D2D Communications In Cellular Networks Research Articles

An Intelligent Distributed Channel Selection Framework with Hybrid Mode Selection for Interference Mitigation in D2D based 5G Networks

Device-to-device (D2D) communication is an essential part of the 5G system used in cellular networks, which enables devices to communicate with each other without passing the base station BS. It is likely to aid in satisfying increasing capacity and effectively offloading traffic from the BS by distributing the transmission between D2D users from one side and cellular users and the BS from the other side. It results in improved throughput, energy efficiency, and other parameters. At the same time, the introduction of D2D communication in cellular networks creates new technical challenges to be addressed. One of the major issues is the mitigation of interference between device users (DUs) and primary users (PUs). This issue leads to performance degradation if it is not managed properly. In this paper, an intelligent distributed channel selection framework (IDCSF) in D2D communication for 5G networks with hybrid selection modes of D2D is proposed to help DUs select the best channel for transmission to mitigate interference. This channel selection framework classifies the available sensed channels using self-organizing map (SOM) learning technique into four classes considering channels with sensing errors false alarm (FalsA) and miss detection (MissD) to prevent using occupied channels. Furthermore, PU activity model is adjusted to aid in recovering from bad channel selection decisions. Moreover, fuzzy logic technique is utilized to determine the reliable channels which can help the DU along with channel selection algorithm to find channel’s weight values. The channel with highest weight value is selected as the best channel. Simulation results show that the proposed framework IDCSF enhances selecting the best channel, improves throughput and spectral utilization, and reduces average delay, interference and search time compared to other approaches.

Performance analysis in SWIPT-based bidirectional D2D communications in cellular networks

Performance analysis in SWIPT-based bidirectional D2D communications in cellular networks

Capacity Enhancement in D2D 5G Emerging Networks: A Survey

Several efforts are being made to improve the capacity of 5G networks using emerging technologies of interest. One of the indispensable technologies to fulfill the need is device-to-device (D2D) communication with its untapped associated benefits. Interference is introduced at the base station due to massive traffic congestion. The purpose of this research is to expand the knowledge of interference mitigation in D2D using stochastic geometrical tools which will result in capacity enhancement. This study uses a literature review method based on 5G and other already existing literature on D2D communication. More than one hundred and twenty papers on D2D communications in cellular networks exist but no precise survey paper on interference management to enhance capacity using stochastic geometrical tools exists. The contribution of this survey to theory is that apart from already existing capacity enhancement methods, interference mitigation using stochastic geometrical tools is another technique that can also be used for capacity enhancement in D2D communications.

A Bidirectional Relay-Assisted Underlay Device-to-Device Communication in Cellular Networks: An IoT Application for FinTech

The device-to-device (D2D) networks bear a close resemblance to future Internet-of-Things (IoT) networks. IoT plays a significant role in the FinTech industry, especially in data security and context-aware applications. D2D communication in cellular networks has emerged as a competent technology for the upcoming future cellular networks. To improve spectral efficiency and data secrecy, we propose a two-phase network coding-based two-way decode-and-forward (DF) relaying policy for D2D communication. First, a suitable relay node is selected considering the end-to-end signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR). Then, an XOR-based DF operation is performed when the signal transmitted by both the D2D users (DUEs) is successfully decoded at the relay node. In order to analyze the performance of the proposed two-way communication system, we derive the outage probability expression as a function of various system parameters, such as the SINR, position of both the relays and DUEs, power splitting factor, number of relays, and data rate. Furthermore, we also derive an expression for the error probability and average throughput of the D2D link to evaluate a fair comparison of the proposed approach with the traditional methods. The analytical results are also validated with the simulation results to justify the efficacy of the proposed method.

Application of optimized frequency spectrum reuse (OFSR) for D2D communication in cellular network

Device to Device (D2D) communication in a cellular network poses some challenges among which are interference and low throughput. These two challenges can be controlled using optimized frequency spectrum reuse (OFSR). OFSR is technique where the user re-uses the frequency of another cell so as to prevent interference of D2D communication devices on the eNB as well as the interference on D2D receiver because of cellular user transmitters. The users were grouped in range of one –one hundred (1- 100), one to two hundred (1 – 200), one to three hundred (1-300) and one to four hundred (1-400). The simulation result obtained shows that OFSR has reduced interference when compared to resource allocation technique. The throughput in the down link is better when compare to the throughput in uplink as seen from the simulation result obtained.

Multi-Hop D2D Communication in Cellular Networks to Minimize EMR

Multi-Hop D2D Communication in Cellular Networks to Minimize EMR

Spark Spectrum Allocation for D2D Communication in Cellular Networks

The device-to-device (D2D) technology performs explicit communication between the terminal and the base station (BS) terminal, so there is no need to transmit data through the BS system. The establishment of a short-distance D2D communication link can greatly reduce the burden on the BS server. At present, D2D is one of the key technologies in 5G technology and has been studied in depth. D2D communication reuses the resources of cellular users to improve system key parameters like utilization and throughput. However, repeated use of the spectrum and coexistence of cellular users can cause co-channel interference. Aiming at the interference problem under the constraint of fair resource allocation and improving the system throughput, this paper proposes an effective resource optimization scheme based on the firework method. The main idea is to expand the weighted sum rate and convert the allocated resource expression into fireworks to determine the correlation matrix. The simulation results show that, compared with the existing scheme, this scheme improves system performance by reducing interference.

Resource Allocation for D2D Communication in Cellular Networks Based on Stochastic Geometry and Graph-coloring Theory

In a device-to-device (D2D) underlaid cellular network, there exist two types of co-channel interference. One type is inter-layer interference caused by spectrum reuse between D2D transmitters and cellular users (CUEs). Another type is intra-layer interference caused by spectrum sharing among D2D pairs. To mitigate the inter-layer interference, we first derive the interference limited area (ILA) to protect the coverage probability of cellular users by modeling D2D users’ location as a Poisson point process, where a D2D transmitter is allowed to reuse the spectrum of the CUE only if the D2D transmitter is outside the ILA of the CUE. To coordinate the intra-layer interference, the spectrum sharing criterion of D2D pairs is derived based on the (signal-to-interference ratio) SIR requirement of D2D communication. Based on this criterion, D2D pairs are allowed to share the spectrum when one D2D pair is far from another sufficiently. Furthermore, to maximize the energy efficiency of the system, a resource allocation scheme is proposed according to weighted graph coloring theory and the proposed ILA restriction. Simulation results show that our proposed scheme provides significant performance gains over the conventional scheme and the random allocation scheme.

A Resource Sharing Scheme for Intercell D2D Communication in Cellular Networks: A Repeated Game Theoretic Approach

Device-to-device (D2D) communication is an emerging IoT technology for improved performance of cellular networks in terms of aspects like spectral efficiency, battery lifetime, coverage range. The 5G cellular network is supposed to provide a perception of 99.999% network availability. One of the approaches to obtain it is by intercell D2D communication that eliminates the issue of unavailability of bandwidth between two users connected with different base stations (BSs). The interference mitigation is a key challenge while using licensed cellular spectrum for D2D links. It is seen that the resource allocation to the D2D links is a complex problem when D2D pairs are connected with different base stations. This paper presents a dynamic Resource-Block (RB) sharing scheme between the D2D users and cellular users in a multi-cell cellular network. Here a D2D user pair plays a Repeated Game with the nearby base stations in such a way that the players share a subset of their initial allotted resource to maximize their utility. The game is played by every intercell D2D player with the base stations simultaneously. We show that the punishment period of a deviating player may be reduced by invoking an additional penalty factor for its fast adherence. In addition, we also compute the optimal number of initial orthogonal RBs that is allocated to the D2D and the cellular users. Evaluation of our proposed scheme in comparison to few well known existing techniques shows a marked improvement in throughput of the overall system.

Interference Management by Resource Exchange for D2D Communication in Cellular Network

Scarcity in communication spectrum in cellular network is one of the major challenges faced by the service providers around the world. Many efforts were put forth to manage the efficient spectrum distribution among various cells in the network. Reusing the resources by different cells in a safe distance without interference is the current mechanism to improve spectrum efficiency. Spectrum efficiency can be even improved by reusing the resources within a single cell. Device to Device (D2D) communication, a new technology boosts the spectrum reuse inside a cell in 5G. The major hurdle in implementing D2D is in the management of interference in a highly mobile environment. This high mobility risks the life-time of a D2D link and frequent shifting from D2D mode to normal cellular mode will occur. In this paper an effort is put forward to maintain the D2D link as long as possible through a resource exchange mechanism. The exchange occurs when interference by a cellular or D2D link threatens another D2D link. This approach can improve the life-time of a D2D link and thereby improving the consistency of the network.

Spectral Efficiency Improvement of Full-Duplex D2D Communication in Cellular Networks

Radio spectrum is becoming scarce due to increasing demand for high data rate, mobile communication and ever-expanding population with diverse need to always stay interconnected. The cellular network providers and researchers in the academia are continually finding innovative ways to efficiently manage the existing telecommunication infrastructure and plan effective for future expansions and technology. Device to Device (D2D) communication, Full-Duplex (FD) radio, Heterogeneous network are a few of such innovative technologies developed to face the challenges. Device to device communication is one promising technology that is studied for deployment in future network technologies, however it is not without its challenges. Various researches have been carried out and are still being carried out to better understand and improve device to device capabilities. The use of full-duplex radios is an area of study with capability for improving device to device communication due to recent development in full-duplex radio although its major drawback is limited self-interference cancellation abilities to be deployed in large transmit power system. This research presents the practicality of deploying existing FD radios in device to device communication and simulate the amount of self-interference cancellation required using MATLAB for effective use with device to device. Two interference management schemes were implemented to improve the performance of FD-D2D communication, first power control scheme was developed to mitigate interference between D2D and base station in uplink resource sharing, Interference Limited Area (ILA) method was adapted to deal with interference between D2D and cellular user Uplink and Downlink transmission. The performance between 75dB to 110dB Self-Interference (SI) cancellation was carried out. The result was compared to conventional cellular and Half-Duplex D2D communication to estimate the improvement offered on spectral efficiency. The work has improved on achieving almost 100% spectral efficiency thereby improving the Quality of Service (QoS) for cellular network

Interference Management in In-Band D2D Underlaid Cellular Networks

Recently, it has been standardized by the 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) that device-to-device (D2D) communications should use uplink resources when coexisting with conventional cellular communications. With uplink resource sharing, both cellular and D2D links cause significant co-channel interference. In this paper, we address the critical issue of interference management in the network considering a practical path loss model incorporating both line-of-sight (LoS) and non-LoS (NLoS) transmissions. To reduce the severe interference caused by active D2D links, we consider a mode selection scheme based on the maximum received signal strength (MRSS) for each user equipment (UE) to control the D2D-to-cellular interference. Furthermore, we analyze the performance in terms of the coverage probability and the area spectral efficiency (ASE) for both the cellular network and the D2D one. Analytical results are obtained and the accuracy of the proposed analytical framework is validated through Monte Carlo simulations. Through our theoretical and numerical analyses, we quantify the performance gains brought by D2D communications in cellular networks and we find an optimum mode selection threshold $\beta $ to maximize the total ASE in the network. This insight is expected to provide a design guideline for D2D mode selections.

Adaptive spectrum‐shared association for controlled underlay D2D communication in cellular networks

This study proposes adaptive downlink association schemes for controlled device-to-device (D2D) communication in cellular networks. The proposed schemes utilise active devices under specific conditions to improve the network performance. Specifically, active devices are classified into two disjoint groups according to their individual quality of service (QoS) requirements from their base station (BS). The BS adaptively allocates downlink physical channels to meet individual QoS of devices using a minimal number of these available channels. The unused channels at each served device (in the first class) can be then utilised by that device to serve other devices from the second class, which are not served by the BS, via controlled D2D associations. Herein, D2D pair discovery as well as the conditions for establishing successful D2D association between the classified devices are treated. Furthermore, two D2D association schemes that vary in terms of their performance and implementation complexity to meet certain objectives at the device of interest are presented. The developed analytical results address the scenarios of idealised perfect and practical imperfect D2D association. Numerical results are provided to further explain the performance variations between the proposed association schemes under perfect and imperfect operation scenarios.

Distributed interference-aware admission control and resource allocation for underlaying D2D communications in cellular networks

In this letter, we present a two-phase distributed resource allocation algorithm for a Device-to-Device (D2D) network underlaying a cellular network. In the first phase, D2D pairs learn resource block (RB) of the cellular user equipment (CUEs) to be used, while playing an interference minimization game. Each D2D pair is ensured an interference below an upper limit, which is chosen as the criterion for admission control. In the next phase, power allocation for the device pairs allocated to each RB is carried out to maximize their sum rate while ensuring a minimum rate to the CUEs using a pricing scheme. We perform simulations to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme.

Performance Analysis and Resource Allocation for Cooperative D2D Communication in Cellular Networks With Multiple D2D Pairs

In this letter, we investigate cooperative device-to-device (D2D) communication in an uplink cellular network, where D2D users act as relays for cellular users. We derive the outage probability of a cellular user and the average achievable rate from a D2D transmitter to a D2D receiver in analytic form. We obtain optimal spectrum and power allocation to maximize the total average achievable rate under the outage probability constraint. The validity of the analysis is verified by computer simulations.

Unified Analysis and Optimization of D2D Communications in Cellular Networks Over Fading Channels

This paper develops an innovative approach to the modeling and analysis of downlink cellular networks with device-to-device (D2D) transmissions. The analytical embodiment of the signal-to-noise and-interference ratio analysis in general fading channels is unified due to the H-transform theory, a taxonomy never considered before in stochastic geometry-based cellular network modeling and analysis. The proposed framework has the potential, due to versatility of the Fox’s H functions, of significantly simplifying the cumbersome analysis procedure and representation of D2D and cellular coverage, while subsuming those previously derived for all the known simple and composite fading models. By harnessing its tractability, the developed statistical machinery is employed to launch an investigation into the optimal design of coexisting D2D and cellular communications. We propose novel coverage-aware power control combined with opportunistic access control to maximize the area spectral efficiency (ASE) of D2D communications. Simulation results substantiate performance gains achieved by the proposed optimization framework in terms of cellular communication coverage probability, average D2D transmit power, and the ASE of D2D communications under different fading models and link- and network-level dynamics.

Performance Analysis of Underlaid Full-Duplex D2D Cellular Networks

This paper investigates the benefits of incorporating underlaid full-duplex (FD) device-to-device (D2D) communications into cellular networks. Toward this end, we provide an analytical performance characterization of underlaid D2D cellular networks where D2D users operate in FD mode under the presence of residual self-interference. In considered networks, the base-stations (BSs) are distributed according to a hexagonal grid, while the locations of cellular and D2D users follow Poisson point processes (PPPs). Based on the stochastic-geometry approach, we develop the approximations of key performance metrics including coverage probabilities and achievable sum-rates of both cellular and D2D links, and such approximations involve quickly commutable integrals. Under a special case in which the number of D2D links is sufficiently large, the obtained approximations can be simplified to closed-form expressions, allowing characterize the sum-rate behaviors under the effects of various system parameters. We show that underlaid D2D communications in cellular network can offer a significant spectral efficiency gain as compared to pure cellular transmission. With a sufficiently low self-interference cancellation level, FD D2D can offer substantial spectral efficiency improvement over the half-duplex (HD) counterpart. Finally, the resulting performance metrics are compared with multi-cell networks operating in standard and fractional frequency reuse modes, and observe that frequency reuse provides improved coverage probabilities of both cellular and D2D links, but substantially reduces the D2D sum-rate performance.

Energy-Efficient Mode Selection for D2D Communications in Cellular Networks

One of the major challenges to the performance of device-to-device (D2D) communications co-existing with cellular links lies in the interference management. Mode selection has been recognized as the most effective means to deal with this challenge. In this paper, we explore the mode selection for D2D communications underlaying cellular networks from an energy-efficient perspective. Through stratifying the transmit power, we analyze the success probability and ergodic capacity for both cellular and D2D links using stochastic geometry. On the basis of analysis, two energy-efficient mode selection mechanisms are devised. Our simulations show that D2D users are able to select appropriate modes via our developed mechanisms. In particular, an interesting insight is obtained: when the required signal-to-interference ratio is guaranteed, the success probability of cellular users who are far away from the base station is slightly greater than that who are close to the base station. This insight is expected to provide a design guideline for D2D mode selections.

Interference Pricing based Resource Allocation for D2D Communications in Cellular Networks

Interference Pricing based Resource Allocation for D2D Communications in Cellular Networks

Hierarchical decision model for throughput maximization in D2D‐enabled LTE‐WiFi HetNets

AbstractThis paper proposes a hierarchical decision model for efficient and fair coexistence of Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) and heterogeneous cellular networks with device‐to‐device (D2D) communications. The first submodel is an allocation game formulated to model the data rate gain possible through the deployment of D2D communication in cellular networks. This is to guarantee that the Long‐Term Evolution (LTE) network is optimally utilized before offloading traffic to WiFi small cells. The second submodel is a Markovian model proposed as an optimal spectrum sharing scheme that guarantees efficient spectrum utilization and interference reduction in LTE‐WiFi heterogeneous networks (HetNets). Simulation results verify that the proposed decision model not only provides a more spectrum efficient sharing scheme but also shows better network throughput while ensuring fairness in spectrum access for WiFi users.