D2D Technology Research Articles

An adaptive MLP-based joint optimization of resource allocation and relay selection in device-to-device communication using hybrid meta-heuristic algorithm

Enhancement in both energy efficiency and spectral efficiency in cellular networks is made possible by means of an advanced technique called device-to device (D2D) communication. The enhancement of these efficiencies is done by utilizing the cellular user (CU) resources once again to make communication with nearby cellular devices in an effective manner by spectral means. As the D2D communication technology is capable of providing a direct communication link with nearby devices effectively with enhanced spectral efficacy, this approach is considered as an ideal solution for the futuristic cellular communication network. A flexible and reliable relay-assisted communication by means of D2D technology is required that acts as an intermediate relay when the attenuation between the channels across the D2D devices becomes high. The throughput of the system is increased by utilizing D2D communication technology as it uses direct data transmission within cellular devices. When the cellular user is far apart from one another, the data loss in the D2D communication system is minimized with the utilization of the relay. When the channels are good, then the relay nodes (RNs) serve the cellular user. However, it is noted that the D2D systems are affected by issues such as higher consumption of energy and spectral sharing. Also, the sum rate gets degraded as a result of mutual interference between resource-sharing cellular devices in the relay-assisted D2D communication system. The transmission of the data in a traditional relay-assisted D2D communication system is carried out between the D2D receiver (DR) and D2D transmitter (DT) only with the utilization of its own energy by the RN. The issues in relay selection and resource allocation in the conventional joint resource allocation schemes are tackled by executing a scheme for performing the task of optimal relay selection and joint resource allocation. The enhancement of the overall sum rate in the D2D communication is the main motive behind the implemented scheme. This goal is attained along with the minimization of the link rates in the cellular and D2D networks. The ideal selection of the relay and the execution of the joint resource allocation are done with the utilization of a new optimization scheme called the hybrid flow direction with the chameleon swarm algorithm (HFDCSA), in which the flow direction algorithm (FDA) is fused along with chameleon swarm algorithm. This optimal selection of the relays is assisted by considering constraints like the network’s sum rate and energy efficiency in the network to achieve high performance. The data obtained from distinct sources are given to the adaptive multi-layer perceptron (AMLP) in which optimal resource allocation and the relay selection are performed with the help of the suggested HFDCSA. The parameters in the MLP are tuned by the same HFDCSA. Finally, the performance validation is conducted in the stage to verify the working of the suggested approach.

D2D Matching Techniques for Resource Allocation Management and Power Control Management in B5G/6G

The upcoming 6G network is expected to have a great integration of Device-to-Device (D2D) technology. One of the key advantages of D2D technology is its potential to minimize the load on cellular base stations, which can help extend the lifespan of cellular network infrastructure. D2D multicast communication can meet the growing demand for multimedia content in local area services by maximizing energy efficiency and device lifespan by reusing the same resources for the cellular network. In this paper, we investigate an efficient resource allocation scheme by using the One-To-Many Gale Shapley pairing algorithm (GSA) for efficient allocation and power optimization. We propose a joint optimization approach for D2MD clusters that considers the Signal-to-Interference Noise ratio and energy levels of devices' batteries. The problem is optimized, so it is divided into two convex sub-problems. In the first sub-problem, power allocation is performed for each candidate cluster-head (CH)and cellular user to maximize energy efficiency using the Dinkelbach matching algorithm. In the second sub-problem, the One-to-Many Gale Shapley matching algorithm is used to optimize resource allocation and cluster-head selection to select the Cluster Nodes (CRns) to form the cluster. Numerous investigations show that the suggested technique maintains QoS and minimal battery power requirements while increasing cluster-head longevity and energy efficiency (EE) in D2D applications.

DEVICE-TO-DEVICE COMMUNICATIONS DIRECTION FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT: A REVIEW

Communications in disaster management is crucial and vital to save lives. This study highlights the significant roles and impacts of Device-to-Device (D2D) communications in disaster management. The study utilizes the Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus databases, focusing on literature that explores D2D technology’s application in disaster situations. The study reveals that an ample portion of the research concentrates on energy efficiency, underlining its prominence in D2D applications. Maintaining low energy consumption remains a challenge to enable reliable communications in disaster. Future research directions exhibit a promising trend towards integrating D2D with emerging technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT) and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for enhanced disaster communication. This study underlines the need for continued development and implementation of D2D technologies in disaster management, contributing to saving lives and reducing the impact of disasters.

A joint resource optimization allocation algorithm for NOMA‐D2D communication

AbstractThe AIoT, with its artificial intelligence capabilities, can further enhance Device‐to‐Device (D2D) communication. Based on Non‐Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA), D2D technology can effectively alleviate wireless spectrum resource pressure and improve the capacity of heterogeneous cellular networks. However, it also introduces significant system interference issues. In this paper, a resource allocation algorithm is proposed for the NOMA‐D2D heterogeneous cellular network, based on a multi‐agent deep reinforcement learning framework. Firstly, the algorithm allocates appropriate channels to D2D clusters. Then, the power allocation factors and D2D transmit power are jointly optimized to suppress the interference and improve the system performance. Simulation results show that both the channel allocation efficiency and the power control performance of the system can be significantly improved.

Analysis and Application of Practical Ability of Multimedia Technology in Art Education

Abstract With the development of multimedia technology, more and more colleges and universities apply network multimedia technology in art teaching to achieve the improvement of the art teaching effect. After analyzing the application scenarios of D2D, D2D technology is combined with social networks to create a teaching classroom where teachers and students can collaborate. A communication link is established in the network classroom to facilitate the sharing of art education content. Combine the network terminal caching system to improve the cache hit rate by caching multiple identical contents. Integrate network multimedia technology into art education and examine its contribution to education. The results show that the caching effect of multimedia technology is mainly reflected in four aspects: completeness, clarity, smoothness, and speed. When the number of caches reaches 12, the caching speed of the teaching content fluctuates in the range of 0.75-0.8. When the number of caches is less than 12, the caching fluency of the content is in the range of 0.85-0.9. This study provides a new direction to promote the reform of art education, which is conducive to improving the teaching effectiveness of art education and cultivating art talents.

P-RAN, a Fog Computing Platform for 5G and 6G Services

With the success of cloud computing, expectations on edge and fog computing have been high. Unfortunately, progress has been below expectations with only limited success in vertical industries due to cost and privacy concerns. New use cases and architectures are needed. As a promising technology, device-to-device (D2D) communication has been in development for years. However, the use of D2D among smartphones is still limited despite the efforts. In this paper, the integration of D2D technology, cellular network, and blockchain is explored to gain a synergy for commercial fog computing that addresses the cost and privacy concerns. Based on the idea of Proximity Radio Access Network (PRAN), China Telecom has launched D2D-based services with a commercial platform to offer a wide range of proximity services. Besides, the blockchain-enabled P-RAN service platform is also being promoted and applied. With the availability of this commercial platform, this paper discusses the possibility of offering fog-computing based services for a possible large-scale commercial realization. Both technical and business aspects are explored to make the case for this proposal. Finally, two use cases are proposed and the numerical analysis is carried out.

Performance Analysis Of Relay Aided On Device To Device Communications Underlay 5G Cellular Network

The increasing development of today's technology specifically in the field of telecommunications triggers new problems associated with the increasing number of network connectivity users so that this makes the increased load of traffic on the Base Station (BS). To address traffic problems, a D2D technology is needed as a solution to enhance connectivity on 5G networks. In the use of D2D is still not optimal for dealing with the rapidly increasing load of traffic due to the large number of users. This research suggests the addition of devices in D2D communication, namely Relay Node. (RN). The results of the study showed that by using the relay aided communication scheme can improve the sumrate performance parameter is 1,970 × 107 bps and the spectral efficiency is 19,704 bpz/Hz, but less effective in the power efficiency parameter is 7,672 × 103 bps/mW due to the addition of relay devices that increase power consumption. Using iterative algorithms on relay aided communication schemes has been shown to improve performance parameters values more optimally than using full duplex and half duplex communications schemes. Therefore, the relay aided scheme is the most accurate communication scheme in dealing with transmission systems on D2D because by using the aided relay scheme, sumrate and spectral efficiency are improved by 55%.

A cross‐layer routing approach for MANET‐assisted IoT applications

AbstractThe Internet of things (IoT) is a concept that allows all things such as sensors, actuators, humans, platforms, and software to interact with others relying on Internet infrastructure. The launch of the 5th generation communication networks allows providing network services with extremely high performance aiming to realize IoT concepts and forming a series of other smart IoT ecosystems. Nowadays, IoT is emerging as a dominant technology in almost domain. One of the most crucial technologies forming IoT networks is device‐to‐device (D2D) communication. D2D technology allows mobile nodes self‐setup, and self‐config to identify optimal paths for data transmission without relying on pre‐installed infrastructure, which is the principle of forming mobile ad‐hoc networks (MANETs). The fusing of MANETs and IoT technologies forming MANET‐assisted IoT networks architecture to provide abilities and novel unpredict services. However, mobility and network structure often change are the main limitations of this architecture, hence, identifying the optimal route is a significant challenge. In this study, we propose a cross‐layer routing approach for MANET‐assisted IoT networks. Our routing mechanism is based on considering three factors, including number of hops, link quality, and queue length. The simulation results show that our proposed solution improves performance compared to the traditional solutions. We hope that our simple and efficient solution will be applied popular for future MANET‐assisted IoT networks.

An Optimal Distributed Energy-Efficient Resource Scheduling for D2D-U Enabled Cellular Networks

Rational sharing of unlicensed spectrum and efficient use of device-to-device (D2D) communication are two effective ways to improve energy efficiency (EE) and spectrum efficiency (SE) in 5G new radio system. In this paper, we extend the D2D technology to unlicensed spectrum and study the EE of user terminals in unlicensed D2D (D2D-U) system. To cope with the inherent distributed structure of the D2D-U enabled networks and the time-varying wireless fading channels, a distributed adaptive joint power and spectrum allocation scheme is proposed based on the differentiated projection method to maximize the EE of user terminals. The theoretic analysis and numerical results are provided to validate the performance of the proposed scheme, which not only significantly reduces the signaling overhead, but also achieves the global optimality as the centralized scheme.

D2D Communication Network Interference Coordination Scheme Based on Improved Stackelberg

The sudden explosive growth of data in intelligent devices and existing communication networks has brought great challenges to existing communication networks. On the one hand, D2D (device to device) technology greatly improves the utilization of spectrum resources; on the other hand, it improves the communication quality of users. It has become an important part of the future communication network. Aiming at the problem that the existing D2D communication network system has complex user interference, and the communication quality of cellular users is difficult to guarantee, a D2D communication network interference coordination scheme based on improved Stackelberg is proposed. Using resource allocation and power control to solve the interference coordination problem, this paper proposes an improved Stackelberg model based on DQN (deep Q network), establishes the master–slave game between cellular users and multiplexing resource users (D2D users; relay communication users), optimizes the cost parameters in the Stackelberg mode and improves the transmission power and resource allocation scheme of multiplexing resource users. The simulation results show that compared with similar algorithms, the algorithm proposed in this paper has the best performance in guaranteeing the QoS of cellular users in the system and has good interference management capability for D2D communication networks.

A Survey of Resource Management in D2D Communication for B5G Networks

Due to the vast rise of users, the variety of application requirements, and the enormous necessity for ubiquitous connectivity anytime and anywhere, integration of new technologies and ideas are required. Therefore, Device to Device (D2D) communication technology has been regarded as a critical concern for Beyond Fifth Generation (B5G) networks. In the D2D technology, devices in close proximity may connect without using a Base Station (BS). Consequently, improving the capacity and performance of traditional networks. The major objectives are to accomplish a high geared data rate, increase the network coverage with low latency, and improve Energy Efficiency (EE) and Spectrum Efficiency (SE). However, the coexistence of D2D technology in the traditional network can pose many issues and challenges, such as power control, interference, spectrum access, security, and mode selection. Consequently, a comprehensive survey that includes an investigation of the current issues in D2D technology is required. In this survey, we present a new categorization of the most important aspects of resource management in B5G D2D communication, such as power allocation, spectrum allocation, interference management, and mode selection. Furthermore, we discuss the limitations and open issues of the current techniques and propose a model approach and future directions for D2D communication in B5G wireless networks. Our survey aims to assist researchers in exploring and improving D2D communication within the framework of forthcoming wireless networks.

Tracking Infected Covid-19 Persons and their Proximity Users Using D2D in 5G Networks

The world witnessed a pandemic that needs to be limited. COVID-19 is a disease that spreads among people when an infected person is in close contact with another. To decrease the virus spreading, World Health Organization (WHO) imposed precautionary measures and suggested some rules to be followed such as social distancing and quarantining the infected people. We propose a model, using D2D and IoT technology, for tracking infected persons with COVID-19 and its proximity. If a person (mobile device) gets close to an infected person, he will also get infected, so by continuous moving, the infection will be transmitted. Thus, identifying the infected persons and their contacts will limit the spread of the disease. In each scenario, it is possible to distinguish the number of infected people and know from whom they are infected, and the location of the infection. The simulation shows the tracking of a mobile device when proximate infected person at a distance of 3 meters. As a result, our proposed D2D model is effective, especially in the scenario which found the infected person with COVID-19, tracks them, determines minimum distances, and recognizes the source of the infection. Thus, the model can limit the rapid spread of COVID-19 as it determines the 3meters distance from infected person and send precaution messages to the network.

WITHDRAWN: Industrial IoT Clustering and Digital Intelligent Manufacturing Based on K-Means Algorithm

This article puts D2D communication technology into the cellular network for research, which will lead to failure to take into account the fairness of cellular users and D2D users, mainly because their shared spectrum resources will suffer from co-channel interference introduced between communication users during wireless resource allocation.This paper studies the method that the user's communication rate does not change because of the D2D level to a certain extent.However, the K-Means algorithm is generally directly used for industrial IoT clustering, causing some problems. We designed and constructed a 4-layer network topology suitable for digital manufacturing, and developed a unified data acquisition system for equipment. Subsequently, the paper constructed a data processing platform, and with the advantage of Lambda framework, it processed the data in the manufacturing process in batches, greatly improved the processing efficiency of manufacturing data.Finally, the data processing platform is introduced into the actual situation of industrial manufacturing, which is optimized and improved according to the needs of industrial manufacturing, and the industrial Internet of Things technology is combined to create an intelligent manufacturing platform.In this paper, through the study of industrial Internet of Things clustering and digital intelligent manufacturing, it is applied to wireless resource allocation, thereby promoting the development of intelligent systems.

Smart decision for device selection in D2D‐assisted multi‐path video transmission network

AbstractWatching the live video on a bus/train/tram has become an important pattern for people to enjoy their travel time. Due to the complex environment changes and obstacles caused by the rapid movement, the network state of the user device is often unstable. A large number of interruptions and resolution reductions seriously affect the user's watching experience. Through direct transmission between devices, Device‐to‐Device (D2D) can effectively improve video quality. Accurate decision for helper device selection is the key to optimize video streaming services based on D2D technology. However, the existing methods through D2D rarely consider the states and the intention of the helper devices when selecting cooperative devices, such as the watching status, the state of charge, the state of cache, and the connection quality. This is highly probable to reduce the efficiency of D2D transmission and the cooperation enthusiasm of helper devices. In addition, the existing methods seldom consider the multiple network interfaces in the device. In view of these challenges, we propose a dynamic smart decision method for device selection in D2D‐assisted multi‐path video transmission network (named DS‐DAMP). Specifically, this method takes the current states and the resource constraints into consideration to select the appropriate helper devices for video cooperative transmission, so as to improve the cooperation satisfaction of helper devices and optimize the video quality of the requesting device. Besides, we make full use of multiple network interfaces to realize multi‐path parallel transmission between devices. A large number of experiments have proved the good performance of our method in terms of video quality and network utility.

Resource allocation of offshore ships' communication system based on D2D technology

D2D communication technology has been more and more widely used as a mobile communication technology that can perform specific services in specific areas. This paper introduces D2D technology into the offshore ships' communication system and proposes a channel resource allocation scheme for interference control in the system, so as to increase the number of devices in the network. This paper first establishes the model of the offshore ships' communication system and then applies the Hungarian algorithm based on the maximization of the average position. Finally, the comparative simulation experiments of the algorithms are proposed, which could show that the Hungarian algorithm based on model application can effectively control interference, and reduce the impact after introducing D2D communication devices into the network.

D2D-Based Cooperative Positioning Paradigm for Future Wireless Systems: A Survey

Emerging communication network applications require a location accuracy of less than 1 m in more than 95% of the service area. For this purpose, 5G New Radio (NR) technology is designed to facilitate high-accuracy continuous localization. In 5G systems, the existence of high-density small cells and the possibility of the device-to-device (D2D) communication between mobile terminals paves the way for cooperative positioning applications. From the standardization perspective, D2D technology is already under consideration (5G NR Release 16) for ultra-dense networks enabling cooperative positioning and is expected to achieve the ubiquitous positioning of below one-meter accuracy, thereby fulfilling the 5G requirements. In this survey, the strengths and weaknesses of D2D as an enabling technology for cooperative cellular positioning are analyzed (including two D2D approaches to perform cooperative positioning); lessons learned and open issues are highlighted to serve as guidelines for future research.

Downlink Analysis for the D2D Underlaid Multigroup Multicast Cell-Free Massive MIMO With Low-Resolution ADCs/DACs

To fully utilize the scarce spectrum resources, the downlink device-to-device (D2D) underlaid multigroup multicast cell-free massive multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems is proposed, where the geographically distributed access points (APs) serving both multi-antenna cell-free users (CFUEs) and D2D users (DUEs) pair over the same time/frequency resource blocks. Specially, the low-resolution analog-to-digital converters/digital-to-analog converters (ADCs/DACs) are adopted at the AP to effectively reduce hardware damage and energy costs. The imperfect channel state information (CSI) is obtained firstly by the standard minimum mean square error (MMSE), then the lower bounds of the closed-form achievable downlink rates for both CFUEs and DUEs are derived. Aside from that, the sum energy efficiency (EE) is also explored using the established power consumption model. Finally, numerical simulations are assessed to verify the analytical results and provide insights into the effects of the key system parameters. It demonstrates that increasing the number of APs can improve the sum SE, however, the sum EE decreases with the number of the APs sharply. Furthermore, increasing the density of DUEs can significantly improve the system capacity. The findings highlight the significance of the collaborative deployment of D2D and multigroup multicast cell-free massive MIMO technology, which can serve as a valuable reference and guide for the actual deployment of future communication systems.

Optimal Resource Allocation Method for Device-to-Device Communication in 5G Networks

With the rapid development of the next-generation mobile network, the number of terminal devices and applications is growing explosively. Therefore, how to obtain a higher data rate, wider network coverage and higher resource utilization in the limited spectrum resources has become the common research goal of scholars. Device-to-Device (D2D) communication technology and other frontier communication technologies have emerged. Device-to-Device communication technology is the technology that devices in proximity can communicate directly in cellular networks. It has become one of the key technologies of the fifth-generation mobile communications system(5G). D2D communication technology which is introduced into cellular networks can effectively improve spectrum utilization, enhance network coverage, reduce transmission delay and improve system throughput, but it would also bring complicated and various interferences due to reusing cellular resources at the same time. So resource management is one of the most challenging and importing issues to give full play to the advantages of D2D communication. Optimal resource allocation is an important factor that needs to be addressed in D2D communication. Therefore, this paper proposes an optimization method based on the game-matching concept. The main idea is to model the optimization problem of the quality-of-experience based on user fairness and solve it through game-matching theory. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm effectively improved the resource allocation and utilization as compared with existing algorithms.

Research on key Technologies of 5G Mobile Communication D2D

As one of the main technologies of 5G, device-to-device (D2D) technology directly transmits data between mobile terminals in the adjacent area, and there is no need for base station relay equipment to transfer, so as to realize high data rate transmission, improve communication capacity, reduce transmission delay, and make full use of wireless spectrum resources. With the support of D2D technology, cellular wireless communication can be avoided between devices, so that wireless communication can be realized without occupying the bandwidth resources. In this paper, with the support of D2D technology, firstly, the transmission path optimization of D2D technology is realized by artificial swarm algorithm. Secondly, the simulation is carried out by MATLAB software. Finally, the path optimization of D2D communication is realized by simulation, and the test results are compared and analyzed.

D2D Technology Implementation in 5G Network and the Security Aspect: A Review

D2D is a promising paradigm of the 5G network offering a beneficial infrastructure and allowing different applications such as social applications, advertising services, or those supporting mutual connectivity of heterogenous objects, as well as those offering support in cases of natural disasters. Compared to conventional network communication, communication achieved by D2D technology shows a lower degree of security. It is necessary to modify existing security mechanisms and new solutions to be adapted to the application of D2D in the fifth generation network, which will raise the level of security in terms of authenticity verification, ensuring service availability and maintaining integrity.