7.2 (SE = 0.3) in the gestating sows and day 4.2 (SE = 0.2) in the lactating sows, respectively. Apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and energy on day 4 was less (P < 0.001) than that on days 8 to 9 in gestating sows fed the experimental diet with a 2-kg feed allowance. In lactating sows fed the experimental diets with a 6-kg feed allowance, the apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and energy on day 3 was less (P < 0.05) than that on days 5 to 7. In conclusion, at least 8 d of adaptation period are required for gestating sows to determine total tract digestibility using Cr as the indigestible index method whereas 5 d of adaptation period are required for lactating sows. An insufficient adaptation period results in lower digestibility values.